Nikolai II dari Rusia

Nikolai II ( ) ( – 17 Julai 1918) adalah Tsar terakhir Rusia, Putera Besar Finland, dan pemerintah pada nama Poland.In 1831, the Russian tsars were deposed from the Polish throne, but they soon took control of the country as part of Russia and abolished the separate monarchy. However, they continued to use this title. See November Uprising. Gelaran rasmi baginda adalah Nikolai II, Maharaja dan Autokrat ke atas RusiaGelaran penuh baginda ialah Beta, Nikolai Kedua, dengan rahmat Tuhan, Maharaja dan Autokrat segala Russia, Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod, Tsar Kazan, Tsar Astrakhan, Raja Poland, Tsar Siberia, Tsar Tauric Chersonesos, Tsar of Georgia, Tuan Pskov, Velikiy Kniaz ("Raja Besar") Smolensk, Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia dan Finland, Putera Estonia, Livonia, Courland dan Semigalia, Samogitia, Belostok, Karelia, Tver, Yugra, Perm, Vyatka, Bulgaria, dan kawasan lain; Tuan dan Kniaz Besar Nizhny Novgorod, Chernigov; Tuan Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Beloozero, Udoria, Obdoria, Kondia, Vitebsk, , and all the northern territories; and Sovereign of Iveria, Kartalinia, dan tanah-tanah Kabard serta kawasan Armenia; Tuan dan Raja Pewaris Circassia and Mountain Princes and others; Tuan Turkestan, Pewaris Norway, Herzog Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn, Dithmarschen, Oldenburg dan sebagainya.; malah baginda kini dianggap sebagai Santo Nicholas si Pembawa Derita oleh Gereja Ortodoks Rusia.

Rujukan

Bacaan lanjut
 The Sokolov Report, in Victor Alexandrov, "The End of The Romanovs", London: 1966
 Boris Antonov, Russian Czars, St.Petersburg, Ivan Fiodorov Art Publishers (ISBN 5-93893-109-6)
 Michael M. Baden, Chapter III: Time of Death and Changes after Death. Part 4: Exhumation,  In: Spitz, W.U. & Spitz, D.J. (eds): Spitz and Fisher’s Medicolegal Investigation of Death. Guideline for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigations (Fourth edition). Charles C. Thomas, pp.: 174-183, Springfield, Illinois: 2006
 Paul Grabbe, "The Private World of the Last Czar" New York: 1985
 Ferro, Marc, Nicholas II: Last of the Czars. New York: Oxford University Press (USA), 1993 (hardcover, ISBN 0-19-508192-7); 1995 (paperback, ISBN 0-19-509382-8)
 Genrikh Ioffe, Revoliutsiia i sud'ba Romanovykh Moscow: Respublika, 1992 
 Coryne Hall & John Van der Kiste, Once A Grand Duchess : Xenia, Sister of Nicholas II, Phoenix Mill, Sutton Publishing Ltd., 2002 (hardcover, ISBN 0-7509-2749-6)
 Greg King, The Court of the Last Czar: Pomp, Power and Pageantry in the Reign of Nicholas II 2006
 Greg King and Penny Wilson, "The Fate of the Romanovs" 2003
 Dominic Lieven, Nicholas II: Emperor of All the Russias. 1993.
 Andrei Maylunas and Sergei Mironenko, A Lifelong Passion: Nicholas & Alexandra 1999
 Marvin Lyons, Nicholas II The Last Czar, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974 (hardcover, ISBN 0710078021)
 Shay McNeal, "The Secret Plot to Save the Czar" 2001
 Robert K. Massie, Nicholas and Alexandra 1967
 Robert K. Massie, The Romanovs. The Final Chapter 1995, ISBN 0394580486
 Bernard Pares, "The Fall of the Russian Monarchy" London: 1939, reprint London: 1988
  and Konstantin Pleshakov, The Flight of the Romanovs. 1999.
 Edvard Radzinsky,  The Last Tsar: The Life and Death of Nicholas II  (1992) ISBN 0-385-42371-3
 Mark D. Steinberg and Vladimir M. Khrustalev, The Fall of the Romanovs: Political Dreams and Personal Struggles in a Time of Revolution, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.
 Anthony Summers and Tom Mangold, The File on the Czar. 1976.
 Richard Tames, Last of the Czars, London, Pan Books Ltd, 1972
 Andrew M. Verner, The Crisis of the Russian Autocracy: Nicholas II and the 1905 Revolution 1990
 Ian Vorres, The Last Grand Duchess, London, Finedawn Publishers, 1985 (hardcover)
 Richard Wortman, Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy, vol. 2 2000
 Prince Felix Yussupov, Lost Splendour
 Elisabeth Heresch, "Nikolaus II. Feigheit, Lüge und Verrat". F.A.Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung, München, 1992
 The Complete Wartime Correspondence of Czar Nicholas II and the Empress Alexandra, April 1914 – March 1917. Edited by Joseph T. Furhmann Fuhrmann. Westport, Conn. and London: 1999
 Letters of Czar Nicholas and Empress Marie Ed. Edward J. Bing. London: 1937
 Letters of the Czar to the Czaritsa, 1914–1917 Trans. from Russian translations from the original English. E. L. Hynes. London and New York: 1929.
 Nicky-Sunny Letters: correspondence of the Czar and Czaritsa, 1914–1917. Hattiesburg, Miss: 1970.
 The Secret Letters of the Last Czar: Being the Confidential Correspondence between Nicholas II and his Mother, Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna. Ed. Edward J. Bing. New York and Toronto: 1938
 Willy-Nicky Correspondence: Being the Secret and Intimate Telegrams Exchanged Between the Kaiser and the Czar. Ed. Herman Bernstein. New York: 1917.
 Paul Benckendorff, Last Days at Czarskoe Selo. London: 1927
 Sophie Buxhoeveden, The Life and Tragedy of Alexandra Fedorovna, Empress of Russia: A Biography London: 1928
 Pierre Gilliard, Thirteen Years at the Russian Court New York: 1921
 A. A. Mossolov (Mosolov), At the Court of the Last Czar London: 1935
 Anna Vyrubova, Memories of the Russian Court London: 1923
 A.Yarmolinsky, editor, "The Memoirs of Count Witte" New York & Toronto: 1921
 Sir George Buchanan (British Ambassador) My Mission to Russia & Other Diplomatic Memories (2 vols, Cassell, 1923)
 Meriel Buchanan, Dissolution of an Empire, Cassell, 1932
 Gleb Botkin, The Real Romanovs, Fleming H. Revell Co, 1931
 Mark D. Steinberg and Vladimir M. Khrustalev, The Fall of the Romanovs: Political Dreams and Personal Struggles in a Time of Revolution. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995


Pautan luar



 The Execution of Czar Nicholas II, 1918, EyeWitness to History.
 Brief Summary of Czar
 Abdication Proclamation, 2 March 1917 (the signature was put in pencil) (translation included)
 Alexander Palace Time Machine
 Nicholas and Alexandra Exhibition
 Frozentears.org A Media Library to Nicholas II and his Family.
 Scientists Reopen Czar Mystery
 Ipatiev House — Romanov Memorial An immensely detailed site on the historical context, circumstances and drama surrounding the Romanov's execution.
  The Murder of Russia's Imperial Family, Nicolay Sokolov. Investigation of execution of the Romanov Imperial Family in 1918.
  Nikolay II — Life and Death, Edvard Radzinski. Later published in English as The Last Czar: the Life and Death of Nicholas II.
 New Russian Martyrs. Czar Nicholas and His Family. A story of life, canonization. Photoalbum.
 Russian History Magazine Articles about the Romanovs from Atlantis magazine.
 Russia's Last Czar Declared Victim of Repression - October 2008 (TIME magazine)

Kategori:Kelahiran 1868
Kategori:Kematian 1918
Kategori:Fil marsyal British
Kategori:Laksamana armada British 
Kategori:Pemerintah Finland
Kategori:Maharaja Rusia
Kategori:Orang yang dibunuh
Kategori:Pemimpin yang digulingkan melalui rampasan kuasa
Kategori:Raja yang turun takhta