Abwehr

Abwehr (, "Pertahanan") adalah sebuah organisasi perisikan tentera Jerman yang wujud dari tahun 1920 hingga 1945.Holmes, ed. (2009). The Oxford Companion to Military History, p. 2.Originally formed in 1866, the early manifestation of the Prussian Abwehr predates the modern German state and was created to collect intelligence information for the Prussian government during a war with neighboring Austria. See: Lerner & Lerner, eds. (2004). Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security, vol. 1, A-E, p. 2. Walaupun hakikatnya Persetiaan Versailles melarang pihak Jerman daripada mewujudkan sebuah organisasi perisikan mereka sendiri,In particular, the British and the French were vehemently opposed to Germany having any form of intelligence services and attempted to institute as many restrictions as possible on the Abwehr. See: Paine (1984). German Military Intelligence in World War II: The Abwehr, p. 7. namun mereka membentuk satu kumpulan pengintipan pada tahun 1920 dalam kementerian pertahanan mereka, yang digelar Abwehr.The term Abwehr is German for 'ward-off' and was chosen to emphasize the defensive character of this department of the Reichswehr Ministry following the First World War. See: Zentner & Bedürftig, eds, (1991). The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich vol. 1, p. 2. Tujuan awal Abwehr ialah mempertahankan negara daripada pengintipan asing - satu peranan  organisasi yang kemudiannya berkembang dengan pesat.Dear, ed. (1995). The Oxford Guide to World War II, p. 1. Untuk tujuan ini, pihak Abwehr mengumpul maklumat dari dalam dan luar negeri, sebahagian besar dalam bentuk risikan manusia.Rein (2013). The Kings and the Pawns: Collaboration in Byelorussia during World War II, p. 407. Dibawah Jeneral Kurt von Schleicher unit-unit risikan tentera individu telah digabungkan dan pada tahun 1929, diletakkan dibawah Kementerian Pertahanannya, membentuk asas penubuhan Abwehr. Setiap stesen Abwehr diseluruh Jerman telah ditempatkan di daerah-daerah tentera dan lebih banyak pejabat dibuka di negara-negara berkecuali dan di wilayah-wilayah taklukan sejajar dengan perluasan Reich yang lebih besar.Taylor & Shaw (2002). Dictionary of the Third Reich, p. 11. Apabila Adolf Hitler menggantikan Kementerian Perang dengan OKW dan menjadikan organisasi itu sebahagian daripada "staf kerja" peribadi Führer pada Jun 1938, Abwehr telah menjadi agensi perisikannya dan Laksamana Madya Wilhelm Canaris telah dilantik sebagai ketua organisasi itu.Taylor (1995)[1952]. Sword and Swastika: Generals and Nazis in the Third Reich, p. 165.The OKW did not establish an Intelligence Branch in its Operations Staff until 1943, and, when it did, it only consisted of three officers. Ibupejabat (HQ) Abwehr terletak di 76/78 Tirpitzufer, Berlin, bersebelahan dengan pejabat  OKW.Despite the location of its HQ, in reality the power lay in the field via the "Abwehrstelle" or "Ast" of the Abwehr—see section titled 1938 reorganisation.

Lihat juga
 Plot 20 Julai
 Dietrich Bonhoeffer
 Eddie Chapman, a prominent British double agent who infiltrated the Abwehr and fed intelligence to MI5 during World War II. He was so trusted by the Germans that he is the only British citizen to ever have been awarded the Iron Cross.
 German Resistance
 Hermann Giskes—Leading light in the Abwehr Englandspiel operation in the Netherlands
 Irish Republican Army-Abwehr Collaboration
 Operation Salaam, a long-range mission into British-held Egypt during World War II
 Oskar Schindler, ejen lain Abwehr
 Hans Oster, timbalan Canaris

Grams, Grant W.: “Enemies within our bosom, Nazi Sabotage in Canada”, in John Ferris, Jim Keeley, Terry Terriff (eds.) Journal of Military and Strategic Studies, 2012.

Nota dan rujukan

Bibliografi

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Pautan luar
 German Espionage and Sabotage Against the USA in WW2  at ibiblio.org. Includes details on structure of Abwehr.
 Gross, Kuno, Michael Rolke & András Zboray, Operation SALAM - László Almásy’s most daring Mission in the Desert War, Belleville, München, 2013

Category:Tentera Jerman
Category:Perang Dunia Kedua
Category:Ketenteraan
Category:Perisikan
Category:Keselamatan negara