Pengilhakan

Pengilhakan atau aneksasi () merupakan tindakan pentadbiran: "Annexation is distinct from cession. Instead of a State seeking to relinquish territory, annexation occurs when the acquiring State asserts that it now holds the territory. Annexation will usual follow a military occupation of a territory, when the occupying power decides to cement its physical control by asserting legal title. The annexation of territory is essentially the administrative action associated with conquest. Mere conquest alone is not enough, but rather the conquering State must assert it is now sovereign over the territory concerned. For example, the defeat of Germany and Japan in 1945 led to their occupation by the Allies for a number of years, but the States themselves were not absorbed by the Allied Powers part of their respective territories. Examples of annexation in contemporary practice are not common, and are generally viewed as illegal." dan konsep undang-undang antarabangsa mengenai pengambilalihan wilayah sesebuah negara berdaulat secara paksa oleh negara lain.: "Annexation means the forcible acquisition of territory by one State at the expense of another State. It is one of the principal modes of acquiring territory... in contrast to acquisition a) of terra nullius by means of effective occupation accompanied by the intent to appropriate the territory; b) by cession as a result of a treaty concluded between the States concerned (Treaties), or an act of adjudication, both followed by the effective peaceful transfer of territory; c) by means of prescription defined as the legitimization of a doubtful title to territory by passage of time and presumed acquiescence of the former sovereign; d) by accretion constituting the physical process by which new land is formed close to, or becomes attached to, existing land. Under present international law, annexation no longer constitutes a legally admissible mode of acquisition of territory as it violates the prohibition of the threat or use of force. Therefore annexations must not be recognized as legal." Umumnya ini dikira tindakan yang haram. Berbeza dengan penaklukan yang memaksukan pengambilalihan kuasa terhadap sesebuah wilayah yang melibatkan pertukaran kedaulatan.Kohen, p.288, refers to clause 101 of the PERMANENT COURT OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE, 1933, April 5th, General List: No. 43. TWENTY-SIXTH SESSION, LEGAL STATUS OF EASTERN GREENLAND: "Conquest only operates as a cause of loss of sovereignty when there is war between two States and by reason of the defeat of one of them sovereignty over territory passes from the loser to the victorious State." Biasanya menyusuli pendudukan tentera terhadap wilayah berkenaan.

Pengilhakan berbeza dengan penyerahan kerana tidak seperti penyerahan yang dilakukan melalui perjanjian, pengilhakan merupakan tindakan unilateral yang mana wilayah dirampas oleh sesebuah negara. Pengilhakan boleh disahkan melalui pengiktirafan umum oleh badan-badan antarabangsa (iaitu negara-negara lain dan pertubuhan antara kerajaan).

 Etimologi 
Perkataan "pengilhakan" ini merupakan kata terbitan daripada kata dasar ilhak. Ilhak  pula merupakan pinjaman  "penambahan" terbitan bentuk ism kata kerja dasar  alḥaqa yang bermaksud "melampirkan", "menyambung", "memasukkan" atau "menghubung".

"Aneksasi" pinjaman  terbitan kata kerja annexeren serapan bahasa Perancis lanjut dari kata Latin annexus lakuran ad- "kepada" dan nectere "menghubungkan".

 Rujukan 

Sumber utama




Kategori:Undang-undang antarabangsa
Kategori:Geografi politik
Kategori:Kedaulatan