Kruċjata

Il-Kruċjati kienu serje ta' bosta kampanji militari—normalment sanzjonati mill-Papat—li seħħew bejn is-Seklu XI u s-Seklu XIII. Oriġinarjament, kienu Gwerrer Sagri Kattoliċi bl-iskop li terġa' tintrebaħ Ġerusalem u l-Art Imqaddsa minn taħt il-ħakma Musulmana, iżda xi wħud kienu indirizzati lejn Ewropew oħra, bħall-Kruċjata Albiġeżjana kontra l-Katari tan-nofsinhar ta' Franza u l-Kruċjati Nordiċi.  Ir-Raba' Kruċjata kienet oriġinarjament intiża li tilħaq l-Art Imqaddsa, iżda ġiet ridiretta mill Venezjani kontra Konstantinopli.

 Referenzi u qari addizzjonali 
 Alfred J. Andrea, Encyclopedia of the Crusades. Greenwood Press, 2003.
 Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades, Islamic Perspectives. New York, 2000.
 P.M. Holt, The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517. New York, 1986.
 Thomas F. Madden, The New Concise History of the Crusades. Lanham, 2005.
 Hans E. Mayer, The Crusades. Oxford, 1965.
 Jonathan Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading. Philadelphia, 1986.
 Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Oxford History of the Crusades. Oxford, 1995.
 Jonathan Riley-Smith, What were the Crusades?. San Francisco, 2002.
 Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, 3 vols., Cambridge, 1951-1954.
 Amin Maalouf, The Crusades Through Arab Eyes. 1983.

 Links esterni 
 Kenneth Setton, ed., A History of the Crusades. Madison, 1969-1989 (e-book online)
 Angeliki E. Laiou, The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World, (e-book online), includes chapter on Historiography of the crusades.
 E.L. Skip Knox, The Crusades, a virtual college course through Boise State University.

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Kategorija:Islam u reliġjonijiet oħra
Kategorija:Storja Islamika
Kategorija:Ġerusalem