James VI dan I

James VI & I (19 Jun, 1566 – 27 Mac, 1625) adalah Raja Scotland sebagai James VI bermula pada tahun 1567 hingga 1625, dan Raja England dan Ireland sebagai James I bermula pada 1603 hingga 1625.

Beliau menjadi Raja Scotland sebagai James VI pada 24 Julai, 1567, semasa beliau berumur 13 bulan, mengantikan ibu beliau Mary, Ratu Scotland. Pemangku raja memerintah semasa beliau kecil, yang mana tamat secara rasminya pada tahun 1578, meskipun beliau tidak mendapat kuasa sepenuhnya ke atas kerajaan beliau sehingga tahun 1581.Stewart, p 47; Croft, p 16; Willson, pp 29–31. Pada 24 Mac, 1603, sebagai James I, beliau mengantikan raja England dan Ireland terakhir dari Dinasti Tudor, Elizabeth I, yang mangkat tanpa waris.By the normal rules of succession James did have the best claim to the English throne, as the great-great-grandson of Henry VII. However, Henry VIII's will had passed over the Scottish line of his sister Margaret in favour of that of their younger sister Mary Tudor. In the event, Henry's will was disregarded. Stewart, pp 159–161; Willson, pp 138–141. Beliau kemudian memerintah Kerajaan England, Scotland, dan Ireland selama 22 tahun, sering menggunakan gelaran Raja Great Britain, sehingga kematian beliau pada umur 58 tahun.After the Union of the Crowns James was the first to style himself "King of Great Britain", but the title was rejected by both the English Parliament and the Parliament of Scotland, and its legal basis was open to question. Croft, p 67; Willson, pp 249–52. See also: the early history of the Union Flag.

Di bawah pemerintahan James, "Zaman Keemasan" sastera dan drama dari era Elizabeth diteruskan, dengan para penulis seperti William Shakespeare, John Donne, Ben Jonson, dan Sir Francis Bacon memberi sumbangan budaya kesasteraan yang maju.Milling, p 155. James juga merupakan seorang sarjanawan yang berbakat, dan merupakan penulis bagi kerja-kerja seperti Daemonologie (1597), True Law of Free Monarchies (1598), and Basilikon Doron (1599)."James VI and I was the most writerly of British monarchs. He produced original poetry, as well as translation and a treatise on poetics; works on witchcraft and tobacco; meditations and commentaries on the Scriptures; a manual on kingship; works of political theory; and, of course, speeches to parliament...He was the patron of Shakespeare, Jonson, Donne, and the translators of the "Authorized version" of the Bible, surely the greatest concentration of literary talent ever to enjoy royal sponsorship in England." Rhodes et al., p 1. Sir Anthony Weldon mendakwa bahawa James disebut sebagai "si si bodoh dalam Dunia Kristian", satu gelaran berkaitan dengan perwatakan beliau sejak itu."A very wise man was wont to say that he believed him the wisest fool in Christendom, meaning him wise in small things, but a fool in weighty affairs." Sir Anthony Weldon (1651), The Court and Character of King James I, quoted by Stroud, p 27; "The label 'the wisest fool in Christendom', often attributed to Henry IV of France but possibly coined by Anthony Weldon, catches James’s paradoxical qualities very neatly." Smith, p 238.

 Lihat juga 
Gambaran kebudayaan James I dari England

 Nota 

 Rujukan bukan petikan 
Atherton, Ian; and David Como (2005). The Burning of Edward Wightman: Puritanism, Prelacy and the Politics of Heresy in Early Modern England. English Historical Review, Volume 120, December 2005, Number 489, 1215–1250. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Barroll, J. Leeds (2001). Anna of Denmark, Queen of England: A Cultural Biography. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. ISBN 0-8122-3574-6.
Barroll, J. Leeds and Susan P. Cerasano (1996). Medieval and Renaissance Drama in England: An Annual Gathering of Research, Criticism and Reviews. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 0-8386-3641-1.
Bucholz, Robert and Newton Key (2004). Early Modern England, 1485–1714: A Narrative History. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-21393-7.
Croft, Pauline (2003). King James. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-61395-3.
Davies, Godfrey ([1937] 1959). The Early Stuarts. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-821704-8.
Guy, John (2004). My Heart is My Own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots. London and New York: Fourth Estate. ISBN 1-84115-752-X.
Krugler, John D. (2004). English and Catholic: the Lords Baltimore in the Seventeenth Century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-7963-9.
Lindley, David (1993). The Trials of Frances Howard: Fact and Fiction at the Court of King James. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-05206-8.
Milling, Jane (2004). "The Development of a Professional Theatre", in The Cambridge History of British Theatre. Jane Milling, Peter Thomson, Joseph W. Donohue.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-65040-2.
Noble, Mark (1795). An Historical Genealogy of the Royal House of Stuarts, from the Reign of King Robert II to that of King James VI. London: R. Faulder. Read complete digitized copy at Google Books. Retrieved 19 April 2007.
Perry, Curtis (2006). Literature and Favoritism in Early Modern England. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-85405-9.
Rhodes, Neil; Jennifer Richards; and Joseph Marshall (2003). King James VI and I: Selected Writings. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0-7546-0482-9.
Sharpe, Kevin M. (2000). Remapping Early Modern England: The Culture of Seventeenth-century England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-66409-8.
Smith, David L (2003). "Politics in Early Stuart Britain," in A Companion to Stuart Britain. Ed. Barry Coward. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-21874-2.
Solt, Leo Frank (1990). Church and State in Early Modern England: 1509–1640. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505979-4.
Stewart, Alan (2003). The Cradle King: A Life of James VI & I. London: Chatto and Windus. ISBN 0-7011-6984-2.
Stroud, Angus (1999). Stuart England. Routledge ISBN 0-415-20652-9.
Watts, Michael R (1985). The Dissenters: From the Reformation to the French Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822956-9.
Williams, Ethel Carleton (1970). Anne of Denmark. London: Longman. ISBN 0-582-12783-1.
Willson, David Harris ([1956] 1963 ed). King James VI & I. London: Jonathan Cape Ltd. ISBN 0-224-60572-0.

 Bacaan lanjut 
The Diary Of Samuel Ward: A Translator Of The 1611 King James Bible, edited by John Wilson Cowart and M.M. Knappen. 
Akrigg, G. P. V (1978). Jacobean Pageant: The Court of King James I. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 0-689-70003-2.

Houston, S J. James I. Longman Publishing Group (June 1974), Seminar Studies ISBN 0-582-35208-8.

Lockyer, Roger (1998). James VI and I. Longman. 2nd edition.
Lockyer, Roger (1999). The Early Stuarts: The Political History of England 1603-1642. Longman.
Lynch, Michael (historian) (1991). Scotland: A New History. Ebury Press. ISBN 0-7126-3413-4.
"Preaching to the Converted? Perspectives on the Scottish Reformation," in The Renaissance in Scotland: Studies in Literature, Religion, History and Culture. - AA MacDonald, M. Lynch and IB Cowan (Leiden, 1994)
Peck, Linda Levy (1982). Northampton: Patronage and Policy at the Court of James I. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-04-942177-8.

 Pautan luar 

 Buku berkenaan James I yang boleh didapati di talian 
The Historie and Life of King James the Sext. Written towards the Latter Part of the Sixteenth Century by John Colville (1804)An Historical and Critical Account of the Lives and Writings of James I and Charles I, and the Lives of Oliver Cromwell and Charles II by William Harris (1814): Volume I, Volume II, Volume III, Volume IV, Volume VMemoirs of the Court of King James the First by Lucy Aikin (1822): Vol. I, Vol. II
Papers Relative to the Marriage of King James the Sixth of Scotland, with the Princess Anna of Denmark; A.D. M.D.LXXXIX., and the Form and Manner of Her Majesty's coronation at Holyroodhouse. A.D. M.D.X.C by James T. Gibson-Craig (1828)
Extracts from the Accounts of the Revels at Court, in the Reigns of Queen Elizabeth and King James I by Peter Cunningham (1842)Original Letters Relating to the Ecclesiastical Affairs of Scotland: Chiefly Written by, or Addressed to His Majesty King James the Sixth after his Accession to the English throne (1851): Vol. I, Vol. II
Correspondence of King James VI. of Scotland with Sir Robert Cecil and Others in England, During the Reign of Queen Elizabeth (1861)
The Essayes of a Prentise, in the Divine Art of Poesie.  Edinburgh. 1585. A Counterblast to Tobacco. London, 1604 by King James I (1869)
The Literary Character: or, The History of Men of Genius, Drawn from their own Feelings and Confessions; Literary Miscellanies; and An Inquiry into the Character of James the First by Isaac D'Israeli (1881)History of England from the Accesion of James I to the Outbreak of the Civil War, 1603-1642'' by Samuel Rawson Gardiner (1883-1891): Volume I (1603-1607), Volume II (1607-1616), Volume III (1616-1621), Volume IV (1621-1623), Volume V (1623-1625), Volume VI (1625-1629), Volume VII (1629-1635), Volume VIII (1635-1639), Volume IX (1639-1641), Volume X (1641-1642)
Historical Sketches of Notable Persons and Events in the Reigns of James I and Charles I by Thomas Carlyle (1898 ed.)
James VI and the Gowrie Mystery by Andrew Lang (1902)
The English Church in the Reigns of Elizabeth and James I. (1558-1625) by Walter Frere (1904)
The History of England from the Accession of James I. to the Restoration (1603-1660) by Francis Charles Montague (1907)
"English Witchcraft and James the First," in Five Pamphlets by George Lyman Kittredge (1911-17)
Court Masques of James I: Their Influence on Shakespeare and Public Theatres by Mary Sullivan (1913)
The Political Works of James I (1918 ed.)

 Pautan lain 
Proclamation styling James I King of Great Britain on October 20, 1604
James I, illustrated biography by Jenny Wormald, C.E. Hodge Fellow & Tutor in Modern History, St Hilda's College, Oxford

 James I, print and digital communication 

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