Raj British

Raj British (rāj dalam Hindustan: राज, Urdu: , disebut: , harfiahnya "raja"Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989: from  Skr.  rāj: to reign, rule; cognate with L. rēx, rēg-is, OIr. rī, rīg king (see RICH).) ialah satu nama yang diberikan bagi tempoh pemerintahan penjajah British di Asia Selatan di antara tahun 1858 hingga 1947;Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989. "b. spec. the British dominion or rule in the Indian sub-continent (before 1947). In full, British raj. ia juga boleh merujuk kepada pemerintahan itu sendiri dan juga rantau di bawah pemerintahan.*Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989. Examples: 1955 Times 25 Aug. 9/7 It was effective against the British raj in India, and the conclusion drawn here is that the British knew that they were wrong. 1969 R. MILLAR Kut xv. 288 Sir Stanley Maude had taken command in Mesopotamia, displacing the raj of antique Indian Army commanders. 1975 H. R. ISAACS in H. M. Patel et al. Say not the Struggle Nought Availeth 251 The post-independence régime in all its incarnations since the passing of the British Raj.  For the latter usage, see: Google Scholar references: ("British Raj" in the primary sense of "British India," i.e. "regions of India under British rule")
1. "The important case of Islamic economics was a consciously constructed effort arising directly out of the anti-colonial struggle in the British Raj" 2 "... time" (1882: v). In keeping with the purpose of the Gazetteer (and indeed all such Gazetteers published for provinces in the British Raj), Atkinson's treatment ..."
3. "... Robert D’Arblay Gybbon-Monypenny, who had been born in the British Raj and educated at Sandhurst, afterwards seeing active service in the First World War ..."
4. "... In contrast, during the independence struggle in the British raj, the emphasis had always been on nationalism..." ("British Raj" in the second sense of "British India," i.e. "the British in India") 5. "Koch and the Europeans were entertained at clubs in the British Raj from which native
Indians (called "wogs" for "worthy oriental gentleman") were excluded. ..." 6. "... prejudice and vindictiveness towards one's own race and, especially, toward someone
of a different race who, as a servant in the British Raj, occupies a ..."  Rantau itu, biasanya dipanggil India dalam penggunaan kontemporari, termasuk kawasan-kawasan yang ditadbir terus oleh Britain,First the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland then, after 1927, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland serta negeri bangsawan yang diperintah oleh raja-raja individu di bawah keagungan Mahkota British. Selepas tahun 1876, kesatuan politik yang terhasil secara rasmi dipanggil Empayar India dan mengeluarkan pasport di bawah nama itu. Sebagai India, ia adalah ahli pengasas Liga Bangsa, Pertubuhan Bangsa Bersatu, dan ahli dalam Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas pada 1900, 1920, 1928, 1932, dan 1936.

Sistem pentadbiran bergabenor telah dimulakan pada tahun 1858 apabila pemerintahan Syarikat Hindia Timur British dipindahkan kepada kemahkotaan Ratu Victoria (dan kemudian pada tahun 1877 diistiharkan sebagai Maharani India). Ia berlangsung sehingga tahun 1947, apabila Empayar India British telah dipecahkan menjadi dua buah negara berdaulat: Kesatuan India (kemudian Republik India) dan Penguasaan Pakistan (kemudian Republik Islam Pakistan, separuh bahagian timur, yang mana kemudian menjadi Republik Rakyat Bangladesh).  Wilayah Burma di kawasan timur di Empayar India dijadikan jajahan berasingan pada tahun 1937 dan mendapat kemerdekaan pada tahun 1948.

 Nota 

 Rujukan dan bacaan lanjut 
 Buku teks umum kontemporari 

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 Monograf dan koleksi 




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 Gilmartin, David. 1988. Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan. Berkeley: University of California Press. 258 pages. ISBN 0520062493.
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 Sejarah klasik dan gazetir 





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 Sumber ketiga 

 .  Archived 2009-10-31.
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 Bacaan berkaitan 

 Bairoch, Paul, Economics and World History, University of Chicago Press, 1995
 Bhatia, B. M., Famines in India: A study in Some Aspects of the Economic History of India with Special Reference to Food Problem, Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd, 1985
 Bowle, John, The Imperial Achievement, Secker & Warburg, London, 1974, ISBN 978-0316104098
 Chapman, Pat Taste of the Raj, Hodder & Stoughton, London—ISBN 0340680350 (1997)
 Coates, Tim, (series editor), The Amritsar Massacre 1919 - General Dyer in the Punjab (Official Reports, including Dyer's Testimonies), Her Majesty's Stationary Office (HMSO) 1925, abridged edition, 2000, ISBN 0-11-702412-0
 Davis, Mike, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World 2001, ISBN 1-85984-739-0
 Dutt, Romesh C. Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India, first published 1900, 2005 edition by Adamant Media Corporation, Elibron Classics Series, ISBN 1-4021-5115-2
 Dutt, Romesh C. The Economic History of India under early British Rule, first published 1902, 2001 edition by Routledge, ISBN 0-415-24493-5
 Forbes, Rosita, India of the Princes', London, 1939
 Forrest, G. W., CIE, (editor), Selections from The State Papers of the Governors-General of India - Warren Hastings (2 vols), Blackwell's, Oxford, 1910
 James, Lawrence, Raj - The Making and Unmaking of British India, London, 1997, ISBN 0-316-64072-7
 Keay, John, The Honourable Company - A History of the English East India Company, HarperCollins, London, 1991, ISBN 0-00-217515-0
 Moorhouse, Geoffrey, India Britannica, Book Club Associates, UK, 1983
 Morris,  Jan  with Simon Winchester, Stones of Empire - The Buildings of the Raj, Oxford University Press, 1st edition 1983 (paperback edition 1986, ISBN 0-19-282036-2
 Sen, Amartya, Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlements and Deprivation, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1982
 Srivastava, H.C., The History of Indian Famines from 1858-1918, Sri Ram Mehra and Co., Agra, 1968
 Voelcker, John Augustus, Report on the Improvement of Indian Agriculture, Indian Government publication, Calcutta, 2nd edition, 1897.
 Woodroffe, Sir John, Is India Civilized - Essays on Indian Culture'', Madras, 1919.

Pautan luar

 British India Website
 The British Crown's consolidation of India 
 The New Student's Reference Work/India (1914)
 Images of Empire Library, Bristol, UK

 British Ruled India (1757-1947) Bibliography of Books Articles and Dissertations Concentrating on 1914-1947


Category:Sejarah Pakistan
Category:Negara dan wilayah yang diasaskan pada 1858
Category:Pembubaran 1947
Category:Penjajahan Eropah di Asia
Kategori:Bekas jajahan British