Joseph Stilwell

Joseph Warren Stilwell (19 Mac 1883 – 12 Oktober 1946) adalah seorang Jeneral dalam Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat yang berkhidmat di Kancah China Burma India semasa Perang Dunia II. Personalitinya yang tajam telah memberikan nama samaran "Vinegar Joe".

Walaupun dicurigai Sekutunya, Stilwell menunjukkan dirinya sebagai seorang ahli taktik yang berkebolehan dan berani di medan perang tetapi kekurangan sumber-sumber menyebabkan beliau terus dipaksa untuk membuat penambahbaikan. Beliau terkenal dengan perbezaan strategi, pasukan darat menentang kuasa udara, dengan orang bawahannya, Mejar Jeneral Claire Chennault, yang kata-katanya didengar oleh Generalisimo Chiang Kai-shek. Jeneral George Marshall, iaitu Ketua Turus Tentera Darat, mengakui yang beliau telah memberikan Stilwell "salah satu tugas yang paling sukar" dari mana-mana panglima kancah peperangan.Eldridge, p. 160.

Tarikh kenaikkan pangkat
Tiada pin insignia pada 1904Leftenan Kedua, Tentera Darat Tetap: 15 Jun 190413pxLeftenan Pertama, TD Tetap: 3 Mac 191133pxKapten, TD Tetap: 1 Julai 191640pxMejar, Tentera Darat Kebangsaan: 5 Ogos 191740pxLeftenan Kolonel, TD Tetap: 26 Ogos 191860pxKolonel, TD Tetap: 6 Mei 191933pxKapten, TD Tetap (berikutan pengurangan am pangkat sementara masa perang): 14 September 191940pxMejar, TD Tetap: 1 Julai 192040pxLeftenan Kolonel, TD Tetap: 6 Mei 192860pxKolonel, TD Tetap: 1 Ogos 193533pxBrigedier Jeneral, TD Tetap: 1 Julai 193966pxMejar Jeneral, Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat: 1 Oktober 1940100pxLeftenan Jeneral, Tentera Darat AS: 25 Februari 194266pxMejar Jeneral, TD Tetap: 1 September 1943133pxJeneral, Tentera Darat AS: 1 Ogos 1944 Official Register of Commissioned Officers of the United States Army. 1945. pg. 893.

Anugerah kebesaran
60px  Distinguished Service Cross
60px  Distinguished Service Medal (Tentera Darat A.S.) berserta kelopak daun oak
60px  Legion of Merit
60px  Bronze Star Medal
60px  Philippine Campaign Medal
60px  Mexican Border Service Medal
60px  World War I Victory Medal
60px  American Defense Service Medal
60px  Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with three campaign stars
60px  World War II Victory Medal
60px  Chevalier Légion d'honneur
60px  Combat Infantryman Badge (Jeneral Stilwell adalah salah seorang dari tiga jeneral yang dikurniakan CIB, secara tradisi ia dikurniakan hanya kepada mereka yang berpangkat  Kolonel ke bawah, manakala untuk dua jeneral yang lain; Mejar Jeneral William Dean dan Jeneral Matthew Ridgway.  Jeneral Ketumbukan  Douglas MacArthur menerima pingat kehormat CIB.)
Panamanian La Solidaridad Medal 1919

Lihat juga

Perang China-Jepun Kedua
Akademi Tentera Whampoa
Sejarah Republik China
Angkatan Tentera Republik China
Y Force
Charles N. Hunter

Rujukan

Bacaan lanjut

Jack Belden, Retreat With Stilwell, New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1943. Sympathetic eyewitness account.
Frank Dorn, Walkout: With Stilwell in Burma, Pyramid Books 1973. By his principal aide.
 Fred Eldridge, 'Wrath in Burma The Uncensored Story of Gen. Stilwell Doubleday & Co., 1946.

Eric Larrabee, Commander In Chief, New York: Harper & Row, 1987. 
Jon Latimer, Burma: The Forgotten War, London: John Murray, 2004. 
Barbara Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911-45, Macmillan 1970. Grove Press 2001. British edition: Sand Against the Wind: Stilwell and the American Experience in China 1911-45, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2001. . Sympathetic full scale biography.
John Masters, The Road Past Mandalay, London: Michael Joseph, 1961. First-hand account of the fighting in Burma by a Chindit officer.
 Pfefer, Nathan Vinegar Joe's War Presidio Press, 2000, .

 Charles F. Romanus Riley Sunderland, Stilwell's Command Problems (Washington: Department of the Army, Historical Division, 1956). Official Army history with extensive documentation.
 Rooney, D.D. Stilwell Pan Macmillan, 1973, .
 Stilwell, Joseph; White, Theodore, Ed. The Stilwell Papers Da Capo Press, 1991, . Stilwell's wartime diaries.
 Hans Van de Ven, "Stilwell in the Stocks: The Chinese Nationalists and the Allied Powers in the Second World War," Asian Affairs 34.3 (November 2003): 243-259. Revisionist study argues that Stilwell misunderstood Chiang's military strategy, which was actually flexible and well founded in Chinese realities.
 Hans J. Van de Ven, War and Nationalism in China, 1925-1945'' (London; New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003). Expands revisionist view including longer period of time.
 Andrew Roberts, "Masters and Commanders: How Four Titans Won the War in the West, 1941-1945" (New York: Harper Perennial. 2010). Presents a harsher picture of Stilwell in course of examining Churchill, Roosevelt, Brook, and Marshall.
 Rana Mitter, "Forgotten Ally: China's World War II. 1937-1945" (Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2013). Complete re-examination of the Chinese wars with Japan which argues that the memory of 'betrayals' by Britain, America, and Russia continues to influence China's worldview today.

Pautan luar

 The Stilwell Pages
 Annals of the Flying Tigers


Stilwell's basketball biography on Hoopedia
 Transcribed copies of Stilwell's World War II diaries and other diaries are available on the Hoover Institution Archives website, with the original diaries among the Joseph Warren Stilwell papers at the Hoover Institution Archives.
 Transcribed copies of the World War II diaries of Ernest F. Easterbrook , Stilwell's executive assistant in Burma (as of 1944) and son-in-law, are available on the Hoover Institution Archives website, with the original diaries among the Ernest Fred Easterbrook papers at the Hoover Institution Archives.

Category:Kelahiran 1883
Category:Kematian 1946
Category:Kakitangan tentera Amerika Syarikat
Category:Perang Dunia Kedua
Category:Orang Amerika