Pengeboman strategik

Pengeboman strategik ialah satu strategi ketenteraan yang digunakan dalam perang total bersama matlamat mengalahkan pihak musuh dengan memusnahkan semangat atau keupayaan ekonominya untuk mengeluar dan mengangkut material ke medan operasi tentera, atau kedua-duanya sekali. Ia adalah serangan dari udara yang bersistematik dan tersusun yang menggunakan pesawat pengebom strategik, peluru berpandu jarak jauh atau sederhana, atau pesawat pejuang-pengebom bersenjata nuklear untuk menyerang sasaran yang dianggap penting bagi keupayaan berperang pihak musuh.

Salah satu matlamat perang ialah untuk melemahkan semangat musuh, supaya perdamaian atau penyerahan kalah menjadi lebih baik daripada meneruskan konflik itu. Pengeboman strategik telah digunakan untuk tujuan ini. Ungkapan "pengeboman ganas" (terror bombing) memasuki kosa kata Bahasa Inggeris pada akhir Perang Dunia II dan banyak kempen pengeboman strategik dan serbuan secara individu telah digambarkan sebagai pengeboman ganas oleh para pengulas dan ahli sejarah. Disebabkan istilah itu mempunyai konotasi pejoratif, sesetengah, termasuk Pihak Berikat, lebih suka menggunakan kata-kata eufemisme seperti "semangat melawan" dan "pengeboman moral". quoting the Singleton Report"Forgotten Fifteenth: The Daring Airmen Who Crippled Hitler's War Machine", by Barrett Tillman

Perbezaan teori antara peperangan udara taktikal dan strategik telah berkembang semasa zaman antara dua perang dunia. Sesetengah ahli teori utama peperangan udara strategik, sewaktu period ini ialah orang Itali Giulio Douhet, sekolah Trenchard di United Kingdom, dan Jeneral Billy Mitchell di Amerika Syarikat. Ahli-ahli teori ini adalah sangat berpengaruh, kedua-dua justifikasi tentera untuk sebuah tentera udara yang bebas (seperti Tentera Udara Diraja) dan mempengaruhi pemikiran politik pada perang masa hadapan seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh komen Stanley Baldwin tahun 1932 iaitu pesawat pengebom sentiasa akan melepasinya.

Pelopor pengeboman strategik
 Henry H. "Hap" Arnold, USAAF
 Giulio Douhet, Regia Aeronautica (Itali)
 Arthur "Bomber" Harris, RAF
 Curtis LeMay, USAAF
 Billy Mitchell, USAAC
 Alexander P. de Seversky dalam Victory Through Air Power (buku 1942 dan filem 1943)
 Carl Spaatz, USAAF
 Hugh Trenchard, RAF

 Lihat juga 

Langkah pencegahan serangan udara
Tempat perlindungan serangan udara
Siren serangan udara
Aerial bombing of cities
Battleplan (dokumentari siri TV)
Bomber Mafia

Civilian casualties of strategic bombing
Churchill's advocacy of chemical strike against German cities
Dunnite
Pengeboman api
Pengeboman peringkat tinggi
Roerich Pact
Markas Udara Strategik (AS)
Pengeboman taktikal
Warden's Five Rings

Nota
Nota kaki

Petikan

Rujukan



Bacaan lanjut
 Biddle, Tami Davis. Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare: The Evolution of British and American Ideas about Strategic Bombing, 1914–1945 (Princeton Studies in International History and Politics)  (2004)
 Boog, Horst, ed. The Conduct of the Air War in the Second World War (1992)
 Boog, Horst, ed. Germany and the Second World War: Volume VII: The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia, 1943–1944/5 (Oxford UP, 2006), 928pp official German history vol 7  excerpt and text search; online edition

 Clodfelter, Mark. "Aiming to Break Will: America's World War II Bombing of German Morale and its Ramifications", Journal of Strategic Studies, June 2010, Vol. 33 Issue 3, pp 401–435
 Clodfelter, Mark. Beneficial Bombing: The Progressive Foundations of American Air Power, 1917–1945 (University of Nebraska Press; 2010) 347 pages
 Craven, Wesley Frank and James Lea Cate. The Army Air Forces in World War II (6 vol 1958), official USAF history
 Davis, Richard G. "Bombing Strategy Shifts, 1944-45", Air Power History 39 (1989) 33-45
 Franklin, Noble, and Charles Webster. The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany, 1939–1945 (4 volumes, 1961), official RAF history
 Futrell, Robert Frank. Ideas, concepts, doctrine: A history of basic thinking in the United States Air Force, 1907–1964  (2 vol 1974)
 Grayling, Anthony C. Among the dead cities: The history and moral legacy of the WWII bombing of civilians in Germany and Japan (Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2009)
 Griffith, Charles. The quest: Haywood Hansell and American strategic bombing in World War II (1999) online edition
 Hansell, Jr., Haywood S. Air Plan That Defeated Hitler (1980) online version
 Kennett, Lee B. A History of Strategic Bombing (1982)
 Koch, H. W. "The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany: the Early Phase, May–September 1940." The Historical Journal, 34 (March 1991) pp 117–41. online at JSTOR
 Levine, Alan J. The Strategic Bombing of Germany, 1940–1945 (1992) online edition
 MacIsaac, David. Strategic Bombing in World War Two (1976)
 Messenger, Charles. "Bomber" Harris and the Strategic Bombing Offensive, 1939–1945 (1984), defends Harris
 Neillands, Robin. The Bomber War: The Allied Air Offensive Against Nazi Germany (Overlook Press, 2001)
 Overy. Richard. "The Means to Victory: Bombs and Bombing" in Overy, Why the Allies Won (1995), pp 101–33
 Overy. Richard. The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940–1945 (2014), 592pp  excerpt and text search; a longer version was published in UK as The Bombing War: Europe, 1939–1945 (2013), 880pp
 Sherry, Michael. The Rise of American Air Power: The Creation of Armageddon (1987), important study 1930s-1960s
 Smith, Malcolm. "The Allied Air Offensive", Journal of Strategic Studies (1990) 13#1 pp 67–83
 Spaight. James M. "Bombing Vindicated" G. Bles, 1944. ASIN: B0007IVW7K (Spaight was Principal Assistant Secretary of the Air Ministry) (U.K)
 Verrier, Anthony. The Bomber Offensive (1968), British
 Webster, Charles and Noble Frankland, The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany, 1939–1945 (HMSO, 1961), 4 vol.  Important official British history
 Werrell, Kenneth P. "The Strategic Bombing of Germany in World War II: Costs and Accomplishments", Journal of American History 73 (1986) 702-713; good place to start. in JSTOR
 Werrell, Kenneth P. Death From the Heavens: A History of Strategic Bombing (2009)

Category:Peperangan
Category:Taktik tentera
Category:Ketenteraan
Category:Perang Dunia Kedua
Category:Tentera udara