Penenteraan polis

Penenteraan polis ialah penggunaan peralatan dan taktik tentera oleh pegawai penguat kuasa undang-undang. Ini termasuk penggunaan kereta perisai anggota (APC), senapang gempur, senjata api submesin, bom tangan lempar letup, pelancar bom tangan,Texas Rangers, Department of Public Safety, Branch Davidian Evidence , Investigative Report No. 1, September 1999; Investigative Report No. 2, January 2000 (PDFs available at Texas Rangers website). The Rangers found that the FBI used grenade launchers to fire two 40 mm M651 grenades. The Army considers the M651 a pyrotechnic device and that it is known to cause fires. The Army Tech Manual for the M651 warns that it can penetrate 3/4" plywood at 200 meters and "projectile may explode upon target impact". During inventory of the Waco evidence the Texas Rangers also found flashbang grenades. senapang penembak hendap, dan pasukan SWAT (senjata dan taktik khas). Penenteraan penguatkuasaan undang-undang juga dihubung kait dengan pengumpulan maklumat gaya agensi perisikan disasarkan kepada orang awam dan aktivis politik dan dengan gaya penguatkuasaan undang-undang yang lebih agresif. Profesor keadilan jenayah Peter Kraska telah mentakrifkan penenteraan polis sebagai "proses di mana polis awam semakin menarik daripada, dan mencorakkan diri mereka di sekitar, rukun faham ketenteraan dan model tentera".

Lihat juga

Nyahbiaya polis
Polis tentera
COINTELPRO
Pengawasan tinggi
Keselamatan tanah air
Hak asasi manusia
Hak asasi manusia di Amerika Syarikat
Penahanan tidak tetap tanpa perbicaraan
Pejabat Sokongan Penguatkuasaan Undang-undang
Undang-undang tentera
Pengawasan tanpa waran NSA (2001–07)
Akta Patriot
Kekejaman polis
Negara polis
PRISM (rancangan pengawasan)

Bacaan lanjut

Balko, Radley. Rise of the Warrior Cop: The Militarization of America's Police Forces. Public Affairs, 2013.
Balto, Simon. 2019. Occupied Territory: Policing Chicago from Red Summer to Black Power. University of North Carolina Press.
Hall, Abigail R. and Christopher Coyne. 2018. Tyranny Comes Home: The Domestic Fate of U.S. Militarism. Stanford University Press.
Hinton, Elizabeth. 2017. From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America. Harvard University Press.
Linstrum, Erik. "Domesticating Chemical Weapons: Tear Gas and the Militarization of Policing in the British Imperial World, 1919–1981", The Journal of Modern History 91, no. 3 (September 2019): 557–585.
Madsen, Chris (2020). "Green is the New Black: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police and Militarisation of Policing in Canada", Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies, 3(1), 114–131. DOI: http://doi.org/10.31374/sjms.42
Marat, Erica. 2018. The Politics of Police: Reform Society against the State in Post-Soviet Countries. Oxford University Press.
Schrader, S. (2017). "More than Cosmetic Changes: The Challenges of Experiments with Police Demilitarization in the 1960s and 1970s." Journal of Urban History.
Schrader, Stuart. 2019. Badges Without Borders: How Global Insurgency Transformed American Policing. University of California Press.
Steidley, Trent; Ramey, David M. 2019. "Police militarization in the United States". Sociology Compass. 13 (4)
Turner II, Frederick W. and Bryanna Fox. 2018. Police Militarization: Policy Changes and Stakeholders' Opinions in the United States. Springer
Wood, Lesley J. Crisis and Control: The Militarization of Protest Policing. Pluto Press, 2014. 

Rujukan

Kategori:Hak dan kebebasan awam
Kategori:Penguatkuasaan undang-undang
Kategori:Senjata polis
Kategori:Hak asasi manusia
Kategori:Sejarah penguatkuasaan undang-undang di Amerika Syarikat
Kategori:Kontroversi penguatkuasaan undang-undang