Avicennia

Avicennia atau disebut api-api ialah genus daripada tumbuhan berbunga kini diletakkan di dalam keluarga bear's breech, Acanthaceae. Ia merangkumi pokok bakau, yang terdapat dalam zon pasang surut daripada kawasan muara dan bercirikan dengan akar udara. Ini telah dikenali umum sebagai api-api, merujuk kepada fakta bahawa kelip-kelip sering berkumpul pada pokok ini.Api-api Putih (Avicennia alba) The Tide Chaser. Retrieved 2012-02-08. Spesies Avicennia terdapat di seluruh dunia selatan Garisan Sartan.

Penempatan taksonomi Avicennia dipertikaikan. Dalam beberapa klasifikasi, ia telah diletakkan dalam keluarga Verbenaceae, tetapi baru-baru ini, ia telah diletakkan oleh beberapa ahli botani dalam keluarga monogenerik Avicenniaceae. Baru-baru ini, kajian filogenetik telah mencadangkan bahawa Avicennia berasal dari Acanthaceae, dan genus ini boleh dimasukkan ke dalam keluarga dalam sistem Kumpulan Filogeni Angiosperma.

Penetapan spesies sukar dilakukan akibat variasi dalam bentuk Avicennia marina. Lapan hingga sepuluh spesies biasanya diiktiraf, dengan Avicennia marina dibahagikan kepada beberapa subspesies.

Nama generik diambil sebagai penghormatan pada pakar perubatan Parsi Ibnu Sina (980-1037).

Gambaran
Ahli kumpulan genus ini adalah antara yang pokok bakau air masin paling tahan garam dan sering kali merupakan yang pertama untuk menjajah deposit sedimen baru. Terasnya masin dan garam yang berlebihan dirembeskan melalui daun. Penyebaran sistem akar menyediakan kestabilan pada proses pemindahan substrat. Terdapat akar menegak dipanggil pneumatophores mengunjurkan keluar dari lumpur. Ini digunakan dalam pertukaran gas kerana terdapat sangat sedikit kandungan oksigen yang terdapat di dalam lumpur. Ia mempunyai bunga yang wangi dan kaya dengan madu dan didebungakan oleh serangga. Embrio mempamerkan cryptovivipary, proses di mana mereka mula membesar sebelum benih tanggal tetapi tidak menembusi bahagian luar kapsul buah.Api Api Mangrove and wetland wildlife at Sungei Buloh Nature Park. Retrieved 2012-02-08,

Senarai spesies
 Avicennia africana P.Beauv.http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18434 synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
 Avicennia alba Blumehttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18435 synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.
 Avicennia alba var. latifolia Moldenkehttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-330220 synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.
 Avicennia balanophora Stapf & Moldenkehttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18436
 Avicennia bicolor Standl.http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18437	
 Avicennia elliptica Thunb. http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18438 synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
 Avicennia elliptica var. martii Moldenkehttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18439 synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
 Avicennia eucalyptifolia (Valeton) Zipp. ex Moldenkehttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18440 synonym of Avicennia marina subsp. eucalyptifolia (Valeton) J.Everett
 Avicennia floridana Gand.http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18441 synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
 Avicennia floridana Raf.http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18442 synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
 Avicennia germinans (L.) L.http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18443
 Avicennia germinans f. aberrans Moldenke http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18444 synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.	
 Avicennia germinans f. brasiliensis Moldenke http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18445 synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
 Avicennia germinans var. cumanensis (Kunth) Moldenke http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18446 synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
 Avicennia germinans var. germinans http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-33701107 synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
 Avicennia germinans var. guayaquilensis (Kunth) Moldenkehttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18447 synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
 Avicennia germinans f. venezuelensis Moldenkehttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18448 synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
 Avicennia integra N.C.Duke http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18449 
 Avicennia intermedia Griff. http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18450 synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh..
 Avicennia lamarckiana C.Preslhttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18451 synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
 Avicennia lanata Ridl.http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18453 synonym of Avicennia marina var. rumphiana (Hallier f.) Bakh.
 Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18454
 Avicennia marina var. alba (Blume) Bakh.http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18455 synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh..
 Avicennia marina f. angustata Moldenkehttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18456 synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh..
 Avicennia marina var. anomala Moldenkehttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-330221 synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh..
 Avicennia marina subsp. australasica (Walp.) J.Everetthttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18457
 Avicennia marina var. australasica (Walp.) Moldenkehttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-451858 synonym of Avicennia marina subsp. australasica (Walp.) J.Everett
 Avicennia marina subsp. eucalyptifolia (Valeton) J.Everetthttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18458	
 Avicennia marina var. eucalyptifolia (Valeton) N.C.Dukehttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18459 synonym of Avicennia marina subsp. eucalyptifolia (Valeton) J.Everett	
 Avicennia marina var. intermedia (Griff.) Bakh.http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18460 synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh..
 Avicennia marina f. intermedia (Griff.) Moldenkehttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18461 synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh..
 Avicennia marina subsp. marinahttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18462 synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh..
 Avicennia marina var. marinahttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-33702837 synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh..
 Avicennia marina var. resinifera (G.Forst.) Bakh.http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18463 synonym of Avicennia marina subsp. australasica (Walp.) J.Everett
 Avicennia marina var. rumphiana (Hallier f.) Bakh.http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18464
 Avicennia meyeri Miq.http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18465 synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
 Avicennia mindanaense Elmerhttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-33702836 (Unresolved)
 Avicennia mindanaensis Elmerhttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18466 synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh..
 Avicennia nitida Sessé & Moc. http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18467 Avicennia germinans (L.) L. [Illegitimate]
 Avicennia nitida Jacq.http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18468 Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
 Avicennia nitida var. trinitensis Moldenkehttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18469 Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
 Avicennia oblongifolia Nutt. ex Chapm.http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18470 Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
 Avicennia obovata Griff.http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18471 synonym of Avicennia officinalis L.
 Avicennia oepata Buch.-Ham.http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18472 Avicennia officinalis L.
 Avicennia officinalis L.http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18473
 Avicennia officinalis var. acuminata Dominhttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-330222 Avicennia officinalis L.
 Avicennia officinalis var. alba (Blume) C.B.Clarkehttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-330223 synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh..
 Avicennia officinalis var. eucalyptifolia Valetonhttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18474 synonym of Avicennia marina subsp. eucalyptifolia (Valeton) J.Everett
 Avicennia officinalis f. flaviflora Kuntzehttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-455925 synonym of Avicennia officinalis L.
 Avicennia officinalis var. lanceolata Kuntzehttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18475 synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
 Avicennia officinalis var. nitida Kuntzehttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18476 synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
 Avicennia officinalis f. tomentosa Kuntzehttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-455926 synonym of Avicennia officinalis L. 
 Avicennia resinifera G.Forst.http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18477 synonym of Avicennia marina subsp. australasica (Walp.) J.Everett
 Avicennia rumphiana Hallier f.http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18478 synonym of Avicennia marina var. rumphiana (Hallier f.) Bakh.
 Avicennia schaueriana Stapf & Leechm. ex Moldenkehttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18479	
 Avicennia schaueriana f. candicans Moldenkehttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18480 synonym of Avicennia schaueriana Stapf & Leechm. ex Moldenke
 Avicennia schaueriana f. glabrescens Moldenkehttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18481 synonym of Avicennia schaueriana Stapf & Leechm. ex Moldenke
 Avicennia sphaerocarpa Stapf ex Ridl.http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18482 synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.
 Avicennia spicata Kuntzehttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18483 synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.
 Avicennia tomentosa Jacq.http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18484 synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
 Avicennia tomentosa Schauerhttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18485 synonym of Avicennia schaueriana Stapf & Leechm. ex Moldenke [Illegitimate]
 Avicennia tomentosa var. arabica Walp.http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-274427 synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.
 Avicennia tomentosa var. australasica Walp.http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18486 synonym of Avicennia marina subsp. australasica (Walp.) J.Everett
 Avicennia tomentosa var. campechensis Jacq.http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18487 synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
 Avicennia tomentosa var. cumanensis Kunthhttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18488 synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
 Avicennia tomentosa var. guayaquilensis Kunthhttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18489 synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
 Avicennia tonduzii Moldenkehttp://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18490

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 Schwarzbach, Andrea E. and McDade, Lucinda A. 2002. Phylogenetic Relationships of the Mangrove Family Avicenniaceae Based on Chloroplast and Nuclear Ribosomal DNA Sequences. Systematic Botany 27: 84-98 (abstract here).

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