Sejarah kepausan

Dalam ajaran Katolik, Paus ialah ketua Gereja Katolik dan jawatan ini dikenali sebagai kepausan. Sejarah kepausan bermula sejak zaman Santo Petrus yang dipercayai sebagai Paus pertama sehinggalah ke hari ini.

Pada peringkat awal, iaitu dalam tiga abad pertama selepas kelahiran agama Kristian, para Paus yang menggantikan Petrus tidak begitu dikenali. Ramai antara mereka terbunuh sebagai martir, iaitu dibunuh kerana kepercayaan mereka semasa zaman penindasan terhadap orang Kristian. Pada zaman itu juga, Paus tidak mempunyai kuasa politik. Kuasa duniawi atau pemerintahan hanya mula dimiliki oleh Paus selepas zaman Maharaja Konstantin I, iaitu apabila agama Kristian diiktiraf oleh kerajaan Rom. Selepas kejatuhan Empayar Rom Barat sekitar tahun 476 Masihi, kepausan mula dipengaruhi oleh pemerintah dunia seperti bangsa Ostrogoth, Byzantine dan Frankish. Sepanjang zaman pertengahan, Gereja Katolik mula menguasai beberapa wilayah di Itali yang dikenali sebagai Negeri-negeri Kepausan (Papal States). Dalam tempoh ini juga, kuasa Paus kadangkala dipengaruhi oleh keluarga-keluarga bangsawan di Rom termasuk ketika zaman saeculum obscurum, zaman Crescentii dan Kepausan Tusculan.

Antara tahun 1048 hingga 1257, berlaku banyak konflik antara Paus dengan pemerintah dunia terutamanya Empayar Rom Suci dan Empayar Byzantine (Rom Timur). Salah satu kesan besar daripada konflik ini ialah Perpecahan Timur-Barat yang menyebabkan Gereja Katolik terpisah dengan Gereja Ortodoks Timur. Antara tahun 1257 hingga 1377, walaupun Paus masih bergelar Uskup Rom, tetapi mereka tidak tinggal di Rom. Mereka berpindah ke beberapa bandar lain seperti Viterbo, Orvieto, Perugia dan akhirnya menetap di Avignon, Perancis – satu tempoh yang dikenali sebagai kepausan Avignon. Apabila Paus kembali semula ke Rom, berlaku satu lagi perpecahan besar dikenali sebagai Perpecahan Barat (Western Schism) di mana lebih daripada satu individu mendakwa sebagai Paus pada masa yang sama.

Masuk ke zaman Renaissance, Paus dikenali kerana menyokong seni bina dan karya seni hebat seperti pembinaan Gereja Santo Peter. Dalam masa yang sama, mereka turut terlibat secara aktif dalam politik Eropah. Selepas bermulanya Reformasi Protestan, Gereja Katolik cuba mempertahankan kedudukannya melalui gerakan Counter-Reformation di bawah pimpinan Paus. Pada zaman Revolusi, khususnya Revolusi Perancis]], banyak harta dan kekayaan Gereja dirampas. Ia antara kerugian paling besar dalam sejarah Gereja. Akhirnya, apabila Itali disatukan sebagai sebuah negara moden, Gereja kehilangan kuasa politik sepenuhnya ke atas Negeri-negeri Kepausan.

Namun begitu, isu ini diselesaikan melalui satu perjanjian yang dikenali sebagai Perjanjian Lateran pada tahun 1929 yang membawa kepada penubuhan Negara Kota Vatikan, iaitu sebuah negara kecil yang menjadi pusat rasmi Gereja Katolik dan tempat tinggal rasmi Paus hingga ke hari ini.

This article is part of a series onVatican CityHistory Duchy of Rome 533–751
 Donation of Pepin 750s
 Papal States      754–1870
 Annates
 Congregation for Borders
 Fundamental Statute for the Secular Government of the States of the Church
 Capture of Rome   1870
 "Prisoner in the Vatican" 1870–1929
 Roman Question
 Law of Guarantees
 Lateran Treaty    1929
 Vatican City      1929–present
 Governor of Vatican City
 2010 Vatican sex scandal
 History of the Catholic Church since 1962
 History of the Papacy
 Roman Historical Institutes
 Savoyard Era
 Vatileaks scandal
 Vatican Historical Museum
 Vatican City during World War IILaw Acta Apostolicae Sedis
 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State
 Capital punishment in Vatican City
 Crime in Vatican City
 Lateran Treaty
 Legal status of the Holy See
 (Alperin v.Vatican Bank)
 (Doe v.Holy See)
 Temporal power of the Holy See
 Tribunal of Vatican City State
 Canon law
 1983 Code of Canon Law
 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
 Apostolic Constitution Pastor Bonus
 LGBT rights in Vatican City
 Pontifical Swiss Guard
 Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State
 Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican CityPolitics and government Archives
 Association of Vatican Lay Workers
 Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State
 President
 President: Giuseppe Bertello
 Pontifical Commission
 Secretariat for Communications
 Holy See Press Office
 L'Osservatore Romano (Vatican City newspaper)
 L'Osservatore della Domenica
 List of newspapers in Vatican City
 Vatican Radio lawsuit
 Vatican Information Service
 .va (Vatican City internet sites)
 Vatican Publishing House
 Vatican Radio
 Vatican Television Center
 Secretariat of State
 Secretary: Pietro Parolin
 Fabric of Saint Peter
 Foreign relations of the Holy See
 List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See
 Holy See–Israel relations
 Holy See–Italy relations
 Holy See–Palestine relations
 Papal apocrisiarius
 Governorate of Vatican City
 Governor of Vatican City
 Military of Vatican City
 Noble Guard
 College of Cardinals
 Camerlengo (Chamberlain)
 Dean
 Vical General
 Court of Cassation
 President: Dominique Mamberti
 Court of Appeals
 President: Pio Vito Pinto
 Tribunale
 President: G.  di SanguinettoPapacy Pope
 Popemobile
 Catholic Church
 Latin Church
 Holy See
 Diocese of Rome
 Roman Curia
 Universi Dominici Gregis
 Papal conclave (Papal elections)
 Universi Dominici gregis
 Recent conclaves
  1978 (Oct)
 2005
 2013 
 Papal household
 Papal Gentleman
 Prefecture of the Pontifical HouseholdForeign relations Section for Relations with States
 Concordats
 Multilateral foreign policy
 Status in international law
 Lateran Treaty
 Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia)
 Secretary for Relations with States: Paul Gallagher
 Undersecretaries for Relations with States: Antoine Camilleri

 List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See
 Nuncios

 Vatican and Holy See passports
 Visa requirements
 Visa policy

 The Holy See and the United NationsEconomy Institute for the Works of Religion
 Telephone numbers in Vatican City
 Tourism in Vatican City
 Transport in Vatican City
 Rail transport in Vatican City
 Secretariat for the Economy
 Financial Information Authority
 Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See
 Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See
 Vatican euro coins
 Vatican lira
 Properties of the Holy SeeSymbols Flag
 List of Papal Flags
 Anthem
 Coats of arms of the Holy See and Vatican City
 00120 (Vatican postcode)
 Papal tiara
 Papal coronationCulture Vatican museums
 Vatican Library
 Music of Vatican City
 Sistine Chapel Choir
 Languages of Vatican City
 Women in Vatican City
 Vatican Christmas Tree
 Vatican City football team
 Vatican Cricket Team
 Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah
 Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City
 Public holidays in Vatican City
 Pontifical Academy of Sciences
 Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences
 The Story of the Vatican, 1941 documentaryBuildings/geography Apostolic Nunciature
 Apostolic Palace
 Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore
 Borgia Apartments
 Bramante Staircase
 Domus Sanctae Marthae
 Fountains of St. Peter's Square
 Gardens of Vatican City
 Geography of Vatican City
 Gregorian Tower
 Mater Ecclesiae (monastery)
 Monument to the Royal Stuarts
 Palace of the Holy Office
 Palazzi Pontifici
 Papal Apartments
 Saint Peter's Basilica
 Saint Peter's Square
 Saint Peter's tomb
 Lateran Basilica
 Lateran Palace
 Leonine City
 Niccoline Chapel
 Old St. Peter's Basilica
 Papal tombs
 Papal tombs in Old St. Peter's Basilica
 Paul VI Audience Hall
 Tomb of the Julii
 Torre San Giovanni
 Scala Regia
 Via della Conciliazione
 Vatican Climate Forest
 Vatican Heliport
 Vatican Hill
 Vatican Necropolis
 Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah
 Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City
 Public holidays in Vatican City
 Vatican Secret Archives
 St. Peter's Baldachin
 Sala Regia
 San Pellegrino in Vaticano
 Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri
 Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici
 Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope
 Vatican Observatory
 Vatican Pharmacy
 Bibliotheca Palatina
 Cappella Giulia
 Cappella Paolina
 Cardinal Secretary of State
 Casina Pio IV
 Circus of Nero
 Redemptoris Mater Chapel
 Saints Martin and Sebastian of the Swiss
 Santo Stefano degli Abissini
 Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi
 Teutonic Cemetery
 Cortile del Belvedere
 Passetto di Borgo
 Porta San PellegrinoVatican Museums Vatican Museums
 Gallery of Maps
 Gallery of Sistine Chapel ceiling
 Collection of Modern Religious Art
 Raphael Rooms
 Redemptoris Mater Chapel
 Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes
 Sistine Chapel
 Sistine Chapel ceiling
 The Last Judgment by Michelangelo Outline
 Index
 class=noviewer|16x16px Vatican City portal
 class=noviewer|16x16px Catholicism portal

 Bacaan lanjut 

 Adiele, Pius Onyemechi. Kepausan, Gereja Katolik dan Perhambaan Transatlantik Orang Hitam Afrika 1418-1839 (Georg Olms Verlag, 2017).
 Aradi, Zsolt. The Popes Sejarah Bagaimana Mereka Dipilih Dipilih Dan Dinobatkan (1955) dalam talian
 Bauer, Stefan. (2020): Penciptaan Sejarah Kepausan: Onofrio Panvinio antara Renaissance dan Pembaharuan Katolik . Oxford University Press.ISBN 9780198807001
 978-1-882972-54-8
 Chadwick, Owen, The Popes dan revolusi Eropah (Oxford UP, 1981) dalam talian . meliputi 1789 hingga 1815
 Chadwick, Owen. Sejarah paus, 1830-1914 (Oxford UP, 1998), secara ilmiah dalam talian
 978-0-465-01195-7
 Coppa, Frank J. The Papacy in the Modern World: A Political History (2014) kajian dalam talian
 Coppa, Frank J. ed. Paus besar melalui sejarah: ensiklopedia (2 jilid, 2002) dalam talian
 978-0-300-11597-0
 Fletcher, Stella. The Popes and Britain: sejarah pemerintahan, perpecahan dan perdamaian (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017).
 Lascelles, Christopher. Pontifex Maximus: A Short History of the Popes (Crux Publishing Ltd, 2017).
 978-0-06-065304-0

 978-0-500-01798-2
 978-1-4000-6715-2 , sejarah popular
 O'Malley, SJ, John W. The Jesuit and the Popes: Sketsa Sejarah Hubungan Mereka (2016)

 978-1-931643-13-9
 Schatz, Klaus. Keutamaan Kepausan dari Asal-usulnya hingga Kini (Collegeville, MN, 1996).
 Schimmelpfennig, Bernhard. The Papacy (New York, 1992)
 978-0-02-864290-1 , sejarah popular
 Vaughan, Herbert. The Medici Popes (Jovian Press, 2018).

Kategori:Paus
Kategori:Webarchive template wayback links