John J. Pershing

General of the Armies John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing (13 September 1860 – 15 Julai 1948) merupakan seorang Jeneral tersohor dalam Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat yang memimpin kemenangan Angkatan Ekspedisi Amerika ke atas Jerman dalam Perang Dunia I (1917–18). Beliau menolak permintaan negara British dan Perancis yang mahu tentera Amerika di sepadukan dengan ketumbukan mereka, dan berkeras mahukan AEF beroperasi sebagai sebuah unit tunggal dibawah pemerintahannya, namun beberapa divisyen Amerika berjuang dibawah pemerintahan British, dan beliau juga membenarkan kesemua unit orang kulit hitam disepadukan dengan tentera darat Perancis. Tentera AS mula-mula bertempur sengit di Cantigny, Chateau-Thierry, Belleau Wood, dan Soissons. Bagi mempercepatkan ketibaan askar-askar Amerika, mereka menaiki kapal ke Perancis dengan meninggalkan kelengkapan berat dan menggunakan kereta kebal British dan Perancis, artileri, kapal terbang dan senjata lain. Pada September 1918 di St. Mihiel, Tentera Darat Pertama telah berada dibawah pemerintahan Pershing; ia mengalahkan unjuran Jerman yang mana mereka telah kuasai selama tiga tahun. Pershing mengalihkan 600,000 askar Amerika ke kawasan pertahanan kukuh hutan Argonne, mengekalkan divisyennya yang bertempur hebat selama  47 hari, bersama dengan Perancis. Kemenangan tersebut adalah salah satu faktor yang menyebabkan pihak Jerman ingin mengadakan gencatan senjata, walaupun Pershing sendiri mahu meneruskan peperangan, menduduki seluruh Jerman dan memusnahkan tentera Jerman buat selama-lamanya.

Pershing merupakan satu-satunya askar Amerika yang diberi kenaikkan pangkat ke General of the Armies.A retroactive Congressional edict passed in 1976 promoted George Washington to the same rank but with higher seniority.  Beliau berkhidmat sebagai mentor kepada generasi para jeneral yang memimpin Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat di Eropah semasa Perang Dunia II, seperti George Marshall, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar Bradley, dan George S. Patton. Beberapa taktik beliau telah dikritik oleh komander lain pada masa itu dan oleh sejarawan moden. Pergantungan beliau terhadap serangan berhadap yang merugikan itu, yang mana tentera Bersekutu yang lain sudah lama tidak menggunakan taktik tersebut, telah dipersalahkan kerana menyebabkan Amerika mengalami mangsa korban yang terlalu tinggi.Sheffield, G. (2001). Forgotten Victory: The First World War: Myths and Realities (2002 ed.). London: Headline Book Publishing. ISBN 0-7472-7157-7

Ringkasan kerjaya

Tarikh pangkat
 Tiada Insignia Kadet, Akademi Tentera Amerika Syarikat: 1 Julai 1882 Tiada Insignia pada 1886 Leftenan Kedua, Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat: 1 Julai 1886 13px|center Leftenan Pertama, Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat: 20 Oktober 1892 40px|center Mejar sukarelawan, Tentera Darat A.S.: 18 Ogos 1898 – 30 Jun 1901 33px|center Kapten, U.S. Army (reverted to permanent rank July 1, 1901): February 2, 1901 33px|center Brigedier Jeneral, United States Army: September 20, 1906 66px|center Mejar Jeneral, United States Army: September 25, 1916 133px|center Jeneral, National Army, Army of the United States: October 6, 1917 133px|center General of the Armies, Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat: 3 September 1919
As there was no prescribed insignia for this rank, General Pershing chose the four stars of a full general, except in gold. According to the biography Until the Last Trumpet Sounds by Gene Smith, Pershing never wore the rank on his uniform.

Sejarah tugas

 1882: Cadet, United States Military Academy
 1886: Troop L, Sixth Cavalry
 1891: Professor of Tactics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
 1895: 1st Lieutenant, 10th Cavalry Regiment
 1897: Instructor, United States Military Academy, West Point
 1898: Major of Volunteer Forces, Cuban Campaign, Spanish–American War
 1899: Officer-in-Charge, Office of Customs and Insular Affairs
 1900: Adjutant General, Department of Mindanao and Jolo, Philippines
 1901: Battalion Officer, 1st Cavalry and Intelligence Officer, 15th Cavalry (Philippines)
 1902: Officer-in-Charge, Camp Vicars, Philippines
 1904: Assistant Chief of Staff, Southwest Army Division, Oklahoma
 1905: Military attaché, U.S. Embassy, Tokyo, Japan
 1908: Military Advisor to American Embassy, France
 1909: Commander of Fort McKinley, Manila, and governor of Moro Province
 1914: Brigade Commander, 8th Army Brigade
 1916: Commanding General, Mexican Punitive Expedition
 1917: Commanding General for the formation of the National Army
 1917: Commanding General, American Expeditionary Forces, Europe
 1921: Chief of Staff of the United States Army
 1924: Retired from active military service
 1925: Chief Commissioner assigned by the United States in the arbitration case for the provinces of Tacna and Arica between Peru and Chile.

Anugerah kebesaran

Darjah dan pingat Amerika

Note: The dates indicated are the date the award was made rather that they date of the service which was recognized.

 Distinguished Service Cross (1941)
 Distinguished Service Medal (1918)
 Silver Star (1932)
 Purple Heart (1932)
 World War I Victory Medal (with 15 battle clasps) (1919)
 Indian Campaign Medal (1907)
 Spanish Campaign Medal (with silver citation star upgraded to Silver Star decoration in 1932)
 Army of Cuban Occupation Medal (1915)
 Philippine Campaign Medal (1905)
 Mexican Service Medal (1918)
 Army of Occupation of Germany Medal (1941)

In 1932, seven years after Pershing's retirement from active service, his silver citation star was upgraded to the Silver Star decoration and he became eligible for the Purple Heart.

In 1941 he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism in action leading an assault against hostile Moros at Mount Bagsak, on the island of Jolo in the Philippines on June 15, 1913.American Decoration. Supplement V. July 1, 1940 – June 30, 1941.  Government Printing Office.  Washington.  1941.

In 1941, he was retroactively awarded the Army of Occupation of Germany Medal for service in Germany following the close of World War I.  As the Army of Occupation of Germany Medal has a profile of Pershing on its obverse this made Pershing the only soldier in the history of the U.S. Army eligible to wear a service medal with his own likeness on it.  (Navy admirals George Dewey, William T. Sampson and Richard E. Byrd were also entitled to wear medals with their own image on them.)

Anugerah antarabangsa
 Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (Britain)
 Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor (Perancis)
 Military Medal (Perancis)
 Croix de Guerre with Palm (Perancis)
 Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold (Belgium)
 Croix de Guerre (Belgium)
 Order Virtuti Militari (2nd class—Commander's Cross) (Poland)
 Order of the White Lion (1st Class with Sword) (Czechoslovakia)
 Czechoslovakian War Cross
 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Precious Jade (China)
 Order of the Golden Grain (1st Class) (China)
 Order of the Redeemer (Greece)
 Grand Cross of the Military Order of Savoy (Itali)
 Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Itali)
 Order of the Rising Sun (Jepun)
 Medaille Obilitch, Miloš Obilić medal instituted by Petar II Petrović Njegoš (Montenegro)
 Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Danilo I (Montenegro)
 Medal of La Solidaridad (1st Class) (Panama)
 Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun (Peru)
 Order of Michael the Brave (1st Class) (Romania)
 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Liberator (Venezuela)
 Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Karageorge with Swords (Serbia)


Anugerah awam
 Congressional Gold Medal
 Thanks of the United States Congress
 Special Medal of the Committee of the city of Buenos Aires
 Induction into the Nebraska Hall of Fame (1963)

Lihat juga

Rujukan

Bibliografi
 Boot, Max. The Savage Wars of Peace New York, Basic Books, 2002. ISBN 0-465-00720-1
 Vandiver, Frank E. Black Jack: The Life and Times of John J. Pershing – Volume I (Texas A&M University Press, Third printing, 1977) ISBN 0-89096-024-0
 Vandiver, Frank E. Black Jack: The Life and Times of John J. Pershing – Volume II (Texas A&M University Press, Third printing, 1977) ISBN 0-89096-024-0


Bacaan lanjut
 Goldhurst, Richard. Pipe Clay and Drill: John J. Pershing, the classic American soldier, (Reader's Digest Press, 1977)
 Smith, Gene. Until the Last Trumpet Sounds: The Life of General of the Armies John J. Pershing (Wiley, New York, 1998) ISBN 978-0-471-24693-0
 Smythe, Donald. Guerrilla Warrior: The Early Life of John J. Pershing (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1973) ISBN 0-684-12933-7
 Smythe, Donald. Pershing: General of the Armies (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1986) ISBN 0-253-21924-8
 Weigley, Russell Frank. History of the United States army (1967)
 Woodward, David R. The American Army and the First World War (Cambridge University Press, 2014). 484 pp. online review


Pautan luar

 Pershing Museum
 Biography of John J. Pershing
 New York Times obituary
 Black Jack Pershing in Cuba 
 The National Society of Pershing Rifles
 Pershing Rifles History 
 CHAPTER IV, General of the Armies John J. Pershing, State Funeral, 15–19 July 1948  in The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funeral, 1921–1969 by B. C. Mossman and M. W. Stark, United States Army Center of Military History
 John J. Pershing collection at Nebraska State Historical Society
 Americans Under British Command, 1918  at Borrowed Soldiers


Category:Kelahiran 1860
Category:Kematian 1948
Category:Kakitangan tentera Amerika Syarikat
Category:Perang Dunia Pertama