Bahasa Hungary

Bahasa Hungary, Bahasa Majar atau Bahasa Magyar () merupakan bahasa dalam rumpun bahasa Finni-Yugra, lagi khususnya cabang Yugra yang tiada pertalian darah dengan bahasa-bahasa Eropah Tengah lain. Sebagai salah satu daripada sebilangan kecil bahasa Eropah moden yang tidak tergolong dalam rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropah, bahasa Hungary/Majar banyak meraih minat para pakar bahasa. Bahasa ini ditutur di negara Hungary serta kaum minoriti Hungary di tujuh buah negara yang berjiran dengan Hungary. Nama tempatan bahasa ini disebut magyar .

Terdapat kira-kira 13 juta orang yang menutur bahasa Hungary sebagai bahasa ibunda, termasuk 9.5-10 juta orang yang tinggal di Hungary zaman sekarang. Terdapat dua juta orang penutur yang tinggal di kawasan yang dahulunya merupakan sebahagian Kerajaan Hungary sebelum Perang Dunia Pertama, termasuklah kumpulan terbesar yang tinggal Romania, di mana terdapat kira-kira 1.4 juta orang berbangsa Hungary. Penutur bahasa Hungary juga didapati di Slovakia, Serbia, Ukraine, Croatia, Austria, dan Slovenia, serta kira-kira sejuta orang yang tinggal merata tempat di seluruh dunia.

 Ortografi 
Bahasa ini mempunyai abjad tersendiri yang digunakan untuk menulis dan mewakilkan bunyi-bunyi khas ia:
LetterNamePhoneme (IPA)Complementary allophones (IPA)List of complementary allophone variants possibly not complete.Padanan sebutan terhampir (baik dalam bahasa Melayu, Inggeris dsb)NotesAasimilar to British English cot might describe it better (raised, more rounded; sign rendered probably incorrectly, containing two diacritical marks below). Still definitely not , but more like  (the o in traditional Received Pronunciation hot)ÁásegarNot nearly as open as the a in American English hat, but closer to it than Hungarian a (without the accent mark)BbébayiCcélike potsCscsécacingDdédaduDzdzékidsrare. does not occur at the beginning of words. When neither post- nor preconsonantic, always realised as a geminate.Dzsdzséjari, jaja, George, bridgerare, mostly in loanwords. when final or intervocalic, usually realised as a geminate: maharadzsa   'maharajah', bridzs   'bridge (card game)', but dzsungel   'jungle', fridzsider   coll. 'refrigerator'Eelewat (é); edge atau bedabout 40-50% of speakers also have a phoneme  (see below at Ë).  is not considered part of standard Hungarian, wherein  takes the place of .Ééé [lewat] panjangFeffikir, euforiaGgégigiGygyé(not used in English; soft form of . Mostly similar to during, as pronounced in Received Pronunciation)denoting  by <gy> is a remnant of (probably) Italian scribes who tried to render the Hungarian sound. <dy> would be a more consistent notation in scope of <ty>, <ny>, <ly> (see there), as the <y> part of digraphs show palatalisation in the Hungarian writing system.Hhá1. 2. 

3. 

4. Pada mula:

 hairan, human
Antara dua vokal:

 berahi
Pada hujung:

 khamis - juga huruf kha (خ) dalam abjad Arab
 tiada bunyiIidiri - lebih pendek daripada íÍíI panjangVowel length is phonemically distinctive in Hungarian: irt = 'to exterminate' and írt = 'to write (past tense)'Jjé, iya, yoyoallophones occur when  occurs after a consonant; (voiceless after voiceless, voiced after voiced consonants). e.g. férj 'husband', kapj 'get! (imperative)'KkákakiLellaluanLyelly, el-ipszilon / play, prayMemmind, assume, might,Nennasib, bahan (kecuali sebelum huruf 'k' dan 'g' di mana - nganga, barang)allophone before , NyenynyanyiOobohongA shorter, more open variant of Ó. Unlike with short e, which is opened to  in standard speech, short o remains , rather than opening to  where it would come close to clashing with short a.Óó'O' panjangSame as  except longer. It is important to pay attention to. (eg.: kor = 'age' and kór = 'disease')ÖöSebutan "E pepet" (ĕ / berat) dengan bibir lebih membundarA shorter, more open variant of ŐŐő'Ö' panjangMinimal pair to : öt = 'five' and őt = 'him/her (Hungarian pronouns do not specify gender)'Ppépisau, aprikot, tutup(Q)kúQ occurs only as part of the digraph qu in foreign words, realised as : Aquincum  (name of an old Roman settlement on the area of present-day Óbuda). Words originally spelled with qu are today usually spelled with kv, as in akvarell 'watercolor painting'.Rerrambutalso called apical trill as pronounced by trilling the tip of your tongue (the apex) and not the uvula.Sessyahwat, syorThis notation is unusual for European writing systems where 
 stands for  virtually everywhere. In Hungarian,  is represented by <sz>.SzeszsusuTtétarik, lewat, bintikTytyétubeUudahuluÚú'u' panjangminimal pair to : hurok 'loop' ∼ húrok 'cords'Üü(not used in English, corresponds to German Ü)A shorter, more open variant of űŰű'Ü' panjangVvévideo, revolusi, vakum(W)dupla véonly occurs in foreign words and in Hungarian aristocratic surnames(X)ikszoccurs only in loanwords, and there only when denoting ;  is transcribed: extra, Alexandra, but egzakt 'exact'.(Y)ipszilonhappyUsually combined with another letter to form a new sound (see ly, ny, gy, ty). In loanwords, usually rendered as  or . Occurs very often in old Hungarian aristocratic surnames where it stands for  or : 'Báthory' , 'Batthyány'  (<n>+<y> ∼ )Zzédesert, rosesZszsépleasure, leisure

 Perbandingan perkataan Uralik 
Wiktionary: Senarai Swadesh bagi bahasa-bahasa Uralik

 HungaryFinlandEstoniaErzyaKomi-PermyakMakna
Melayu # mengikut senarai Swadesh én minä mina мон mon ме me saya 1 te sinä sina тон ton тэ te kamu 2őhän (dia)
se (ia)temaсон sonсійö dia, ia3 mi me meie, me минь miń ми mi kami/kita 4 ti te teie, te тынь tyń ти ti kalian 5 ez/itttämä/täällä see те te тайö tajö ini/sini 7 az/ott tuo/tuolla too што što сійö sijö itu/situ 8 ki? kuka? kes? кие? kije? коді? kodi? siapa? 11 mi? mitä? mikä? mis? мезе? meze? мый? myj? apa? 12 egy yksi üks вейке vejke öтік ötik satu 22 kettő kaksi kaks кавто kavto кык kyk dua 23 három kolme kolm колмо kolmo куим kuim tiga 24 négy neljä neli ниле nile нёль ńol empat 25 öt viisi viis вете vete вит vit lima 26 nej nainen 'woman' naine ни ni гöтыр götyr isteri 40 anya äiti ema (тиринь) ава (tiriń) ava мам mam ibu 42 fa puu puu чувто čuvto пу pu pokok 51 vér veri veri верь veŕ вир vir darah 64 haj hius, hiukset juuksed черь čeŕ юрси jursi rambut 71 fej pää pea пря pŕa юр jur kepala 72 fül korva kõrv пиле pile пель peĺ telinga 73 szem silmä silm сельме seĺme син sin mata 74 orr nenä nina судо sudo ныр nyr hidung 75 száj suu suu курго kurgo вом vom mulut 76 fog hammas hammasпей pejпинь  piń gigi 77 láb jalka jalg пильге piĺge кок kok kaki 80 kéz käsi käsi кедь ked́ ки ki tangan 83 szív/szűny sydän süda седей sedej сьöлöм śölöm jantung 90 inni juoda jooma симемс simems юны juny minum 92tudni tietää teadma содамс sodams тöдны tödny tahu 103 élni elää elama эрямс eŕams овны ovny hidup 108 víz vesi vesi ведь ved́ ва va air 150 kő kivi kivi кев kev из iz batu 156 ég/menny taivas taevas менель meneĺ енэж jenezh langit 162 szél tuuli tuul варма varma тöв töv angin 163 tűz tuli tuli тол tol би bi api 167 éj yö öö ве ve вой voj malam 177

 Bibliografi 

 Kursus 
 MagyarOK – Text book and exercise book for beginners. Szita, Szilvia; Pelcz, Katalin (2013). Pécs; Pécsi Tudományegyetem. MagyarOK website .
 Colloquial Hungarian – The complete course for beginners. Rounds, Carol H.; Sólyom, Erika (2002). London; New York: Routledge. .
This book gives an introduction to the Hungarian language in 15 chapters. The dialogues are available on CDs.

 Teach Yourself Hungarian – A complete course for beginners. Pontifex, Zsuzsa (1993). London: Hodder & Stoughton. Chicago: NTC/Contemporary Publishing. .
This is a complete course in spoken and written Hungarian. The course consists of 21 chapters with dialogues, culture notes, grammar and exercises. The dialogues are available on cassette.

 Hungarolingua 1 – Magyar nyelvkönyv. Hoffmann, István; et al. (1996). Debreceni Nyári Egyetem. 
 Hungarolingua 2 – Magyar nyelvkönyv. Hlavacska, Edit; et al. (2001). Debreceni Nyári Egyetem. 
 Hungarolingua 3 – Magyar nyelvkönyv. Hlavacska, Edit; et al. (1999). Debreceni Nyári Egyetem. 
These course books were developed by the University of Debrecen Summer School program for teaching Hungarian to foreigners. The books are written completely in Hungarian and therefore unsuitable for self study. There is an accompanying 'dictionary' with translations of the Hungarian vocabulary into English, German, and French for the words used in the first two books.
 "NTC's Hungarian and English Dictionary" by Magay and Kiss.  (You may be able to find a newer edition also. This one is 1996.)

 Tatabahasa 
 Gyakorló magyar nyelvtan / A Practical Hungarian grammar (2009, 2010). Szita Szilvia, Görbe Tamás. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. 978 963 05 8703 7.
 A practical Hungarian grammar (3rd, rev. ed.). Keresztes, László (1999). Debrecen: Debreceni Nyári Egyetem. .
 Simplified Grammar of the Hungarian Language (1882). Ignatius Singer. London: Trübner & Co.
 Practical Hungarian grammar: [a compact guide to the basics of Hungarian grammar]. Törkenczy, Miklós (2002). Budapest: Corvina. .
 Hungarian verbs and essentials of grammar: a practical guide to the mastery of Hungarian (2nd ed.). Törkenczy, Miklós (1999). Budapest: Corvina; Lincolnwood, [Ill.]: Passport Books. .
 Hungarian: an essential grammar (2nd ed.). Rounds, Carol (2009). London; New York: Routledge. .
 Hungarian: Descriptive grammar. Kenesei, István, Robert M. Vago, and Anna Fenyvesi (1998). London; New York: Routledge. .
 Hungarian Language Learning References (including the short reviews of three of the above books)
 Noun Declension Tables – HUNGARIAN. Budapest: Pons. Klett. 
 Verb Conjugation Tables – HUNGARIAN. Budapest: Pons. Klett. 

 Lain-lain 
 Abondolo, Daniel Mario: Hungarian Inflectional Morphology. Akadémiai publishing. Budapest, 1988. 
 Balázs, Géza: The Story of Hungarian. A Guide to the Language. Translated by Thomas J. DeKornfeld. Corvina publishing. Budapest, 1997. 
 Stephanides, Éva H. (ed.): Contrasting English with Hungarian. Akadémiai publishing. Budapest, 1986. 

 Nota 

 Rujukan 

 Pautan luar 

 Free downloadable Hungarian teaching and learning material
 Introduction to Hungarian
 Hungarian Profile 
 List of formative suffixes in Hungarian
 The relationship between the Finnish and the Hungarian languages
 Hungarian Language Review at How-to-learn-any-language.com
 "The Hungarian Language: A Short Descriptive Grammar" by Beáta Megyesi (PDF document)
 The old site of the Indiana University Institute of Hungarian Studies (various resources)
 Hungarian Language Learning References on the Hungarian Language Page (short reviews of useful books)
 One of the oldest Hungarian texts – A Halotti Beszéd (The Funeral Oration)
 WikiLang – Hungarian Page (Hungarian grammar / lessons, in English)
 Hungarian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
 Basic Hungarian language course (book + audio files) USA Foreign Service Institute (FSI)

 Encyclopaedia Humana Hungarica 
 Introduction to the History of the Language; The Pre-Hungarian Period; The Early Hungarian Period; The Old Hungarian Period
 The Linguistic Records of the Early Old Hungarian Period; The Linguistic System of the Age
 The Old Hungarian Period; The System of the Language of the Old Hungarian Period
 The Late Old Hungarian Period; The System of the Language
 The First Half of the Middle Hungarian Period; Turkish Loan Words

 Kamus 
 Hungarian ↔ English created by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences – Computer and Automation Research Institute MTA SZTAKI (also includes dictionaries for the following languages to and from Hungarian : German, French, Italian, Dutch, and Polish)
 bab.la - Online Hungarian-English dictionary and language learning portal
 English-Hungarian-Finnish – three-language freely editable online dictionary
 Collection of Hungarian Technical Dictionaries
 Hungarian bilingual dictionaries
 Hungarian-English dictionary
 English-Hungarian dictionary
 Hungarian Verb Conjugation

Hungary
Kategori:Bahasa Uralik
Kategori:Bahasa di Hungary
Kategori:Bahasa di Romania
Kategori:Bahasa di Austria
Kategori:Bahasa di Serbia
Kategori:Bahasa di Slovakia
Kategori:Bahasa di Slovenia
Kategori:Bahasa di Ukraine