P-61 Black Widow

Northrop P-61 Black Widow merupakan sebuah pesawat operasi tentera Amerika Syarikat pertama yang direka khas bagi menggunakan radar.Wilson 1998, p. 142. "Black Widow" merupakan pesawat berbadan logam sepenuhnya, enjin dan joran berkembar. Ia diterbangkan sebagai sebuah pesawat pejuang malam oleh skuadron-skuadron Pasukan Udara Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat di Medan Pertempuran Eropah, Medan Pertempuran Pasifik, Medan Pertempuran CBI dan Medan Pertempuran Mediterranean semasa Perang Dunia II. Ia mengantikan pesawat pejuang malam awal rekaan Britain yang telah ditingkat upaya dengan radar apabila radar boleh didapati. Pada malam 14 Ogos 1945, sebuah pesawat P-61B-2 dari Skuadron Pejuang Malam ke-548 dikenali "Lady in the Dark" secara tidak rasmi telah diberi kredit sebagai mendapat kemenangan udara terakhir Pihak Berikat sebelum VJ Day.Pape, Garry R., John M. and Donna Campbell. Northrop P-61 Black Widow - The Complete History and Combat Record. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International, 1991. ISBN 0-87938-509-X.
 Pape P-61 juga telah diubahsuai bagi menghasilkan pesawat F-15 Reporter, pesawat pengawasan foto enjin omboh terakhir yang direka dan dikeluarkan untuk Tentera Udara Amerika Syarikat.Johnson 1976 pp. 30–44. 

Lihat juga

Rujukan
Nota

Bibliografi

 Balous, Miroslav. Northrop P-61 Black Widow & F-15 Reporter(bilingual Czech and English). Prague, Czechia: MBI Publications, 2nd edition 2003. ISBN 80-86524-04-3. 
 Bridgeman, Leonard. “The Northrop Black Widow.” Jane’s Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London: Studio, 1946. ISBN 1-85170-493-0.
 Ciampaglia, Giuseppe. Destroyers, i distruttori nella Seconda Guerra mondiale (in Italian). Rome: IBN editore, 1996. ISBN 88-86815-47-6.
 Davis, Larry and Dave Menard. P-61 Black Widow in Action (Aircraft number 106). Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 1990. ISBN 0-89747-248-9.
 Jackson, Robert. The Encyclopedia of Military Aircraft. Bath, UK: Parragon Publishing, 2006. ISBN 1-40542-465-6.
 Johnsen, Frederick A. Darkly Dangerous: The Northrop P-61 Black Widow Night Fighter. Washington, DC: Bomber Books, 1981. ISBN 0-28434-247-6.
 Johnson, Bob. "Seeing Eye Widow."  Scale Modeler, Volume 11, Issue 2, February 1976.
 Kolln, Jeff. Northrop's Night Hunter: P-61 Black Widow. North Branch, MN: Specialty Press, 2008. ISBN 1-58007-122-8. 
 Kolln, Jeff. The 421st Night Fighter Squadron in World War II. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Military Books, 2001. ISBN 0-7643-1306-1. 
 Pape, Garry R., John M. and Donna Campbell. Northrop P-61 Black Widow - The Complete History and Combat Record. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International, 1991. ISBN 0-87938-509-X.
 Pape, Garry R. and Ronald C. Harrison. Queen of the Midnight Skies: The Story of America's Air Force Night Fighters. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 1992. ISBN 0-88740-415-4.
 Shulenberger, Eric. Deny Them the Night Sky - A History of the 548th Night Fighter Squadron. Seattle, Washington: Shulenberger Publishing, 2005. ISBN 978-0976735502.
 Tedeschi, Diane. "High Flyer." Air & Space, Volume 21, issue 2, July 2006.
 Thompson, Warren. P-61 Black Widow Units of World War 2. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1998. ISBN 1-85532-725-2.
 Thompson, Warren. Northrop P-61 Black Widow: WarbirdTech Volume 15. North Branch, MN: Specialty Press, 1998. ISBN 0-933424-80-9.
 Thompson, Warren. "Northrop P-61 Black Widow". Wings of Fame. Volume 15, 1999, pp. 36–101. London: Aerospace. ISBN 1-86184-033-0. 
 Thompson, Warren. "The Widow from Hawthorne". Air Enthusiast Volume 1, Issue 1, June 1971.
 Wilson, Stewart. Aircraft of WWII. Fyshwick, ACT, Australia: Aerospace Publications Pty. Ltd., 1998. ISBN 1-875671-35-8. 
 Zbiegniewski, Andre R. 421 NFS 1943-1947 (Bilingual Polish and English). Lublin, Poland: Kagero, 2004. ISBN 83-89088-47-9. 

Pautan luar

 P-61 Restoration Project at the Mid-Atlantic Air Museum in Reading, Pennsylvania.
 Night Fighter by J R Smith - a first-hand account of a P-61 radar observer in WWII China.
 pictures of the p-61 in China.
 P-61 Pilots manual
 P-61 Training film
 Baugher P-61 index page
 P-61 at Airliners Photo collection
 Night Fighting lecture at NASM
 Warbirds Resource Group
 43-39224 Pacific Wrecks
 Skylighters P-61 Page 
 422nd Night Fighter Squadron history 
 425th Night Fighter Squadron history - including aircraft list 
 Warbird Registry: P-61 Black Widow

Kategori:Pesawat pejuang malam Amerika Syarikat dalam Perang Dunia II
Kategori:Pesawat pejuang Amerika Syarikat 1940-1949
P-61 Black Widow
Kategori:Pesawat joran berkembar