Gerakan sosial

Gerakan sosial ialah satu usaha yang disusun secara longgar oleh sekumpulan besar orang untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu, biasanya sosial atau politik. Ini mungkin untuk melaksanakan, menentang atau membatalkan perubahan sosial. Ini merupakan jenis tindakan kumpulan dan mungkin melibatkan individu, pertubuhan atau kedua-duanya. Definisi istilah sedikit berbeza. Gerakan sosial telah digambarkan sebagai "struktur dan strategi organisasi yang dapat memberi kuasa kepada penduduk yang tertindas untuk menghadapi cabaran yang berkesan dan menentang golongan elit yang lebih kuat dan berfaedah". Mereka mewakili kaedah perubahan sosial dari bawah dalam negara.

Rujukan

Bacaan lanjut
 David F. Aberle. 1966. The Peyote Religion among the Navaho. Chicago: Aldine. 
 James Alfred Aho. 1990. Politics of Righteousness: Idaho Christian Patriotism. Washington: University of Washington Press. 
 Paul Almeida. 2019. Social Movements: The Structure of Collective Mobilization. Berkeley: University of California Press. 
 Herbert G. Blumer 1969. "Collective Behavior." In Alfred McClung Lee, ed., Principles of Sociology. Third Edition. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, pp. 65–121.
 Mark Chaves. 1997. Ordaining Women: Culture and Conflict in Religious Organizations. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 

 Graeme Chesters and Ian Welsh. Complexity and Social Movements: Multitudes at the Edge of Chaos Routledge 2006. 
 Mario Diani and Doug McAdam, Social movements and networks, Oxford University Press, 2003.
 Susan Eckstei, ed. Power and Popular Protest: Latin American Social Movements, Updated Edition, University of California Press 2001. 
 Anthony Giddens. 1985. The Nation-State and Violence. Cambridge, England: Polity Press. 
Jeff Goodwin and James M. Jasper. 2009. The Social Movements Reader. Malden, Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell. 
 Angelique Haugerud, No Billionaire Left Behind: Satirical Activism in America, Stanford University Press, 2013. 

 James M. Jasper. 1997. The Art of Moral Protest: Culture, Biography, and Creativity in Social Movements. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 
 James M. Jasper. 2014. Protest: A Cultural Introduction to Social Movements. Polity Press.

 Diana Kendall, Sociology In Our Times, Thomson Wadsworth, 2005. 
 William Kornhauser. 1959. The Politics of Mass Society. New York: Free Press. 
 Donna Maurer. 2002. Vegetarianism: Movement or Moment? Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 
 Armand L. Mauss. 1975. Social Problems of Social Movements. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
 Denton E. Morrison. 1978. "Some Notes toward Theory on Relative Deprivation, Social Movements, and Social Change." In Louis E. Genevie, ed., Collective Behavior and Social Movements. Itasca, Ill.: Peacock. pp. 202–209.

 Immanuel Ness, ed. Encyclopedia of American Social Movements, 2004. .
 Jeff Pugh. 2008. "Vectors of Contestation: Social Movements and Party Systems in Ecuador and Colombia." Latin American Essays XXI: 46-65.
 Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. . 

 Neil J. Smelser. 1962. Theory of Collective Behavior. New York: Free Press. 
 David Snow, Sarah A. Soule and Hanspeter Kriesi, ed. Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, Blackwell, 2004.
 Suzanne Staggenborg, Social Movements, Oxford University Press, 2008. 
 Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Collective Action, Social Movements and Politics, Cambridge University Press, 1994. 

 Charles Tilly, 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 1978.
 Charles Tilly, Social Movements, 1768–2004, Boulder, CO, Paradigm Publishers, 2004 262 pp.  (hardback) /  (paperback)
 Leonard Weinberg, 2013. Democracy and Terrorism. New York: Routledge, 2013.
 Quintan Wiktorowicz, Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004.
 Marco G. Giugni, How Social Movements Matter, University of Minnesota Press, 1999, 
 Rod Bantjes, Social Movements in a Global Context, CSPI, 2007, 
 Michael Barker, Conform or Reform? Social Movements and the Mass Media, Fifth-Estate-Online - International Journal of Radical Mass Media Criticism. February 2007. Fifth-estate-online.co.uk
 Dennis Chong, "Collective Action and the Civil Rights Movement", University of Chicago Press, 1991, 

Pautan luar

 Mobilization - journal
 Interface: a Journal For and About Social Movements

Kategori:Perubahan sosial
Kategori:Gerakan sosial