Graphium (kekupu)

Graphium ialah genus kebanyakan jenis kupu-kupu ekor layang tropika yang dikelompokkan sebagai riang atau ekor pedang. Berasal dari Erasia, Afrika dan Oseania, genus ini diwakili oleh lebih 100 spesies. Warnanya berubah-ubah mengikut habitat yang dikunjungi; dari hutan hujan hingga savana. Beberapanya berekor agak panjang bak pedang, sedangkan yang lain tiada lunjuran sayap belakang. Spesies Graphium kerap dilihat di lopak berlumpur.

Spesies
Disenaraikan mengikut abjad:

Subgenus: Idaides
Kumpulan spesies: codrus
 Graphium anthedon (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1864)
 Graphium cloanthus (Westwood, 1841)
 Graphium codrus (Cramer, [1777])
 Graphium empedocles (Fabricius, 1787), asalnya Papilio empedocles Fabricius, 1787; Mantissa Insectorum 2: 10, no. 94 = homonim bagi Papilio empedocles Cramer, 1779; digantikan oleh empedovana Corbet, 1941.
 Graphium empedovana (Corbet, 1941) – riang Malaya
 Graphium gelon (Boisduval, 1859)
 Graphium macleayanus (Leach, 1814) – ekor layang Macleay
 Graphium mendana (Godman & Salvin, 1888)
 Graphium monticolus (Fruhstorfer, 1896)
 ?Graphium protensor (Gistel,1857) Papilio protensor Gistel, J.,1857 Achthundert und zwanzig neue oder unbeschriebene wirbellose Theire charakterisirt von Doctor Johannes Gistel Vacuna 2(2):513-606. sinonim bagi Graphium sarpedon
 Graphium sarpedon (Linnaeus, 1758) – riang segi tiga
 Graphium stresemanni (Rothschild, 1916)
 Graphium weiskei (Ribbe, 1900) – ekor layang tompok ungu

Kumpulan spesies: eurypylus
 Graphium agamemnon (Linnaeus, 1758) – riang ekor
 Graphium arycles (Boisduval, 1836) – riang tompok
 Graphium bathycles (Zinken, 1831) – riang belang
 Graphium chironides (Honrath, 1884) – riang urat
 Graphium doson (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1864) – riang biasa
 Graphium eurypylus (Linnaeus, 1758) – riang besar
 Graphium evemon (Boisduval, 1836) – riang kecil
 Graphium leechi (Rothschild, 1895)
 Graphium macfarlanei (Butler, 1877)
 Graphium meeki (Rothschild & Jordan, 1901)
 Graphium meyeri (Hopffer, 1874)
 Graphium procles (Grose-Smith, 1887)

Kumpulan spesies: wallacei
 Graphium browni (Godman & Salvin, 1879)
 Graphium hicetaon (Mathew, 1886)
 Graphium sandawanum Yamamoto, 1977 – ekor layang Apo
 Graphium wallacei (Hewitson, 1858)

Subgenus: Arisbe Hübner, [1819]
Kumpulan spesies: antheus
 Graphium antheus (Cramer, [1779])
 Graphium evombar (Boisduval, 1836)

Kumpulan spesies: policenes
 Graphium biokoensis Gauthier, 1984
 Graphium colonna (Ward, 1873)
 Graphium gudenusi (Rebel, 1911)
 Graphium illyris (Hewitson, 1872)
 Graphium junodi (Trimen, 1893)
 Graphium kirbyi (Hewitson, 1872)
 Graphium liponesco (Suffert, 1904)
 Graphium policenes (Cramer, [1775])
 Graphium policenoides (Holland, 1892)
 Graphium polistratus (Grose-Smith, 1889)
 Graphium porthaon (Hewitson, 1865)

Kumpulan spesies: angolanus
 Graphium angolanus (Goeze, 1779)
 Graphium endochus (Boisduval, 1836)
 Graphium morania (Angas, 1849)
 Graphium ridleyanus (White, 1843)
 Graphium schaffgotschi (Niepelt, 1927)
 Graphium taboranus (Oberthür, 1886)

Kumpulan spesies: leonidas
 Graphium cyrnus (Boisduval, 1836)
 Graphium leonidas (Fabricius, 1793)
 Graphium levassori Oberthür, 1890

Kumpulan spesies: tynderaeus
 Graphium tynderaeus (Fabricius, 1793)
 Graphium latreillianus (Godart, 1819)

Kumpulan spesies: philonoe
 Graphium philonoe (Ward, 1873)

Kumpulan spesies: adamastor
 Graphium abri Smith & Vane-Wright, 2001
 Graphium adamastor (Boisduval, 1836)
 Graphium agamedes (Westwood, 1842)
 Graphium almansor (Honrath, 1884)
 Graphium auriger (Butler, 1876)
 Graphium aurivilliusi (Seeldrayers, 1896)
 Graphium fulleri (Grose-Smith, 1883)
 Graphium hachei (Dewitz, 1881)
 Graphium kigoma Carcasson, 1964
 Graphium olbrechtsi Berger, 1950
 Graphium poggianus (Honrath, 1884)
 Graphium rileyi Berger, 1950
 Graphium schubotzi (Schultze, 1913)
 Graphium simoni (Aurivillius, 1899)
 Graphium ucalegon (Hewitson, 1865)
 Graphium ucalegonides (Staudinger, 1884)

Subgenus: Pathysa 
Kumpulan spesies: antiphates
 Graphium agetes (Westwood, 1841) – riang ekor pedang jalur empat
 Graphium androcles (Boisduval, 1836)
 Graphium antiphates (Cramer, [1775]) – riang ekor pedang jalur lima
 Graphium aristeus (Stoll, [1780]) – riang ekor pedang belang
 Graphium decolor (Staudinger, 1888)
 Graphium dorcus (de Haan, 1840)
 Graphium epaminondas (Oberthür, 1879)
 Graphium euphrates (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862)
 Graphium euphratoides (Eimer, 1889)
 Graphium nomius (Esper, 1799)
 Graphium rhesus (Boisduval, 1836)
 Graphium stratiotes (Grose-Smith, 1887)

Subgenus: Paranticopsis Wood-Mason & de Nicéville, 1887
 Graphium delessertii (Guérin-Méneville, 1839) – riang zebra Malaya
 Graphium deucalion (Boisduval, 1836) – riang zebra kuning
 Graphium encelades (Boisduval, 1836)
 Graphium idaeoides (Hewitson, 1853)
 Graphium macareus (Godart, 1819) – riang zebra kecil
 Graphium megaera (Staudinger, 1888)
 Graphium megarus (Westwood, 1844) – riang zebra tompok
 Graphium ramaceus (Westwood, 1872) – riang zebra Pendlebury
 Graphium phidias (Oberthür, 1906)
 Graphium stratocles (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861)
 Graphium thule (Wallace, 1865)
 Graphium xenocles (Doubleday, 1842) – riang zebra besar

Subgenus: Pazala Moore, 1888
 Graphium alebion (Gray, [1853])
 Graphium eurous (Leech, [1893])
 Graphium glycerion (Gray, 1831)
 Graphium incerta Bang-Haas, 1927
 Graphium mandarinus (Oberthür, 1879)
 Graphium mullah (Alphéraky 1897)Global Names Index
 Graphium tamerlana (Oberthür, 1876)
 Graphium timur (Ney, 1911)Graphium mullah kooichii disinonimkan dengan Graphium mullah oleh Cotton and Racheli, T., 2007Cotton, A.M. & Racheli, T. [2007] Preliminary Annotated Checklist of the Papilionidae of Laos with Notes on Taxonomy, Phenology, Distribution and Variation (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea).Fragmenta Entomologica, Roma, 38(2): 279-378.
 Graphium wenlingae Hu, Condamine, Monastyrskii & Cotton, 2019

Rujukan

Smith, Campbell R. and Vane-Wright R.I., 2001 A review of the Afrotropical species of the genus Graphium (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera: Papilionidae) Bulletin of the Natural History Museum Entomology Series Volume 70:503-719 online
Miller, L. D., and Miller, J. Y. (2004). The Butterfly Handbook, pp. 20–25, 52. Barron's Educational Series, Inc.; Hauppauge, New York. 
Smart, P. (1976). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Butterfly World. 

Pautan luar

"Distribution of Afrotropical Kite Swallowtails" (broadly subgenera Pazala and Arisbe) Natural History Museum.
"Genus Graphium". Insecta.pro.

Kategori:Graphium (kekupu)
Kategori:Papilionidae