Seni bina Victoria

Istilah Seni bina Victoria dapat merujukkan pada salah satu dari sebilangan gaya seni bina yang utamanya digunakan sewaktu zaman Victoria.  Dengan yang kedua, zaman bangunan yang ia meliputi mungkin sedikit bertindih pemerintahan yang sebenarnya, 20 Jun 1837 – 22 Januari 1901, dari Ratu Victoria selepas siapa namanya diberikan, menyimpan dengan suatu adat British dan Perancis dengan mana gaya-gaya seni bina telah dinamakan selepas ratu yang memerintah.

Kepelbagaian seni bina Victoria
Gaya ditanggap sewaktu zaman Victoria

Arts and Crafts movement British
Seni bina Industri 
Painted Ladies
Queen Anne (Stick-Eastlake)
Emnpayar Kedua (seni bina)
Jacobethan (the precursor to the Queen Anne style)
Neo-Grec
Renaissance Revival
Romanesque Revival (includes Richardsonian Romanesque)

Gerakan lain dimasyhurkan sewaktu zaman itu

While not uniquely Victorian, and part of revivals that began before the era, these styles are strongly associated with the Victorian era due to the large number of examples that were erected in that period

Gothic Revival
Italianate
Neoclassicism

International spread of Victorian styles

In the early 19th century the romantic medieval gothic style appeared as a backlash to the symmetry of Palladianism, and such buildings as Fonthill Abbey were built.  By the middle of the 19th century, as a result of new technology, construction was able to develop incorporating steel as a building component; one of the greatest exponents of this was Joseph Paxton, architect of the Crystal Palace.  Paxton also continued to build such houses as  Mentmore Towers, in the still popular retrospective Renaissance styles.  In this era of prosperity and development English architecture embraced many new methods of construction, but ironically in style, such architects as Augustus Pugin ensured it remained firmly in the past. 

In Canada, Alexander Thomson was a pioneer in the use of cast iron and steel for  commercial buildings, blending neo-classical conventionality with Egyptian and oriental themes to produce many truly original structures.

In the 18th century a few English architects had emigrated to the colonies, but as the British Empire became firmly established in the 19th century many architects at the start of their careers made the decision to emigrate. Several chose the United States, and others went to Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Normally the style of architecture they adopted was those which were fashionable when they left England, though by the latter half of the century improving transport and communications meant that even quite remote parts of the Empire had access to the many publications such as The Builder magazine that enabled colonial architects to stay abreast of current fashion. Thus the influence of English architecture spread across the world. Several prominent architects produced English-derived designs around the world, including William Butterfield (St Peter's Cathedral, Adelaide) and Jacob Wrey Mould (Chief Architect of Public Works in New York City).

North America

There are also Folk and Shingle Style Victorian houses. The names of architectural styles (as well as their adaptations) varied between countries. Many homes combined the elements of several different styles and are not easily distinguishable as one particular style or another. In the USA, highly decorated houses are sometimes called gingerbread houses.

Notable Victorian era cities include Astoria, Oregon (USA), Albany, New York (USA), Boston (USA), Brooklyn (USA), Buffalo (USA), Chicago (USA), Detroit (USA), Galena, Illinois (USA), Galveston, Texas (USA), Glasgow (UK), Grand Rapids, Michigan (USA), Jersey City/Hoboken (USA), Kolkata (India), London (UK), Louisville, Kentucky (USA), Manchester (UK), Mumbai (India), Nelson, New Orleans (USA), Philadelphia (USA), Pittsburgh (USA), Richmond (USA), Saint Paul, Minnesota (USA), San Francisco (USA), St. Louis, Missouri (USA), Toronto (Canada).

In the USA, the South End of Boston is recognized by the National Register of Historic Places as the oldest and largest Victorian neighborhood in the country.South End Realty GroupSouth End Historical Society Old Louisville in Louisville, Kentucky also claims to be the nation's largest Victorian neighborhood.

Richmond, Virginia is home to several large Victorian neighborhoods, the most prominent being The Fan and Church Hill. Church Hill has the distinction of being the place where Patrick Henry gave his famous Give me liberty or give me death speech at historic Saint John's church. The Fan is best known locally as Richmond's largest and most 'European' of Richmond's neighborhoods and nationally as the largest contiguous Victorian neighborhood in the United States.

The Distillery District in Toronto contains the largest and best preserved collection of Victorian-era industrial architecture in North America. Cabbagetown is the largest and most continuous Victorian residential area in North America. Other Toronto Victorian neighbourhoods include The Annex, Corktown, Parkdale, and Rosedale.

The photo album L'Architecture Americaine by Albert Levy published in 1886 is perphaps the first recognition in Europe of the new forces emerging in American architecture."American Victorian Architecture", by Arnold Lewis and Keith Morgan. 120 photos. Dover publications, 1975

The Old West End neighborhood of Toledo, Ohio is recognized as having the largest collection of late Victorian and Edwardian homes in the United States, east of the Mississippi.Stine, L. (2005) Historic Old West End Toledo, Ohio. Bookmasters.

Carroll Avenue in Los Angeles contains that city's highest concentration of Victorian homes.

Australia

In Australia, the Victorian period is generally recognised as going from 1840 to 1890. There were fifteen styles that predominated:A Pictorial Guide to Identifying Australian Architecture, Apperly (Angus and Robertson) 1994, pp.40-97
 Victorian Georgian
 Victorian Regency
 Egyptian Academic Classical
 Free Classical
 Filigree Mannerist
 Second Empire
 Italianate Romanesque
 Tudor
 Academic Gothic Free Gothic
 Rustic Gothic
 Carpenter Gothic
The Arts and Crafts style and Queen Anne style are placed in the Federation Period, from 1890 to 1915.A Pictorial Guide to Identifying Australian Architecture, pp.132-143

See also
 Victorian decorative arts
 Victorian house
 Albert Levy (photographer)
 Coffin corner (architecture)
 Georgian  architecture
 Gallery of Victorian styles in Sydney

References

Dixon, Roger and Muthesius, Stephan. Victorian architecture. Thames & Hudson: 1978. ISBN 0-500-18163-2
Prentice, Helaine Kaplan, Rehab Right, Ten-Speed Press. ISBN 0-89815-172-4, includes descriptions of different Victorian and early 20th Century architectural styles common in the San Francisco Bay Area, particularly Oakland, and detailed instructions for repair and restoration of details common to older house styles.

External links
History and Style of Victorian Architecture and Hardware
 Manchester, a Victorian City
 Photographs of Victorian Homes in Hamilton, Ontario Canada
 Victorian era architecture in San Francisco, California
 Victorian era architecture and history in Buffalo, New York
 Architectural influences on  Victorian style

Kategori:Architectural history
Kategori:British architecture