Rinaxximent

Il-fehma tradizzjonali tiffoka iktar fuq l-aspetti moderni bikrin tar-Rinaxximent u targumenta li kien tbegħid mill-imgħoddi, iżda bosta storiċi llum jiffukaw iktar fuq l-aspetti Medjevali tiegħu u jargumentaw li kien estensjoni tal-Medju Evu.Monfasani, John (2016). Renaissance Humanism, from the Middle Ages to Modern Times. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1351904391.Boia, Lucian (2004). Forever Young: A Cultural History of Longevity. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1861891549. Madankollu, fil-bidu tal-perjodu – ir-Rinaxximent Bikri tas-seklu 15 u l-Proto-Rinaxximent Taljan tal-ħabta tal-1250 jew l-1300 – jirkbu b'konsiderevoli fuq xulxin mal-Medju Evu Aħħari, datat konvenzjonalment għall-ħabta tal-1250-1500, u l-Medju Evu stess kien perjodu twil mimli bidliet gradwali, bħall-epoka moderna; u bħala perjodu ta' tranżizzjoni bejn iż-żewġ perjodi, ir-Rinaxximent għandu similaritajiet mat-tnejn li huma, speċjalment mas-subperjodi aħħarin u bikrin tagħhom.
ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Badia_fiorentina,_campanile,_veduta_da,_duomo_01.jpg|daqsminuri|265x265px|Firenze, il-post tat-twelid tar-Rinaxximent Taljan. Il-perspettiva arkitettonika u s-sistema bankarja ġdida u s-sistema l-ġdida tal-kontabilità ġew introdotti matul dak iż-żmien.
Il-bażi intellettwali tar-Rinaxximent kienet il-verżjoni tiegħu tal-umaniżmu, li oriġina mill-kunċett Ruman ta' humanitas u l-iskoperta mill-ġdid tal-filosofija Griega klassika, bħal dik ta' Protagora, li qal li "l-bniedem huwa l-kejl ta' kollox". Dan il-ħsieb ġdid ġie manifestat fl-arti, fl-arkitettura, fil-politika, fix-xjenza u fil-letteratura. Eżempji bikrin kienu l-iżvilupp tal-perspettiva fil-pittura biż-żejt u l-għarfien imqanqal ta' kif jiġi prodott il-konkos. Għalkemm l-invenzjoni tat-tipa mobbli tal-metall ħaffet it-tixrid tal-ideat mill-aħħar tas-seklu 15, il-bidliet tar-Rinaxximent ma kinux uniformi madwar l-Ewropa: l-ewwel traċċi feġġew fl-Italja saħansitra fl-aħħar tas-seklu 13, b'mod partikolari l-kitbiet ta' Dante u l-pitturi ta' Giotto.

Bħala moviment kulturali, ir-Rinaxximent kien jinkorpora t-tkattir tal-letteratura Latina u vernakulari, l-ewwel nett permezz tal-apprendiment fis-seklu 14 ibbażat fuq sorsi klassiċi, li l-kontemporanji akkreditaw lil Petrarka; l-iżvilupp tal-perspettiva lineari u tekniki oħra li jwasslu għal realtà iktar naturali fil-pittura; u r-riforma edukattiva gradwali iżda mifruxa. Fil-politika, ir-Rinaxximent ikkontribwiet għall-iżvilupp tad-drawwiet u tal-konvenzjonijiet tad-diplomazija, u fix-xjenza għal iktar dipendenza fuq l-osservazzjoni u r-raġunament intuwittiv. Għalkemm fir-Rinaxximent seħħew rivoluzzjonijiet f'bosta oqsma intellettwali u xjentifiċi soċjali, kif ukoll l-introduzzjoni tas-sistema bankarja moderna u l-qasam tal-kontabilità,Diwan, Jaswith. Accounting Concepts & Theories. Londra: Morre. pp. 1–2. x'aktarx li huwa magħruf l-iktar għall-iżviluppi artistiċi u l-kontributi tiegħu minn artisti famużi bħal Leonardo da Vinci u Michelangelo, li ispiraw it-terminu "raġel Rinaxximentali".
daqsminuri|L-Iskola ta' Ateni ta' Raffaello.
Ir-Rinaxximent beda f'Firenze, wieħed mill-bosta stati tal-Italja.Burke, P., The European Renaissance: Centre and Peripheries, 1998. Ġew proposti diversi teoriji dwar l-oriġini u l-karatteristiċi tiegħu, b'enfasi fuq varjetà ta' fatturi, inkluż il-karatteristiċi soċjali u ċiviċi ta' Firenze ta' dak iż-żmien: l-istruttura politika, il-patrunaġġ tal-familja dominanti, il-Medici,Strathern, Paul The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance (2003). u l-migrazzjoni tal-istudjużi Griegi u tat-testi tagħhom lejn l-Italja wara l-waqgħa ta' Kostantinopli f'idejn it-Torok Ottomani.Encyclopædia Britannica, "Renaissance", 2008, O.Ed.Harris, Michael H. History of Libraries in the Western World, Scarecrow Press Incorporate, 1999, p. 69, ISBN 0810837242.Norwich, John Julius, A Short History of Byzantium, 1997, Knopf, ISBN 0679450882. Ċentri ewlenin oħra kienu Venezja, Genoa, Milan, Ruma matul il-Papat Rinaxximentali, u Napli. Mill-Italja, ir-Rinaxximent infirex mal-Ewropa kollha, l-ewwel lejn l-Ungerija (fis-sekli 14 u 15) u lejn Franza, Spanja, il-Portugall, il-Fjandri, l-artijiet Ġermaniżi, il-Polonja, ir-Renju Unit, l-Irlanda u lil hinn.

Ir-Rinaxximent għandu storjografija twila u kumplessa, u skont ix-xettiċiżmu ġenerali ta' perjodizzazzjonijiet diskreti, kien hemm ħafna dibattiti fost l-istoriċi b'reazzjoni għall-glorifikazzjoni tar-"Rinaxximent" fis-seklu 19 u ta' eroj kulturali individwali bħala "rġiel Rinaxximentali", u ddubitaw dwar l-utilità tar-Rinaxximent bħala terminu u bħala referenza storika.Brotton, J., The Renaissance: A Very Short Introduction, OUP, 2006 ISBN 0192801635. Xi osservaturi ddubitaw jekk ir-Rinaxximent kienx "avvanz" kulturali mill-Medju Evu, u minflok rawh bħala perjodu ta' pessimiżmu u nostalġija għall-antikità klassika, filwaqt li l-istoriċi soċjali u ekonomiċi, speċjalment tal-longue durée, minflok iffukaw fuq il-kontinwità bejn iż-żewġ eri, li huma interkonnessi, kif josserva Panofsky, "minn elf rabta".Starn, Randolph (1998). "Renaissance Redux". The American Historical Review. 103 (1): 122–124.Panofsky, 1969:6.

It-terminu rinascita ("twelid mill-ġdid") tfaċċa għall-ewwel darba fil-Ħajjiet tal-Artisti ta' Giorgio Vasari (għall-ħabta tal-1550), li nbidel f'"Rinaxximent" fis-snin 30 tas-seklu 19. It-terminu ġie estiż ukoll għal movimenti storiċi u kulturali oħra, bħar-Rinaxximent Karolinġju (is-sekli 8 u 9), ir-Rinaxximent Ottonjan (is-sekli 10 u 11), u r-Rinaxximent tas-seklu 12.Murray, P. and Murray, L. (1963) The Art of the Renaissance. Londra: Thames & Hudson (World of Art), p. 9. ISBN 978-0500200087.

 Sorsi ġenerali 

 Burckhardt, Jacob, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860).

 Cartledge, Bryan (2011). The Will to Survive: A History of Hungary. C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1849041126.

 E. Kovács, Péter (1990). Matthias Corvinus (in Hungarian). Officina Nova. ISBN 9637835490.

 Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1860640613.

 Hendrix, Scott E. (2013). "Astrological forecasting and the Turkish menace in the Renaissance Balkans" (PDF). Anthropology. Universitatis Miskolciensis. 13 (2): 57–72. ISSN 1452-7243.

 Klaniczay, Tibor (1992). "The age of Matthias Corvinus". In Porter, Roy; Teich, Mikuláš (eds.). The Renaissance in National Context. Cambridge University Press. pp. 164–179. ISBN 0521369703.

 Kubinyi, András (2008). Matthias Rex. Balassi Kiadó. ISBN 978-9635067671.

 Reynolds, L. D.; Wilson, Nigel (1974). Scribes and Scholars: A Guide to the Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0199686339. OL 26919731M.

 Tanner, Marcus (2009). The Raven King: Matthias Corvinus and the Fate of his Lost Library. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300158281.

 Iktar qari 

 Cronin, Vincent (1969), The Flowering of the Renaissance, ISBN 0712698841.

 Cronin, Vincent (1992), The Renaissance, ISBN 0002154110.

 Campbell, Gordon. The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance. (2003). 862 pp.

 Davis, Robert C. Renaissance People: Lives that Shaped the Modern Age. (2011). ISBN 978-1606060780.

 Ergang, Robert (1967), The Renaissance, ISBN 0442023197.

 Ferguson, Wallace K. (1962), [Europe in Transition, 1300–1500], ISBN 0049400088.

 Fisher, Celia. Flowers of the Renaissance. (2011). ISBN 978-1606060629.

 Fletcher, Stella. The Longman Companion to Renaissance Europe, 1390–1530. (2000). 347 pp.

 Grendler, Paul F., ed. The Renaissance: An Encyclopedia for Students. (2003). 970 pp.

 Hale, John. The Civilization of Europe in the Renaissance. (1994). 648 pp.

 Hall, Bert S. Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe: Gunpowder, Technology, and Tactics (2001).

 Hattaway, Michael, ed. A Companion to English Renaissance Literature and Culture. (2000). 747 pp.

 Jensen, De Lamar (1992), Renaissance Europe, ISBN 0395889472.

 Johnson, Paul. The Renaissance: A Short History. (2000). 197 pp.

 Keene, Bryan C. Gardens of the Renaissance. (2013). ISBN 978-1606061435.

 King, Margaret L. Women of the Renaissance (1991).

 Kristeller, Paul Oskar, and Michael Mooney. Renaissance Thought and its Sources (1979).

 Nauert, Charles G. Historical Dictionary of the Renaissance. (2004). 541 pp.

 Patrick, James A., ed. Renaissance and Reformation (5 vol 2007), 1584 pages; comprehensive encyclopedia.

 Plumb, J.H. The Italian Renaissance (2001).

 Paoletti, John T. and Gary M. Radke. Art in Renaissance Italy (4th ed. 2011).

 Potter, G.R. ed. The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 1: The Renaissance, 1493–1520 (1957).

 Robin, Diana; Larsen, Anne R.; and Levin, Carole, eds. Encyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England (2007) 459 pp.

 Rowse, A.L. The Elizabethan Renaissance: The Life of the Society (2000).

 Ruggiero, Guido. The Renaissance in Italy: A Social and Cultural History of the Rinascimento (Cambridge University Press, 2015). 648 pp.

 Rundle, David, ed. The Hutchinson Encyclopedia of the Renaissance. (1999). 434 pp.

 Turner, Richard N. Renaissance Florence (2005).

 Ward, A. The Cambridge Modern History. Vol 1: The Renaissance (1902); older essays by scholars; emphasis on politics.

 Storjografija 

 Bouwsma, William J. "The Renaissance and the drama of Western history." American Historical Review (1979): 1–15.

 Caferro, William. Contesting the Renaissance (2010).

 Ferguson, Wallace K. "The Interpretation of the Renaissance: Suggestions for a Synthesis." Journal of the History of Ideas (1951): 483–495.

 Ferguson, Wallace K. "Recent trends in the economic historiography of the Renaissance." Studies in the Renaissance (1960): 7–26.

 Ferguson, Wallace Klippert. The Renaissance in historical thought (AMS Press, 1981).

 Grendler, Paul F. "The Future of Sixteenth Century Studies: Renaissance and Reformation Scholarship in the Next Forty Years", Sixteenth Century Journal Spring 2009, Vol. 40 Issue 1, pp. 182.

 Murray, Stuart A.P. The Library: An Illustrated History. American Library Association, Chicago, 2012.

 Ruggiero, Guido, ed. A Companion to the Worlds of the Renaissance. (2002). 561 pp.

 Starn, Randolph. "A Postmodern Renaissance?" Renaissance Quarterly 2007 60(1): 1–24 in Project MUSE.

 Summit, Jennifer. "Renaissance Humanism and the Future of the Humanities". Literature Compass (2012) 9#10 pp: 665–678.

 Trivellato, Francesca. "Renaissance Italy and the Muslim Mediterranean in Recent Historical Work", Journal of Modern History (March 2010), 82#1 pp: 127–155.

 Woolfson, Jonathan, ed. Palgrave advances in Renaissance historiography (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).

 Sorsi primarji 

 Bartlett, Kenneth, ed. The Civilization of the Italian Renaissance: A Sourcebook (2nd ed., 2011).

 Ross, James Bruce, and Mary M. McLaughlin, eds. The Portable Renaissance Reader (1977).

 Referenzi 
Kategorija:Arkitettura
Kategorija:Movimenti artistiċi