Imperu Kushan

L-Imperu Kushan (ċ. Seklu I–Seklu III) kien stat li fl-aqwa tiegħu, bejn l-105–250, kien jifrex minn Tajikistan sal-Baħar Kaspjan sa l-Afganistan u l-isfel fil-wied tax-Xmara Ganges. L-imperu inħoloq mit-tribù Kushan ta' lYuezhi, li kien poplu mill-Xinjiang moderna, Ċina, possibilment relatat mat-Tocharians. Kellhom kuntatti diplomatiċi ma' Ruma, Persja Sassanja u Ċina, u għal ħafna sekli kienu fiċ-ċentru ta' skambji bejn il-Lvant u l-Punent.

 Oriġini 
L-isem Kushan ġej mill-kelma Ċiniża Guishuang (Ċ:貴霜) li kienet tiddiskrivi wieħed mill-ħames tribujiet ta' l-Yuezhi (Ċ:月氏), konfederazzjoni laxka ta' popli Indo-Ewropej li jitkellmu verżjonijiet tal-lingwa Tocharian. Kienu l-Indo-Ewropej li joqgħodu l-iktar fil-Lvant, li kienu jgħixu fil-Baċir Tarim fil-Xinjiang tal-lum il-ġurnata, sakemm ġew imkeċċija lejn il-Punent mill-Xiongnu fil176–160 q.K. Il-ħames tribujiet Yuezhi huma magħrufa fl-istorja Ċiniża bħala Xiūmì (Ch:休密), Guishuang (Ch:貴霜), Shuangmi (Ch:雙靡), Xidun (Ch:肸頓), u Dūmì (Ch:都密).

Il-Yuezhi waslu fir-renju Ellenistiku ta' Greco-Bactria, fit-territorju Bactrian (Afganistan u Uzbekistan ta' fuq) fil-135 q.K ċirka, u rrimpjazzaw id-dinastiji Griegi t'hemmhekk, li mxew fil-baċir Indus (illum fil-Pakistan) fil-parti tal-punent tar-Renju Indo-Grieg.

 Waqa' 

Mis-Seklu III 'l quddiem, l-Imperu Kushan beda jitfarrak.

Ċirka il-225, Vasudeva I miet u l-Imperu Kushan ġie maqsum f'żewġ partijiet, dak tal-lvant u dak tal-punent. Bejn il-224–240, is-Sasanians invadew Bactria u l-Indja ta' Fuq, fejn huma magħrufa bħala l-Indo-Sassanians. 

Għall-ħabta tal-270, il-Kushani tilfu t-territorji tagħhom fil-pjanura tal-Ganges, fejn ġie stabbilit l-Imperu Gupta ċirka 320.

F'nofs is-Seklu IV vassal Kushan fil-Pakistan, bl-isema ta' Kidara, ħa l-poter u kisser id-dinastija antika tal-Kushan. Huwa ħoloq renju magħruf bħala r-Renju Kidarite, avolja hu probabilment kien jikkunsidra lilu nnifsu bħala Kushan, kif inhu indikat bl-istil Kushan li adotta għall-muniti tiegħu. Il-Kidariti jidru li kienu pjuttost prosperużi, għalkemm fuq skala iżgħat mill-predeċessuri Kushani tagħhom.

Il-fdalijiet ta' l-Imperu Kushan kienu eventwalment imwarrba fis-Seklu V bl-invażjonijiet tal-White Huns, u iktar 'il quddiem bl-espansjoni ta' l-Iżlam.

 Sovrani Kushan prinċipali 

 Heraios (ċ. 1 – 30), l-ewwel sovran Kushan; jeżistu xi disputi rigward id-dati ta' ħakma
 Kujula Kadphises (ċ. 30 – ċ. 80)
 Vima Takto, (ċ. 80 – ċ. 105) alias Soter Megas jew "Salvatur Kbir"
 Vima Kadphises (ċ. 105 – ċ. 127) l-ewwel imperatur kbir Kushan
 Kanishka I (127 – ċ. 147)
 Vāsishka (ċ. 151 – ċ. 155) 
 Huvishka (ċ. 155 – ċ. 187) 
 Vasudeva I (ċ. 191 – 225), l-aħħar imperatur kbir Kushan
 Kanishka II (ċ. 226 – 240) 
 Vashishka (ċ. 240 – 250)
 Kanishka III (ċ. 255 – 275)
 Vasudeva II (ċ. 290 – 310)
 Chhu (ċ. 310? – 325?)
 Shaka I (ċ. 325 – 345)
 Kipunada (ċ. 350 – 375)

 Links esterni 
 Metropolitan Museum capsule history
 New documents help fix controversial Kushan dating
 Antique Indian Coins
 Brief Guide to Kushan History

 Referenzi 
 Falk, Harry. 2001. “The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuşâņas.” Silk Road Art and Archaeology VII, pp. 121–136.
 Foucher, M. A. 1901. "Notes sur la geographie ancienne du Gandhâra (commentaire à un chaptaire de Hiuen-Tsang)." BEFEO No. 4, Oct. 1901, pp. 322–369.
 Hargreaves, H. (1910–11): "Excavations at Shāh-jī-kī Dhērī"; Archaeological Survey of India, 1910–11, pp. 25–32.
 Harmatta, János, ed., 1994. History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. Paris, UNESCO Publishing. 
 Hill, John E. 2004. The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu. Draft annotated English translation.
 Hill, John E. 2004. The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE. Draft annotated English translation. 
 Konow, Sten. Editor. 1929. Kharoshthī Inscriptions with Exception of those of Asoka. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. II, Part I. Reprint: Indological Book House, Varanasi, 1969.
 Litvinsky, B. A., ed., 1996. History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. Paris, UNESCO Publishing. 
 Liu, Xinru 2001 “Migration and Settlement of the Yuezhi-Kushan: Interaction and Interdependence of Nomadic and Sedentary Societies.” Journal of World History, Volume 12, No. 2, Fall 2001. University of Hawaii Press, pp. 261–292. . 
 Sarianidi, Victor. 1985. The Golden Hoard of Bactria: From the Tillya-tepe Excavations in Northern Afghanistan. Harry N. Abrams, New York.
 Spooner, D. B. 1908–9. "Excavations at Shāh-jī-kī Dhērī."; Archaeological Survey of India, 1908–9, pp. 38–59.
 Watson, Burton. Trans. 1961. Records of the Grand Historian of China: Translated from the Shih chi of Ssu-ma Ch'ien. Chapter 123: The Account of Ta-yüan, p. 265. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-08167-7

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