Perang India-Pakistan 1971

Perang India-Pakistan 1971 ialah konfrontasi ketenteraan antara India dan Pakistan yang berlaku semasa perang pembebasan di Pakistan Timur(kini Bangladesh) dari 3 Disember 1971 hingga kejatuhan Dacca (Dhaka) pada 16 Disember 1971. Perang bermula dengan serangan udara di 11 stesen udara India, yang membawa kepada permulaan permusuhan dengan Pakistan dan India masuk ke perang kemerdekaan di Pakistan Timur di sisi pasukan nasionalis Bengali. Bertahan hanya 13 hari, ia merupakan salah satu perang terpendek dalam sejarah. 

Semasa perang, tentera India dan Pakistan serentak bertelagah di bahagian timur dan barat; perang berakhir selepas Perintah Timur tentera Pakistan menandatangani Instrumen PenyerahanAzhar, M. u. R., Masood, S., & Malek, N. M. (2018). Conflict and Development: A case study of East Pakistan Crisis, 1971. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 2(9). pada 16 Disember 1971 di Dhaka, menandakan pembentukan Pakistan Timur sebagai negara baru Bangladesh. Secara rasmi, Pakistan Timur sebelum ini menyeru pengasingannya dari perpaduan Pakistan pada 26 Mac 1971. Kira-kira 90,000 hingga 93,000 askar Pakistan dipenjarakan oleh Tentera India, yang meliputi 79,676 hingga 81,000 anggota seragam Angkatan Bersenjata Pakistan, termasuk beberapa askar Bengali yang tetap setia kepada Pakistan. Baki 10,324 hingga 12,500 tahanan adalah orang awam, sama ada anggota keluarga anggota tentera atau kolaborator (razakar)., Chapter 3, p. 87. Dianggarkan bahawa antara 300,000 dan 3,000,000 orang awam terbunuh di Bangladesh.Consulate (Dacca) Cable, Sitrep: Army Terror Campaign Continues in Dacca; Evidence Military Faces Some Difficulties Elsewhere, 31 March 1971, Confidential, 3 pp.Kennedy, Senator Edward, "Crisis in South Asia – A report to the Subcommittee investigating the Problem of Refugees and Their Settlement, Submitted to U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee", 1 November 1971, U.S. Govt. Press, page 66. Sen. Kennedy wrote, "Field reports to the U.S. Government, countless eye-witness journalistic accounts, reports of International agencies such as World Bank and additional information available to the subcommittee document the reign of terror which grips East Bengal (East Pakistan). Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops, systematically slaughtered, and in some places, painted with yellow patches marked 'H'. All of this has been officially sanctioned, ordered and implemented under martial law from Islamabad." Akibat konflik itu, lebih lapan hingga sepuluh juta orang melarikan diri dari negara itu untuk mendapatkan perlindungan di India.Rummel, Rudolph J., "Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900", , Chapter 8, Table 8.2 Pakistan Genocide in Bangladesh Estimates, Sources, and Calculations: lowest estimate 2 million claimed by Pakistan (reported by Aziz, Qutubuddin. Blood and tears Karachi: United Press of Pakistan, 1974. pp. 74, 226), some other sources used by Rummel suggest a figure of between 8 and 10 million with one (Johnson, B. L. C. Bangladesh. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1975. pp. 73, 75) that "could have been" 12 million. 

Semasa perang Bangladesh untuk kemerdekaan pada 1971, anggota tentera Pakistan dan menyokong militia Islam memanggil Razakar merogol antara 200,000 dan 400,000 wanita dan gadis Bangladesh dalam kempen pemerkosaan genosidal yang sistematik. 

 Rujukan 

 Bacaan lanjut 



 Hayes, Jarrod.   "Securitization, social identity, and democratic security: Nixon, India, and the ties that bind." International Organization 66.1 (2012): 63-93.  online






 Warner, Geoffrey.  "Nixon, Kissinger and the breakup of Pakistan, 1971." International Affairs 81.5 (2005): 1097-1118.

 Pautan luar 

 Video of General Niazi Surrendering
 A complete coverage of the war from the Indian perspective
 An Atlas of the 1971 India – Pakistan War: The Creation of Bangladesh by John H. Gill
 Actual conversation from the then US President Nixon and Henry Kissinger during the 1971 War – US Department of State's Official archive.
 Indian Army: Major Operations
 Pakistan: Partition and Military Succession USA Archives
 Pakistan intensifies air raid on India BBC
 A day by day account of the war as seen in a virtual newspaper.
 The Tilt: The U.S. and the South Asian Crisis of 1971.
 16 December 1971: any lessons learned? By Ayaz Amir – Pakistan's Dawn
 India-Pakistan 1971 War as covered by TIME
 Indian Air Force Combat Kills in the 1971 war (unofficial), Centre for Indian Military History
 Op Cactus Lilly: 19 Infantry Division in 1971, a personal recall by Lt Col Balwant Singh Sahore
 All for a bottle of Scotch, a personal recall of Major (later Major General) C K Karumbaya, SM, the battle for Magura


Kategori:Sejarah Bangladesh
Kategori:Perang melibatkan India
Kategori:Perang melibatkan Pakistan