Militia (Amerika Syarikat)

Militia Amerika Syarikat, seperti yang ditakrifkan oleh Kongres AS, telah berubah dari masa ke semasa.Spitzer, Robert J.: The Politics of Gun Control, Page 36. Chatham House Publishers, Inc., 1995.

Semasa era kolonial Amerika, semua lelaki muda yang sihat tubuh badan adalah anggota militia, bergantung pada undang-undang negeri masing-masing.Justice Scalia, Opinion of the court. SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, et al., PETITIONERS v. DICK ANTHONY HELLER: on writ of certiorari to the united states court of appeals for the district of columbia circuit. 2008.  "... the 'militia' in colonial America consisted of a subset of 'the people'—those who were male, able bodied, and within a certain age range." Setiap bandar membentuk militia tempatan yang bebas untuk mempertahankan diri sendiri.Young, David E. The American Revolutionary Era Origin of the Second Amendment's Clauses. JOURNAL ON FIREARMS & PUBLIC POLICY, Volume 23. 2011. Extended excerpt from Mason's Fairfax County Militia Plan. 1776. Setahun sebelum Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat  diratifikasi, The Federalist Papers memperincikan pengasas' utama militia pada tahun 1787.The Federalist Papers No. 29, Hamilton, Alexander. Concerning the Militia. Daily Advertiser. 1788.
"What plan for the regulation of the militia may be pursued by the national government, is impossible to be foreseen ... were the Constitution ratified ... 'The project of disciplining all the militia of the United States is as futile as it would be injurious, if it were capable of being carried into execution.'"The Federalist Papers, No. 46, Madison, James Jr. New York Packet. 1788.
"... the State governments, with the people on their side, would be able to repel the danger. ... a militia amounting to near half a million citizens [~1/5 of the free population] with arms in their hands, officered by men chosen from among themselves, fighting for their common liberties, and united and conducted by governments possessing their affections and confidence." Perlembagaan baru memberi kuasa kepada Kongres untuk "menyusun, melengkap, dan mendisiplinkan" pasukan tentera kebangsaan ini, memberikan kawalan utama kepada setiap kerajaan negeri.U.S. Constitution, Article I, Sec. 8 : "Congress shall have the Power ... To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;
To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;"U.S. Constitution, Article II, Sec. 2, Clause 1: "The President shall be the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States when called into the actual service of the United States."

Hari ini, seperti yang ditakrifkan oleh Akta Militia 1903, istilah "militia" digunakan untuk menerangkan dua kelas dalam Amerika Syarikat:http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title10/subtitleA/part1/chapter12&edition=prelim
Militia tersusun – terdiri daripada pasukan militia Negeri; terutamanya, Pengawal Kebangsaan dan Militia laut.Department of Defense, Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, Military compensation background papers, Seventh edition, page 229. Department of Defense, 2005. (Nota: Pengawal Kebangsaan tidak boleh dikelirukan dengan Pengawal Kebangsaan Amerika Syarikat.)
Militia tidak tersusun – merangkumi Militia Simpanan: setiap lelaki sihat tubuh badan yang berumur 17 tahun dan dibawah 45 tahun, bukan anggota Pengawal Kebangsaan atau Militia Laut.Beard, Charles Austin: Readings in American Government and Politics, Page 308. Macmillan, 1909. "Sec. 1. That the militia ... shall be divided into two classes ... the organized militia, to be known as the National Guard ... and the remainder to be known as the Reserve Militia."

Militia ketiga ialah pasukan pertahanan negeri. Ia diluluskan oleh undang-undang negeri dan persekutuan.32 U.S. Code § 109 – Maintenance of other troops

Etimologi
Istilah "militia" berasal dari Bahasa Inggeris Lama milite bermaksud askar (majmuk), militisc bermaksud militari dan juga Bahasa Latin klasik milit-, miles bermaksud askar.

Istilah Inggeris Moden militia bermula dari tahun 1590, dengan makna asal sekarang sudah ketinggalan zaman: "sekumpulan askar dalam perkhidmatan sebuah negara berdaulat atau negeri". Selepas itu, sejak tahun 1665, militia telah mengambil maksud "pasukan tentera yang dikembangkan dari penduduk awam sesebuah negara atau daerah, terutamanya untuk menyokong tentera darat tetap dalam waktu darurat, kerap dibezakan dari askar upahan atau askar profesional".Oxford English Dictionary, Draft Revision March 2002.

Ejaan millitia sering dilihat dalam penulisan dan bahan cetakan dari abad ke-17 hingga abad ke-19.O'Callaghan, Edmund B.: The Documentary History of the State of New-York, Volume 1, Weed, Parsons, & Co., 1819.North Carolina August 15th 1826 Militia Roll.


Lihat juga
Sejarah ketenteraan kolonial Amerika
Tentera tidak tetap
Legion Nauvoo

 Rujukan 

 Bacaan lanjut 





 Singletary, Otis. Negro militia and Reconstruction, Austin: University of Texas Press. (1957) 
 Smith, Joshua M.  "The Yankee Soldier's Might: The District of Maine and the Reputation of the Massachusetts Militia, 1800–1812," New England Quarterly LXXXIV no. 2 (June 2011), 234–264.
 Stentiford, Barry M. "The Meaning of a Name: The Rise of the National Guard and the End of a Town Militia," Journal of Military History, July 2008, Vol. 72 Issue 3, pp 727–754
 Stentiford, Barry M. The American Home Guard: The State Militia in the Twentieth Century (Williams-Ford Texas A&M University Military History Series)" 

 Pautan luar 

SGAUS – State Guard Association of the United States
David C. Munn's scholarly work: Battles and skirmishes of the American Revolution in New Jersey

Category:Tentera Amerika Syarikat
Category:Militia
Category:Pertubuhan separa tentera
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