Covenanter

Covenanter atau Penyetia Perjanjian merupakan gerakan Presbyterian Scotland yang memainkan bahagian penting dalam sejarah Scotland, dan tidak begitu penting dalam sejarah England dan Ireland, ketika abad ke-17. Mazhab Presbyterian menyusur galur sejarahnya kepada Covenanter dan kerap menggabungkan nama ini menyambung idea dan tradisi di Scotland dan antarabangsa.

Nama mereka terbit daripada perkataan convenant bermaksud jalur, dokumen atau perjanjian sah, dengan merujuk pada Perjanjian antara Tuhan dengan bani Israel dalam Wasiat Lama.In the summer of 1643, the Scottish parliament and General Assembly of the Church entered into negotiations for an alliance with the English Parliament. Historians have concentrated on the clauses of the Solemn League and Covenant, the treaty which resulted from those deliberations."Following the outbreak of the Civil War in England, in 1642, a committee of noblemen and clergy from both Scotland and England composed a document entitled the 'Solemn League and Covenant'. It was signed between September and October, in both countries, and later in the same year, in Ireland. This committed the Scots to supply an army to aid the Parliamentarian Par against the Royalists in the Civil War. As in the National Covenant, the signatories pledged to 'amend our lives, and each one to go before another in the example of a real Reformation'. As with the National Covenant they entered into a mutual contract with God where the signatory promised to reform his or her person, in this case, not only for the upholding of 'the Religion', but that 'the Lord may tu away his wrath, and heavy indignation'. (All quotations are from 'The Solemn League and Covenant', reprinted in SB, ILL, pp.122-5). The success of the Scottish National Covenant was thought by many sectarians and clergy alike to have been the direct result of the process of mutual bonding between the nation and God. Thus, at a time of rising religious schism, a threatened invasion of Irish Catholics and Royalist-Parliamentarian hostilities, the English Parliamentarians bound themselves to the same course that had appeared to guarantee the Scots 'virtually unmitigated success' (Edward J. Cowan, 'The Making of the National Covenant', in John Morrell, ed. (1988), p.75).

Lihat juga

 Agama di United Kingdom
 Scotland dalam Peperangan Tiga Kerajaan
 Ladang Ulster
 Samuel Rutherford
 Archibald Johnston
 Alexander Henderson (ahli teologi)
 James Sharp (uskup)
 The Killing Time
 David Hackston
 Richard Cameron (Covenanter)
 Donald Cargill
 Alexander Peden
 James Renwick (Covenanter)
 Senarai mazhab Presbyterian dan Reformasi
 Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotland

Nota kaki

Rujukan
 Buckroyd, J. Church and State in Scotland, 1660-1681. 1980
 Cowan, E. J.  The Solemn League and Covenant, in Scotland and England, 1286-1815, ed. R. A. Mason, 1987.
 Cowan, I. B. The Covenanters: a Revision Article'''' in The Scottish Historical Review, vol. 28, pp43–54, 1949.
 Cowan, I. B. The Scottish Covenanters, 1660-1688, 1976

 Donaldson, G. Scotland from James V to James VII, 1965
 Fissel, M. C. The Bishops' Wars. Charles I's Campaigns against Scotland, 1638-1640, 1994

 Hewison, J. K. The Covenanters, 2 vols. 1913.
 Kiernan, V. G. A Banner with a Strange Device: the Later Covenanters, in History from Below, ed. K. Frantz, 1988.
 Love, Dane. Scottish Kirkyards, 1989 (Robert Hale Publishers, London).
 Mathieson, W. L. Politics and Religion: a Study in Scottish History from the Reformation to the Revolution, 2 vols, 1902.
 Paterson, R C. A Land Afflicted, Scotland And The Covenanter Wars, 1638-1690, 1998
 Purves, Jock. Fair Sunshine. 1968
 Purves, Jock. Sweet Believing. Stirling, 1954
 Scott, Sir Walter. The Tale Of Old Mortality, 1816.
 Stevenson, D. The Scottish Revolution, 1637–1644, 1973.
 Terry, C. S. The Pentland Rising and Rullion Green, 1905.
 Wodrow, R. The History of the Sufferings of the Church of Scotland from the Restoration to the Revolution'', reissued as 4 vols., 1828–1830

Pautan luar
Who were the Covenanters? Scottish Covenanter Memorials Association
The Reformed Presbyterian Church in North America
The Reformed Presbyterian Church (Covenanted)
Edinburgh's History: The Covenanters
The Reformed Presbytery in North America
British Civil Wars: The Scottish National Covenant
British Civil Wars: The Covenanters
The History of Protestantism - Volume Third - Book Twenty-fourth - Protestantism In Scotland
The Covenants And The Covenanters, 1895, from Project Gutenberg
A Photographic Index of The Covenanters
The signing of the national covenant-1638/
 A Poetic Sketch by Letitia Elizabeth Landon in the Literary gazette, 1823.

Kategori:Covenanter
Kategori:Presbyterianisme di Scotland
Kategori:Reformasi Sccotland
Kategori:Abad ke-17 di Scotland
Kategori:Calvinisme abad ke-17