Fil Marsyal (United Kingdom)

+  Fil Marsyal Field Marshal 
 100pxInsignia mahkota St. Edward 100pxInsignia Fil Marsyal dipakai pada epaulet Negara  left|30pxUnited Kingdom Cabang perkhidmatan 30px Tentera Darat British  Singkatan FM Kumpulan pangkat Pegawai Jeneral  Pangkat Lima bintang  Diperkenalkan 1736 KodNATO  OF-10 Pangkat rendah seterusnyaJeneral Persamaan pangkat tentera udara Marsyal Tentera Udara Diraja (RAF) Persamaan pangkat tentera lautLaksamana Armada (RN)

Fil Marsyal telah menjadi pangkat tertinggi dalam Tentera Darat British semenjak tahun 1736. Sejenis pangkat lima bintang dengan kod OF-10 NATO, ia setaraf dengan Laksamana Armada dalam Royal Navy atau Marsyal Tentera Udara Diraja dalam Tentera Udara Diraja (RAF). Insignia Fil Marsyal mengandungi dua baton bersilang di dalam kalungan bunga berserta Mahkota St Edward diatasnya. Seperti Marsyal RAF dan Laksamana Armada, Fil Marsyal secara tradisinya kekal sebagai pegawai seumur hidup, walaupun di bayar separuh gaji apabila tiada lantikan. Pangkat ini telah digunakan sekali sekala disepanjang sejarahnya dan kosong semasa abad ke-18 dan ke-19 (apabila semua mantan fil marsyal meninggal dunia). Selepas Perang Dunia II, ia menjadi amalan standard untuk melantik Ketua Turus Am Imperial (kemudian dinamakan semula Ketua Turus Am) ke pangkat Fil Marsyal pada hari terakhir memegang jawatan itu. Para pegawai tentera yang menyandang jawatan Ketua Turus Pertahanan, iaitu ketua profesional seluruh Angkatan Tentera British, biasanya akan dinaikkan pangkat Fil Marsyal di atas pelantikan mereka.

Secara keseluruhan, 141 orang telah memegang pangkat field marshal. Majoriti darinya membawa kerjaya dalam Tentera Darat British atau Tentera Darat India British, naik melalui susur galur pangkat hingga akhirnya menjadi seorang field marshal. Beberapa orang ahli kerabat diraja British—yang terbaru Putera Edward, Duke Kent, dan Charles, Putera Wales—telah dinaikkan ke pangkat itu selepas tempoh singkat perkhidmatan tentera. Tiga raja British—George V, Edward VIII, dan George VI— memegang pangkat itu selepas menaiki takhta, manakala Edward VII sudah menjadi field marshal, dan dua suami ratu British—Albert, Putera Suami dan Putera Philip, Duke Edinburgh—dilantik oleh ratu masing-masing. Pelantikan istiadat lain telah dibuat sebagai langkah diplomatik. Dua belas raja-raja asing menjawat pangkat kehormat itu, namun tiga raja (Wilhelm II, Maharaja Jerman; Franz Joseph I, Maharaja Austria; dan Hirohito, Maharaja Jepun) telah dilucutkan pangkatnya apabila negara mereka menjadi musuh Britain dan sekutunya di dalam dua perang dunia. Juga dikurniakan pangkat itu ialah seorang bangsa Perancis (Ferdinand Foch) dan seorang bangsa Australia (Sir Thomas Blamey), bagi menghormati sumbangan mereka dalam Perang Dunia I dan Perang Dunia II, dan seorang negarawan asing (Jan Smuts).

Satu laporan yang ditugaskan oleh  Kementerian Pertahanan pada tahun 1995 membuat beberapa cadangan untuk penjimatan kewangan dalam belanjawan angkatan tentera, salah satu darinya ialah pemansuhan pangkat lima bintang. Sebahagian rasionalnya ialah pangkat ini tidak seimbang dengan saiz angkatan tentera yang diperintah oleh pegawai ini dan tidak ada sekutu rapat United Kingdom, seperti Amerika Syarikat (yang menyimpan pangkat Jeneral Angkatan Darat untuk pegawai yang memerintah angkatan tentera yang besar dalam perang utama), menggunakan pangkat tersebut. Cadangan ini tidak diambil sepenuhnya, tetapi amalan menaikkan pangkat panglima-panglima perkhidmatan ke pangkat lima bintang telah dihentikan dan pangkat ini sekarang dikhaskan untuk keadaan istimewa. Sir Peter Inge merupakan, pada tahun 1994, pegawai aktif terakhir dinaikkan ke pangkat itu (Fil Marsyal Kehormat). Inge melepaskan jawatan Ketua Turus Pertahanan (CDS) pada 1997 dan penggantinya, Sir Charles Guthrie, merupakan pegawai pertama yang tidak dinaikkan pangkat itu selepas dilantik sebagai CDS.

Kenaikkan pangkat terbaru ke field marshal muncul pada tahun 2012, 18 tahun selepas penangguhan sementara kenaikkan rutin pangkat itu, apabila Ratu Elizabeth II melantik Putera Charles, anak dan pewaris takhtanya, ke pangkat lima bintang di ketiga-tiga perkhidmatan, sebagai mengiktiraf sokongan yang diberikan padanya dalam kapasiti baginda selaku Pemerintah Tertinggi Angkatan Tentera British.The Prince of Wales  The Queen appoints The Prince of Wales to Honorary Five-Star rank 16 June 2012 Pada masa yang sama, Guthrie, yang melepaskan jawatan CDS dan bersara dari tugas aktif pada tahun 2001, telah dinaikkan pangkat ke field marshal kehormat. Pada Jun 2014 mantan CDS Lord Walker dari Aldringham juga telah dilantik ke field marshal kehormat.

Walaupun pangkat field marshal tidak digunakan dalam kor Marin Diraja, lambang itu digunakan pada pakaian seragam Kapten Jeneral, iaitu ketua istiadat kor tersebut (setaraf Kolonel Yang DiPertua).

Insignia pangkat
Insignia pangkat field marshal dalam Tentera Darat British mengandungi dua baton bersilang dalam kalungan daun oak, berserta satu mahkota (Mahkota St Edward) di atasnya. Di beberapa negara lain, menurut sejarah dibawah lingkungan pengaruh British, satu versi insignia adaptasi telah digunakan untuk para field marshal, selalunya mahkota digantikan dengan lambang alternatif budaya atau nasional. Semasa hari pelantikan, field marshal British juga dikurniakan baton merah berhulu emas sebagai sebahagian dari kelengkapan uniform mereka dan akan dibawa ke majlis-majlis rasmi.

Senarai para Fil Marsyal
120px|thumb|left|Empat orang field marshal juga adalah penerima pingat Victoria Cross, iaitu anugerah keberanian tertinggi UK.|alt=A bronze cross pattée bearing the crown of Saint Edward surmounted by a lion with the inscription "FOR VALOUR". A crimson ribbon is attached.

+ Para Fil Marsyal Tentera Darat British Nama dan gelaran Rejimen Imej Lahir Mati Tarikh kenaikkan pangkat George Hamilton, 1st Earl of Orkney Royal Regiment of Foot 100px|alt=George Douglas-Hamilton 1666 1737 1736-01-1212 January 1736 John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll Earl of Argyll's Regiment of Foot 100px|alt=John Campbell 1680 1743 1736-01-1414 January 1736 Richard Boyle, 2nd Viscount Shannon Horse Guards Regiment 100px|alt=Richard Boyle 1674 1740 17392 July 1739 François de La Rochefoucauld, Marquis de Montandre  100px|alt=Crest of the De La Rochefoucauld family 1672 1739 17392 July 1739 John Dalrymple, 2nd Earl of Stair 26th (Cameronian) Regiment of Foot 100px|alt=John Dalrymple 1673 1747 1742-03-1818 March 1742 Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham 6th Regiment of Foot 100px|alt=Richard Temple 1669 1749 1742-12-1414 December 1742 George Wade Earl of Bath's Regiment 100px|alt=George Wade 1673 1748 1742-12-1414 December 1742 Sir Robert Rich, 4th Baronet Grenadier Guards (1st Foot Guards) 100px 1685 1768 1757-11-2828 November 1757 Richard Molesworth, 3rd Viscount Molesworth Royal Scots 100px|alt=Richard Molesworth 1680 1758 1757-11-2929 November 1757 John Ligonier, 1st Earl Ligonier 10th Regiment of Foot 100px|alt=John Ligonier 1680 1770 1757-11-3030 November 1757 James O'Hara, 2nd Baron Tyrawley 39th (Dorsetshire) Regiment of Foot 100px|alt=James O'Hara 1690 1773 17631 June 1763 Henry Seymour Conway 5th Royal Irish Lancers 100px|alt=Henry Seymour Conway 1721 1794 1793-10-1212 October 1793 Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh 13th Regiment of Foot 100px|alt=Prince William Henry 1743 1805 1793-10-1212 October 1793 Sir George Howard 24th Regiment of Foot 100px|alt=George Howard 1720 1796 1793-10-1212 October 1793 Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany Grenadier Guards 100px|alt=Prince Frederick 1763 1827 1795-02-1010 February 1795 John Campbell, 5th Duke of Argyll Royal Scots Fusiliers 100px|alt=John Campbell 1723 1806 1796-07-3030 July 1796 Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst Grenadier Guards 100px|alt=Jeffery Amherst 1717 1797 1796-07-3030 July 1796 John Griffin, 4th Baron Howard de Walden Scots Guards 100px|alt=John Griffin 1719 1797 1796-07-3030 July 1796 Studholme Hodgson Grenadier Guards 100px|Studholme Hodgson 1708 1798 1796-07-3030 July 1796 George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend 7th Queen's Own Hussars 100px|alt=George Townshend 1724 1807 1796-07-3030 July 1796 Lord Frederick Cavendish Coldstream Guards  1729 1803 1796-07-3030 July 1796 Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond Coldstream Guards 100px|alt=Charles Lennox 1735 1806 1796-07-3030 July 1796 Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn Royal Fusiliers 100px|alt=Prince Edward 1767 1820 18055 September 1805 Arthur Wellesley, Duke Wellington Pertama 33rd Regiment of Foot 100px|alt=Arthur Wellesley 1769 1852 1813-06-2121 June 1813 Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale — (Royal Family; afterwards King of Hanover) 100px|alt=Ernest Augustus I 1771 1851 18136 November 1813 Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge Hanoverian Guards 100px|alt=Prince Adolphus 1774 1850 1813-11-2626 November 1813 Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh Scots Guards 100px|alt=Prince William Frederick 1776 1834 181624 May 1816 Putera Leopold dari Saxe-Coburg dan Gotha — (Kerabat Diraja; kemudian Raja Belgium) 100px|alt=Leopold I 1790 1865 181624 May 1816 Charles Moore, 1st Marquess of Drogheda 12th Dragoons 100px|alt=Charles Moore 1730 1821 1821-07-1919 July 1821 William Harcourt, 3rd Earl Harcourt Grenadier Guards 100px|alt=William Harcourt 1743 1830 1821-07-1919 July 1821 Sir Alured Clarke 50th (Queen's Own) Regiment of Foot 100px|alt=Alured Clarke 1745 1832 1830-07-2222 July 1830 Sir Samuel Hulse Grenadier Guards 100px|alt=Samuel Hulse 1747 or 1748 1837 1830-07-2222 July 1830  — (Royal Family) 100px|alt=Prince Albert 1819 1861 18408 February 1840 William II — (Raja Negara Belanda) 100px|alt=William II 1792 1847 184528 July 1845  39th (Dorsetshire) Regiment of Foot 100px|alt=George Nugent 1757 1849 1846-11-099 November 1846  Grenadier Guards 100px|alt=Thomas Grosvenor 1764 1851 1846-11-099 November 1846  80th Regiment of Foot (Staffordshire Volunteers) 100px|alt=Henry Paget 1768 1854 1846-11-099 November 1846  4th Light Dragoons 100px|alt=FitzRoy Somerse 1788 1855 18545 November 1854  23rd Regiment of Foot 100px|alt=Stapleton Cotton 1773 1865 1855-10-022 October 1855  33rd Regiment of Foot 100px|alt=Stapleton Cotton 1772 1860 1855-10-022 October 1855  Queen's Rangers 100px|alt=Henry Hardinge 1785 1856 1855-10-022 October 1855  East Devonshire Regiment 100px|alt=John Colborne 1779 1863 18601 April 1860  99th Regiment of Foot 100px|alt=Edward Blakeney 1778 1868 18629 November 1862  Seaforth Highlanders 100px|alt=Hugh Gough 1779 1869 18629 November 1862  12th Royal Lancers 100px|alt=Prince George 1819 1904 18629 November 1862  9th (East Norfolk) Regiment of Foot 100px|alt=Colin Campbell 1792 1863 18629 November 1862  9th (East Norfolk) Regiment of Foot 100px|alt=Alexander Woodford 1782 1870 18681 January 1868  9th (East Norfolk) Regiment of Foot 100px|alt=William Gomm 1784 1875 18681 January 1868  Royal Artillery 100px|alt=Hew Ross 1779 1868 18681 January 1868  Royal Engineers 100px|alt=John Burgoyne 1782 1871 18681 January 1868  Bengal Artillery 100px|alt=George Pollock 1786 1872 187024 May 1870  — (Retired) 1785 1877 1875-05-2929 May 1875  Grenadier Guards 100px|alt=George Hay 1787 1876 1875-05-2929 May 1875 Edward VII — (Kerabat Diraja) 100px|alt=Edward VII 1841 1910 187529 May 1875  52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot 100px|alt=William Rowan 1789 1879 1877-06-022 June 1877  35th (Royal Sussex) Regiment of Foot 100px|alt=Charles Yorke 1790 1880 1877-06-022 June 1877  93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of Foot 100px|alt=Hugh Rose 1801 1885 1877-06-022 June 1877  Bengal Engineer Group 100px|alt=Robert Napier 1810 1890 1883-01-011 January 1883  11th Bengal Native Infantry 100px|alt=Patrick Grant 1804 1895 1883-06-2424 June 1883  64th (2nd Staffordshire) Regiment of Foot 100px|alt=John Michel 1804 1886 1886-03-2727 March 1886  Royal Artillery 100px|alt=Richard Dacres 1799 1886 1886-03-2727 March 1886  85th Regiment of Foot (Bucks Volunteers) 100px|alt=William Paulet 1804 1893 1886-07-1010 July 1886  6th Regiment of Foot 100px|alt=George Bingham 1800 1888 188721 June 1887  Royal Engineers 100px|alt=Lintorn Simmons 1821 1903 1890-05-2121 May 1890  4th Regiment of Foot 100px|alt=Frederick Haines 1818 1909 1890-05-2121 May 1890  9th Bengal Native Infantry 100px|alt=Donald Stewart 1824 1900 1894-05-2426 May 1894  12th Regiment of Foot 100px|alt=Garnet Wolseley 1833 1913 1894-05-2426 May 1894  Bengal Artillery 100px|alt=Frederick Roberts 1832 1914 189525 May 1895  67th (South Hampshire) Regiment of Foot 100px|alt=Prince Edward 1823 1902 189722 June 1897  55th Bengal Native Infantry 100px|alt=Neville Chamberlain 1820 1902 190025 April 1900 Wilhelm II, Maharaja Jerman — (Maharaja Jerman) 100px|alt=Wilhelm II 1859 1941 190127 January 1901  1st Bengal Native Infantry 100px|alt=Henry Norman 1826 1904 1902-06-2626 June 1902  Royal Engineers 100px|alt=Prince Arthur 1850 1942 1902-06-2626 June 1902  13th Light Dragoons 100px|alt=Evelyn Wood 1838 1919 1903-04-088 April 1903  27th (Inniskilling) Regiment of Foot 100px|alt=George White 1835 1912 1903-04-088 April 1903 Franz Joseph I dari Austria — (Maharaja Austria; Raja Hungary) 100px|alt=Franz Joseph I 1830 1916 19031 September 1903  King's Royal Rifle Corps 100px|alt=Francis Grenfell 1841 1925 1908-04-1111 April 1908  51st Sikhs (Frontier Force) 100px|alt=Charles Brownlow 1831 1916 1908-06-2020 June 1908  Royal Engineers 100px|alt=Herbert Kitchener 1850 1916 190910 September 1909 George V Royal Welsh Fusiliers — (Kerabat Diraja) 100px|alt=George V 1865 1936 19107 May 1910  Scots Guards 100px|alt=Paul Methuen 1845 1932 1911-06-1919 June 1911  Royal Engineers 100px|alt=William Nicholson 1845 1918 1911-06-1919 June 1911  8th King's Royal Irish Hussars 100px|alt=John French 1852 1925 19133 June 1913 Nicholas II dari Rusia — (Maharaja Rusia) 100px|alt=Nicholas II 1868 1918 19161 January 1916  7th Queen's Own Hussars 100px|alt=Douglas Haig 1861 1928 1917-01-011 January 1917  31st (Huntingdonshire) Regiment of Foot 100px|alt= Sir Charles Egerton 1848 1921 1917-03-1616 March 1917  — (Maharaja Jepun) 100px|alt=Taishō 1879 1926 19181 January 1918  35th Artillery Regiment — (Tentera Darat Perancis) 100px|alt=Ferdinand Foch 1851 1929 191919 July 1919  York and Lancaster Regiment 100px|alt=Herbert Plumer 1857 1932 1919-07-3131 July 1919  6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons 100px|alt=Edmund Allenby 1861 1936 1919-07-3131 July 1919  Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own) 100px|alt=Henry Wilson 1864 1922 1919-07-3131 July 1919  3rd Dragoon Guards 100px|alt=William Robertson 1860 1933 192029 March 1920  44th (East Essex) Regiment of Foot 100px|alt=Arthur Barrett 1857 1926 192112 April 1921 Albert I of Belgium — (King of Belgium) 100px|alt=Albert I 1875 1934 19214 July 1921  Royal Scots Fusiliers 100px|alt=William Birdwood 1865 1951 192520 March 1925  Worcestershire Regiment 100px|alt=Claud Jacob 1863 1948 192630 November 1926  Royal Artillery 100px|alt=George Milne 1866 1948 192830 January 1928 Alfonso XIII of Spain — (King of Spain) 100px|alt=Alfonso XIII 1886 1941 1928-06-033 June 1928 Hirohito (Maharaja Shōwa) — (Maharaja Jepun) 100px|alt=Hirohito 1901 1989 1928-06-2626 June 1928  King's Royal Rifle Corps 100px|alt=Julian Byng 1861 1935 1932-07-1717 July 1932  Grenadier Guards 100px|alt=Rudolph Lambart 1865 1946 1932-10-3131 October 1932  Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry 100px|alt=Philip Chetwode 1869 1950 193313 February 1933  Royal Artillery 100px|alt=Archibald Montgomery-Massingberd 1871 1947 19357 June 1935 Edward VIII — (Kerabat Diraja) 100px|alt=Edward VIII 1894 1972 1936-01-2121 January 1936  West Yorkshire Regiment 100px|alt=Cyril Deverell 1874 1947 193615 May 1936 George VI — (Kerabat Diraja) 100px|alt=George VI 1895 1952 1936-12-1212 December 1936  Royal Artillery 100px|alt=Edmund Ironside 1880 1959 194020 July 1940  — (South African Army) 100px|alt=Jan Smuts 1870 1950 1941-05-2424 May 1941  Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment 100px|alt=John Dill 1881 1944 194118 November 1941  Grenadier Guards 100px|alt=John Vereker 1886 1946 1943-01-011 January 1943  Black Watch 100px|alt=Archibald Wavell 1883 1950 1943-01-011 January 1943  Royal Artillery 100px|alt=Alan Brooke 1883 1963 1944-01-011 January 1944  Irish Guards 100px|alt=Harold Alexander 1891 1969 1944-06-044 June 1944  Royal Warwickshire Regiment 100px|alt=Bernard Montgomery 1887 1976 1944-09-011 September 1944  Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own) 100px|alt=Henry Maitland Wilson 1881 1964 1944-12-3929 December 1944  62nd Punjabis (Indian Army) 100px|alt=Claude Auchinleck 1884 1981 19461 June 1946 William "Bill" Slim, Viscount Slim Pertama Royal Warwickshire Regiment 100px|alt=William Slim 1891 1970 19484 January 1948 Sir Thomas Blamey — (Australian Army) 100px|alt=Thomas Blamey 1884 1951 1950-06-088 June 1950  Royal Navy — (Kerabat Diraja) 100px|alt=Prince Philip 1921 Living 195315 January 1953 John Harding, 1st Baron Harding of Petherton Somerset Light Infantry 100px|alt=John Harding 1896 1989 195321 July 1953 Putera Henry, Duke Gloucester King's Royal Rifle Corps 100px|alt=Prince Henry 1900 1974 195531 March 1955 Sir Gerald Templer Royal Irish Fusiliers 100px|alt=Gerald Templer 1898 1979 195627 November 1956 Sir Francis Festing Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own) 100px|alt=Francis Festing 1902 1976 19601 September 1960 Mahendra of Nepal — (King of Nepal) 100px|alt=Mahendra of Nepal 1921 1972 196217 October 1962 Haile Selassie I — (Maharaja Ethiopia) 100px|alt=Haile Selassie I 1892 1975 196520 January 1965 Sir Richard Hull 17th/21st Lancers 1907 1989 19658 February 1965 Sir James Cassels Seaforth Highlanders 1907 1996 196829 February 1968 Sir Geoffrey Baker Royal Artillery 100px|alt=Sir Geoffrey Baker 1912 1980 197131 January 1971 Michael Carver, Baron Carver Royal Tank Corps 1915 2001 197318 July 1973 Sir Roland Gibbs King's Royal Rifle Corps 1921 2004 197913 July 1979 Birendra of Nepal — (King of Nepal) 100px|alt=Birendra of Nepal  1945 2001 198018 November 1980 Edwin Bramall, Baron Bramall King's Royal Rifle Corps 100px|alt=Edwin Bramall 1923 Living 19821 January 1982 Sir John Stanier 7th Queen's Own Hussars 1925 2007 1985-07-1010 July 1985 Sir Nigel Bagnall Green Howards 1927 2002 19889 September 1988 Richard Vincent, Baron Vincent of Coleshill Royal Artillery 1931 2018 19912 April 1991 Sir John Chapple 2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles) 1931 Living 199214 February 1992 Putera Edward, Duke Kent Royal Scots Greys — (Kerabat Diraja) 100px|alt=Prince Edward 1935 Living 199311 June 1993 Peter Inge, Baron Inge Green Howards 100px|alt=Peter Inge 1935 Living 199415 March 1994 Charles, Putera Wales Welsh Guards, Royal Navy dan Royal Air Force — (Kerabat Diraja) 100px|alt=Charles, Prince of Wales 1948 Living 201216 June 2012 Charles Guthrie, Baron Guthrie of Craigiebank Welsh Guards 100px|alt=Charles Guthrie 1938 Living 201216 June 2012 Michael Walker, Baron Walker of Aldringham Royal Anglian Regiment 100px|alt=Michael Walker 1944 Living 201413 June 2014

Lihat juga

Senarai perbandingan pangkat tentera
Lencana lain-lain pangkat Tentera Darat British
Lencana pangkat pegawai Tentera Darat British

Nota

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Nota kaki

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Category:Tentera British
Category:Pangkat tentera 
Category:Fil marsyal British
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