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प्रयूक्त शब्द  विशेष संदर्भ/अर्थ छटा 3  4

इंग्रजी मराठी  संज्ञा

 इंग्रजी  मराठी इंग्रजी  मराठी इंग्रजी  मराठी इंग्रजी  मराठी इंग्रजी  मराठी इंग्रजी  मराठी 
भाषांतर

Saliva (also referred to as spit , spittle or slobber) is the watery   लाळ(यास 'थुंका' वा 'थुंकी' असेही म्हणतात) हा तरल(पाण्यासमान)  असूनand usually frothy substance produced in the mouths of humans  मानवांच्या तोंडात and most other animals. Saliva is produced in  व बहुतेक प्राण्यांच्या तोंडात तयार होतोand secreted from the salivary glands.  व लाळग्रंथीपासून तयार होतो व स्त्रवतो.Human saliva is composed mostly of  water,  मानवी लाळेत बहुतकरून पाणी असते वbut also includes electrolytes, mucus, antibacterial compounds,  इलेक्ट्रोलाइट,कफ आणि जीवाणुविरोधी घटक and various enzymes.  व वेगवेगळे पाचकरस असतात.As part of the initial process of food digestion, the enzymes in the saliva break down some of the starch and fat in the food at the molecular level.  अन्नपचनाची प्राथमिक क्रिया म्हणुन त्यातील पाचकद्रव्ये विघटीत होउन मॉलीक्युलर पातळीवर स्टार्च व फॅट सोडतात.Saliva also breaks down food caught in the teeth, लाळ ही दातात अडकलेले अन्न पण सोडविते/तोडते.  protecting them from bacteria that cause decay. Furthermore, saliva lubricates and protects the teeth, the tongue,  त्यास दातांची झिज करणाऱ्या  जीवाणुंपासुन वाचविते,यापुढेही,लाळ ही,दात,जीभ यांचेसाठी वंगणाचे व सुरक्षेचे काम करते and the tender tissues inside the mouth. व तसेच तोंडातील नाजुक तंतुसाठीहीSaliva also plays an important role in tasting food by trapping thiols produced from odourless food compounds by anaerobic bacteria living in the mouth.Christian Starkenmann, Benedicte Le Calvé, Yvan Niclass, Isabelle Cayeux, Sabine Beccucci, and Myriam Troccaz. Olfactory Perception of Cysteine−S-Conjugates from Fruits and Vegetables. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2008; 56 (20): 9575-9580 DOI: 10.1021/jf801873h मराठीVarious species have evolved special uses for saliva that go beyond predigestion. Some swifts use their gummy saliva to build their nests. Some Aerodramus swiftlet nests are made only from saliva and used to make bird's nest soup.Marcone, M. F. (2005).|| मराठी 
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|"Characterization of the edible bird's nest the Caviar of the East." Food Research International 38:1125–1134. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2005.02.008  Abstract retrieved 12 Nov 2007 Cobras, vipers, and certain other members of the venom clade hunt with venomous saliva injected by fangs. Some arthropods, such as spiders and caterpillars, create thread from salivary glands. मराठी

Functions
Digestion
The digestive functions of saliva include moistening food, and helping to create a food bolus, so it can be swallowed easily. || मराठीSaliva contains the enzyme amylase that breaks some starches down into sugar . मराठी Thus, digestion of food begins in the mouth. Salivary glands also secrete enzymes (salivary lipase) to start fat digestion. मराठी

DisinfectantsA common belief is that saliva contained in the mouth has natural disinfectants, which leads people to believe it is beneficial to "lick their wounds".  मराठीResearchers at the University of Florida at Gainesville have discovered a protein called nerve growth factor (NGF) in the saliva of mice.  मराठीWounds doused with NGF healed twice as fast as untreated and unlicked wounds;  मराठीtherefore, saliva can help to heal wounds in some species.  मराठीNGF has not been found in human saliva; however, researchers find human saliva contains such antibacterial agents as secretory IgA, lactoferrin, and peroxidase.Jorma Tenovuo: Antimicrobial Agents in Saliva—Protection for the Whole Body. Journal of Dental Research 2002, 81(12):807-809 It has not been shown that human licking of wounds disinfects them, but licking is likely to help clean the wound by removing larger contaminants such as dirt and may help to directly remove infective bodies by brushing them away. - Therefore, licking would be a way of wiping off pathogens, useful if clean water is not available to the animal or person.  मराठी

The mouth of animals is the habitat of many bacteria, some pathogenic. || मराठीSome diseases, such as herpes, can be transmitted through the mouth.  मराठीAnimal (including human) bites are routinely treated with systemic antibiotics because of the risk of septicemia. मराठी

Recent research suggests that the saliva of birds is a better indicator of avian influenza than are faecal samples."Saliva swabs for bird flu virus more effective than faecal samples"  German Press Agency December 11, 2006  Retrieved 13 November 2007 || मराठी

Non-physiological use
Saliva has anti-fog functions.|| मराठी Scuba divers commonly smear a thin layer of saliva on the inside surface of their goggles to prevent fogging. मराठीSaliva is an effective cleaning agent used in art conservation. Cotton swabs coated with saliva are rolled across a painting's surface to delicately remove thin layers of dirt that may accumulate. मराठी

Stimulation
The production of saliva is stimulated both by the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic.|| मराठी

The saliva stimulated by sympathetic innervation is thicker, and saliva stimulated parasympathetically is more watery.|| मराठी

Parasympathetic stimulation leads to acetylcholine (ACh) release onto the salivary acinar cells. ACh binds to muscarinic receptors and causes an increased intracellular calcium ion concentration (through the IP3/DAG second messenger system). || मराठीIncreased calcium causes vesicles within the cells to fuse with the apical cell membrane leading to secretion formation. ACh also causes the salivary gland to release kallikrein, an enzyme that converts kininogen to lysyl-bradykinin.  मराठीLysyl-bradykinin acts upons blood vessels and capillaries of the salivary gland to generate vasodilation and increased capillary permeability respectively.  मराठीThe resulting increased blood flow to the acinar allows production of more saliva.  मराठीLastly, both parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous stimulation can lead to myoepitheilium contraction which causes the expulsion of secretions from the secretory acinus into the ducts and eventually to the oral cavity. मराठी

Daily salivary output
There is much debate about the amount of saliva that is produced in a healthy person per day. || मराठीThe estimates range from 0.75 liters per day to 1.5 liters per day.  मराठीThis suggests that the amount produced varies from person to person. मराठीHowever, it is generally accepted that while sleeping the amount usually drops to almost zero. मराठी

Contents
Produced in salivary glands, human saliva is 98% water, but it contains many important substances, including electrolytes, mucus, antibacterial compounds and various enzymes.|| मराठी

It is a fluid containing:|| मराठी
 Water|| मराठी
 Electrolytes:|| मराठी
 2-21 mmol/L sodium (lower than blood plasma)|| मराठी
 10-36 mmol/L potassium (higher than plasma) || मराठी
 1.2-2.8 mmol/L calcium (similar to plasma)|| मराठी
 0.08-0.5 mmol/L magnesium || मराठी
 5-40 mmol/L chloride (lower than plasma)|| मराठी
 25 mmol/L bicarbonate (higher than plasma) || मराठी
 1.4-39 mmol/L phosphate|| मराठी
 Mucus. Mucus in saliva mainly consists of mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins;|| मराठी
 Antibacterial compounds (thiocyanate, hydrogen peroxide, and secretory immunoglobulin A)|| मराठी
 Various enzymes. There are three major enzymes found in saliva.|| मराठी
 α-amylase (EC3.2.1.1). Amylase starts the digestion of starch and lipase fat before the food is even swallowed. It has a pH optima of 7.4. || मराठी
 lingual lipase. Lingual lipase has a pH optimum ~4.0 so it is not activated until entering the acidic environment of the stomach. || मराठी
 Antimicrobial enzymes that kill bacteria.|| मराठी
Lysozyme|| मराठी
Salivary lactoperoxidase || मराठी
Lactoferrin|| मराठी
Immunoglobulin APage 928 in: || मराठी
Proline-rich proteins (function in enamel formation, Ca2+-binding, microbe killing and lubrication)|| मराठी
 Minor enzymes include salivary acid phosphatases A+B, N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone), superoxide dismutase, glutathione transferase, class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, and tissue kallikrein (function unknown). || मराठी
 Cells: Possibly as much as 8 million human and 500 million bacterial cells per mL.  The presence of bacterial products (small organic acids, amines, and thiols) causes saliva to sometimes exhibit foul odor.|| मराठी
 Opiorphin, a newly researched pain-killing substance found in human saliva.|| मराठी
Different reagents used to determine the content of saliva
\1. Molisch test gives a positive result of purple color that is costituent to the presence of carbohydrates|| मराठी
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