Pu'er

Pu'er hija belt fil-livell ta' prefettura fin-Nofsinhar tal-Provinċja ta' Yunnan, iċ-Ċina. Iċ-ċentru amministrattiv urban ta' Pu'er huwa d-Distrett ta' Simao, li huwa wkoll l-isem preċedenti stess tal-belt fil-livell ta' prefettura. Tnaqqis kbir fil-prezz tat-te fl-2007 ikkawża kriżi ekonomika kbira fl-inħawi. Il-prezz tat-te ta' Pu'er minn dak iż-żmien 'l hawn reġa' rpilja u t-te ta' Pu'er, li huwa tip ta' te skur, għadu jikkontribwixxi għall-biċċa l-kbira tal-introjtu fl-inħawi.

 Etimoloġija 
Ir-renju ta' Nanzhao stabbilixxa diviżjoni msejħa Bu'ri Jian (biċ-Ċiniż: 步日瞼) fit-839 W.K.; din kienet l-ewwel darba li r-reġjun ġie integrat fis-sistema amministrattiva ta' dinastija Ċiniża. Matul żmien id-dinastija Yuan, il-gvern ċentrali bidel l-isem għal Pu'ri (biċ-Ċiniż: 普日) fl-1278. Finalment, matul żmien id-dinastija Ming, l-isem inbidel għal "Pu'er" (biċ-Ċiniż: 普耳) fl-1384. Il-karattru ta' "er" (biċ-Ċiniż: 耳) inbidel għal 洱 fi żmien l-Imperatur Wanli. L-isem ta' "普洱" (Pu'er) baqa' jintuża hekk sal-lum. L-istudjuż Wa Ni-ga jistqarr li l-isem oriġinali ta' "Bu'ri" huwa l-eżonimu tal-poplu Blang bil-lingwa Baraoke, li hija djalett Wa, li jfisser "ħija".

It-te ta' Pu'er jissejjaħ hekk għaliex Pu'er kienet iċ-ċentru tad-distribuzzjoni tat-te li kien jiġi prodott fil-Lbiċ tal-provinċja ta' Yunnan matul żmien id-dinastiji Ming u Qing. It-te ta' Pu'er sar rinomat mad-dinja kollha u miegħu anke l-belt ta' Pu'er.

 Storja 
Isem il-belt inbidel għal Simao fl-1950 wara r-rebħa Komunista fil-Gwerra Ċivili Ċiniża, filwaqt li l-kontea tal-madwar kienet magħrufa bħala Pu'er. Fl-2007, isem il-belt reġa' nbidel għal Pu'er, filwaqt li ż-żona tal-madwar saret magħrufa bħala l-Kontea ta' Ning'er; u l-isem ta' Simao ttieħed minn raħal u distrett fi ħdan il-belt. Din il-bidla kellha effett fuq id-daqs taż-żona tal-produzzjoni uffiċjali tat-te ta' Pu'er, li huwa prodott reġjonali ewlieni.

 Ġeografija u klima 
Pu'er tinsab fin-Nofsinhar/fil-Lbiċ tal-provinċja ta' Yunnan, fin-naħa t'isfel tax-xmara Mekong (magħrufa fost iċ-Ċiniżi bħala x-xmara Lancang), u l-prefetturi li jikkonfinaw magħha huma Yuxi fil-Grigal, Honghe fil-Lvant, Xishuangbanna fin-Nofsinhar, Lincang fil-Majjistral, u Dali u Chuxiong. Taqsam il-fruntieri wkoll mal-Vjetnam (il-Provinċja ta' Điện Biên), mal-Laos (il-Provinċja ta' Phongsaly), u mal-Burma (l-Istat ta' Shan), u hija l-unika prefettura fil-provinċja ta' Yunnan li tmiss mal-fruntieri ta' dawn it-tliet pajjiżi. Bħal fil-każ tal-biċċa l-kbira tal-provinċja, l-art muntanjuża tiddomina ż-żona amministrattiva tagħha, u tkopri 98.3 %. L-elevazzjoni tvarja minn 376 metru għal 3,306 metru (minn 1,234 pied għal 10,846 pied).

Pu'er tinsab f'altitudni ta' iktar minn 1,300 metru (4,300 pied) u fi ħdan grad fin-Nofsinhar tat-Tropiku tal-Kankru, u bħall-biċċa l-kbira tan-Nofsinhar tal-provinċja ta' Yunnan, għandha klima subtropikali umduża sħuna (Cwa skont il-klassifikazzjoni klimatika ta' Köppen), b'mhux wisq distinzjoni bejn l-istaġuni u b'temperaturi sħan binhar is-sena kollha. Highs peak in April and May before the core of the rainy season and reach a minimum in December; however, the warmest and coolest months are June and January, respectively at 23.0 °C (73.4 °F) and 13.7 °C (56.7 °F); the annual mean is 19.3 °C (66.7 °F). June through September accounts for nearly 70% of the annual rainfall of 1,442 mm (56.8 in) and during this time, some rainfall occurs on most days, pushing relative humidity above 80% and there is a marked reduction in sunshine. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 27% in July to 69% in February, the city receives 2,206 hours of bright sunshine annually.

 Diviżjonijiet amministrattivi 
NameHanziHanyu PinyinPopulation
(2010)Area (km2)Density
(/km2)Simao District思茅区Sīmáo Qū296,5004,09372Ning'er Hani and Yi Autonomous County宁洱哈尼族彝族自治县Níng'ěr Hānízú Yízú Zìzhìxiàn185,7003,67051Mojiang Hani Autonomous County墨江哈尼族自治县Mòjiāng Hānízú Zìzhìxiàn360,5005,45966Jingdong Yi Autonomous County景东彝族自治县Jǐngdōng Yízú Zìzhìxiàn359,5004,53279Jinggu Dai and Yi Autonomous County景谷傣族彝族自治县Jǐnggǔ Dǎizú Yízú Zìzhìxiàn291,7007,77738Zhenyuan Yi, Hani and Lahu Autonomous County镇沅彝族哈尼族拉祜族自治县Zhènyuán Yízú Hānízú Lāhùzú Zìzhìxiàn208,6004,22349Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County江城哈尼族彝族自治县Jiāngchéng Hānízú Yízú Zìzhìxiàn121,5003,47635Menglian Dai, Lahu and Va Autonomous County孟连傣族拉祜族佤族自治县Mènglián Dǎizú Lāhùzú Wǎzú Zìzhìxiàn135,5001,95769Lancang Lahu Autonomous County澜沧拉祜族自治县Láncāng Lāhùzú Zìzhìxiàn491,9008,80756Ximeng Va Autonomous County西盟佤族自治县Xīméng Wǎzú Zìzhìxiàn91,3001,39166

 Demografija 
According to the Sixth National Census in 2010, the city’s Permanent Population (hukou) was 2,542,898. Compared with the Fifth National Census, the ten-year increase was 147,650, an increase of 6.16%. The average annual increase of 14,765 people, the average annual growth rate of 0.59%. Among them, there are 1,339,502 males, accounting for 52.68% of the total population; 1,203,396 females, accounting for 47.32% of the total population. The sex ratio of the total population (female is 100) is 111.31. The population aged 0-14 is 456,130, accounting for 17.94%; the population aged 15-64 is 1,902,145, accounting for 74.80%; the population aged 65 and over is 184,623, accounting for 7.26%. The population living in cities and towns was 788,298, accounting for 31.0% of the total population; the population living in rural areas was 1,754,600, accounting for 69.0% of the total population.

 Nazzjonalità 
Among the resident population, the Han population is 991,585, accounting for 38.99% of the total population; the ethnic minorities population is 1,551,313, accounting for 61.01% of the total population.
+Ethnic Composition of Pu'er City (November 2010)National nameHanHaniYiLahuWaDaiBulangHuiBaiHmongOthersPopulation9915854546664210523039371501641441171554313221131731272722713Proportion of total population (%)38.9917.8816.5611.955.915.670.610.520.520.500.89Proportion of minority population (%) ---29.3127.1419.599.689.291.000.850.850.821.46

 Trasport 

 Asian Highway Network AH3
 China National Highway 213
 Kunming–Bangkok Expressway
 Pu'er Simao Airport

 Referenzi 

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