Pengeboman strategik semasa Perang Dunia II

Pengeboman strategik semasa Perang Dunia II adalah serangan udara yang berpanjangan terhadap jalan keretapi, pelabuhan, bandar-bandar, perumahan pekerja dan orang awam, dan kawasan industri dalam wilayah musuh semasa Perang Dunia II. Pengeboman strategik ialah strategi ketenteraan yang berbeza dari sokongan udara dekat untuk angkatan darat dan kuasa udara taktikal.R.J. Overy, The Air War. 1939–1945 (1980) pp. 8–14 Semasa Perang Dunia II, ia diyakini oleh ramai strategis tentera bahawa kekuatan udara dapat menjamin kemenangan besar  dengan menyerang infrastruktur industri dan politik, dan bukannya sasaran tentera semata-mata.Tami Davis Biddle, "British and American Approaches to Strategic Bombing: Their Origins and Implementation in the World War II Combined Bomber Offensive", Journal of Strategic Studies (1995) 18#1 pp 91–144 Pengeboman strategik sering melibatkan kawasan pengeboman yang dihuni oleh orang awam dan beberapa kempen sengaja dirancang untuk mensasarkan penduduk awam supaya dapat menggerunkan mereka dan mengganggu aktiviti biasa mereka. Undang-undang antarabangsa pada awal Perang Dunia II tidak secara khusus melarang pengeboman udara di bandar-bandar walaupun sebelumnya terdapat pengeboman seperti itu semasa Perang Dunia I, Perang Saudara Sepanyol,dan Perang China-Jepun Kedua.

Pengeboman strategik semasa Perang Dunia II bermula pada 1 September 1939 apabila Jerman menceroboh Poland dan Luftwaffe (Tentera Udara Jerman) mula mengebom bandar-bandar dan penduduk awam di Poland dalam kempen pengeboman udara.Levine 1992, p. 21 Ketika perang terus berlanjutan, pengeboman oleh Kuasa Paksi dan Pihak Bersekutu meningkat dengan ketara. Tentera Udara Diraja mula mengebom sasaran tentera di Jerman, seperti dermaga dan limbungan kapal, pada Mac 1940, dan mula mensasarkan Berlin pada Ogos 1940. Pada September 1940, pihak Luftwaffe mula mensasarkan bandar-bandar British dalam kempen The Blitz. Selepas bermulanya Operasi Barbarossa pada Jun 1941, Luftwaffe menyerang bandar-bandar Soviet dan infrastruktur. Dari Februari 1942 ke atas, kempen pengeboman British terhadap Jerman menjadi kurang ketat dan  menambah sasaran ke atas tapak industri dan kawasan awam.Hastings 1979Garrett 1993 Apabila Amerika Syarikat memulakan misi pengeboman udara terhadap Jerman, ia memperkuatkan usaha ini dan pengeboman api yang kontroversi telah dilakukan ke atas Hamburg (1943), Dresden (1945), dan bandar-bandar Jerman yang lain.Boog 2001, p. 408.

Dalam Perang Pasifik, pihak Jepun mengebom penduduk awam disepanjang peperangan (contohnya di Chongqing). Serangan udara ke atas Jepun oleh AS bermula dengan bersungguh-sungguh pada Oktober 1944Pimlott, John. B-29 Superfortress (London: Arms and Armour Press, 1980), p.40. dan menjelang Mac 1945 telah mula meningkatkan  pengeboman api secara meluas, memuncak dalam pengeboman atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki pada 6 dan 9 Ogos 1945.

Kesan pengeboman strategik banyak diperdebatkan semasa dan selepas peperangan.J.K. Galbraith, "The Affluent Society", chapter 12 "The Illusion of National Security", first published 1958. Galbraith was a director of the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey.Williamson Murray, Allan Reed Millett, "A War To Be Won: fighting the Second World War", p. 319http://www.econ.yale.edu/growth_pdf/cdp905.pdf Kedua-dua Luftwaffe dan RAF gagal memberikan pukulan kalah mati dengan memusnahkan moral musuh. Namun, ada yang berpendapat bahawa pengeboman strategik sasaran bukan tentera dapat mengurangkan kapasiti  industri dan pengeluaran musuh dan dalam pendapat para pendukung di zaman antara perang, penyerahan kalah Jepun mewajarkan pengeboman strategik.Buckley 1998, p. 197. Jumlah kematian akibat pengeboman strategik cukup besar, bukan hanya dari segi pengeboman tetapi juga kehilangan kru udara. Beratus-ratus ribu atau sejuta orang awam terkorban, berjuta-juta orang lagi hilang tempat tinggal, dan banyak atau sebahagian besar bandaraya utama musnah, terutamanya di Eropah dan Asia.

Rujukan
Petikan

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Bacaan lanjut


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  – Spaight was Principal Assistant Secretary of the Air Ministry (U.K)



Pautan luar
 The Blitz: Sorting the Myth from the Reality by BBC History
 Liverpool Blitz— Experience 24 hours in a city under fire in the Blitz from National Museums Liverpool
 Coventry Blitz Resource Centre
 The 376th Heavy Bombardment Group Oral Histories at Ball State University
 Allied Bombers and Crews – slideshow by Life magazine
 Annotated bibliography for conventional bombing during World War II from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
 The Revenger's Tragedy by Leo McKinstry (in New Statesman)

Category:Peperangan
Category:Taktik tentera
Category:Ketenteraan
Category:Perang Dunia Kedua
Category:Tentera udara
Category:Pengeboman udara