Tomate

Tomato (/təmeɪtoʊ/ bɩ /təmɑːtoʊ/) yaa bõn-yũud sẽn yaa tɩlɛ tɩ b rɩ wã, Solanum lycopersicum,http://solanaceaesource.org/content/phylogeny-0 http://eol.org/pages/392557/overview sẽn yaa tɩlem tomato. B sẽn naan n naanã yita Amerika sẽn be zĩ-zãnga, Meziik la Central Americahttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-eol-2https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-eol-2 A sẽn da wa n be tẽngã pʋgẽ wã, a ra pa tõe n paam n paam n dɩ a rɩɩb ye.<https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-eol-2 Aazteek rãmbã ra rɩt tomate b rɩɩb rɩɩb pʋgẽ, a sẽn wa n wa n wa paam n deeg a Azteek soolmã, la b sẽn wa n yã tomate wã ne a Zezi naoor a ye, b talla bõn-kãng n wa Europe, tɩ b bãng tɩ yaa bũmb sẽn yaa taab taab n da tar taab n paasd taab n paas n paasd b taab taab taab n paas. Rẽ n so tɩ b tall tomatã n kẽng tẽns a taab sẽn da be Europe soolmẽ wã yʋʋmd 1600 soabã pʋgẽhttp://eol.org/pages/392557/overview

Tomatã yaa tɩɩg ning b sẽn boond tɩ tomat tɩɩgã biis sẽn tõe n wãbe. A yita Central America, Mexico, la Etazĩni. Gom-biig ning b sẽn boond tɩ tomatl wã yita Meksik Nahuatl gom-biigã pʋgẽ. Tõe tɩ yaa Mexico tẽngã neb n da maand-a tɩ yɩ rɩɩbo. Azɛk rãmbã sẽn wa n zabd ne Ãzɛk soolmã, b ra rɩta tomat n dɩtẽ. Rẽ poore, yʋʋm kob-gĩnd a 16 soabã pʋgẽ, Erop nebã wa n kẽnga tẽns a taab pʋsẽ.http://solanaceaesource.org/content/phylogeny-0http://eol.org/pages/392557/overviewhttp://eol.org/pages/392557/overview

Tomatã yaa yũ-noog bũmb sẽn tar yõod wʋsgo. B rɩt-b-la ne manesem toor-toore: b rɩt-b-la toor-toore, bɩ b rɩt-b-la tɩ pak-ba. Tomat yaa biisã, la b nong n dɩt-a-la ne zẽedã.https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2013/apr/09/umami-fifth-tastehttps://www.britannica.com/plant/tomato

B koodda tomat buud toor-toore, dũniyã gill zugu, zĩ-sobendã pʋsẽ, la b ningda tomat-rãmb rot sẽn yaa sõma yʋʋmdã sasa fãa. Tãma tɩɩs tõe n taa mɛtɛɛr a 1 n tãag mɛtɛɛr a 3. B yaa tɩɩs sẽn pa tar pãng, tɩ b yẽgã pa tar pãng ye. B sẽn boond tɩ tomatã yaa bõn-vɩɩs sẽn pa sãamd yehttp://eol.org/pages/392557/overview

 Kudemde 

Tomato wã yaab-rãmbã sẽn yaa we-rũng rãmbã, sẽn boond tɩ Solanum pimpinellifolium, yaa sẽn be zĩ-dũniyã sẽn be zĩid-dʋʋg Amerika.https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/why-wild-tiny-pimp-tomato-so-important-180955911 B ra tara bõn-naands sẽn yaa wa pees.

A France, Itali la Erop kiidã, b sɩngame n wub tomate tɩ b yɩ bõn-naandg sẽn na yɩl n tɩge.

B ra getame tɩ yaa rɩɩb bala, b ra miime tɩ yaa bõn-vɩɩs sẽn yaa bãaga, sẽn yaa bãag sẽn tar bãaga.https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/why-the-tomato-was-feared-in-europe-for-more-than-200-years-863735/ Yaa tomatã yũudã sẽn yaa a to wã ne a sẽn tar a to wã sẽn pa tar a to n kɩt tɩ b pa mi a ye.https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/29/dining/29curi.html

A sã n yaa a sãnemã la a biisã, a tara tomatins wʋsgo, tɩ yaa bõn-wẽns la a tõe n paam-a. La a sãnemdã yaa tomatins wʋsg n yɩɩd a sãnem biisã.

Mesoamerica

B pa mi a sẽn maan wakat ning ye; yʋʋmd 500 sẽn deng a Zezi rogmã, b ra rɩt n bɩɩsd-a lame Meeksɩ kiidã la tõe tɩ zĩis a taab pʋsẽ.

B tẽedame tɩ b ra tẽedame tɩ neb nins sẽn yã tomatã bõn-buudã rɩ wã paama bãngr pãnga.https://archive.org/details/tomatoinamericae00smit_0

Tomate buud sẽn yaa kãsenga, sẽn yaa bũmbu, sẽn yaa bõn-naandg sẽn yaa bilf la sẽn yaa tɩlemdã, sẽn yita Mesoameri wã, la tõe n yaa tomate buud toor-toor sẽn yaa taab sẽn yaa taab rũndã-rũndã wã yaab sẽn pa le tar-b ye.https://web.archive.org/web/20090529225328/http://www.easthamptonstar.com/dnn/Archive/Home20080814/FoodWine/Seasons/tabid/6280/Default.aspx

Azteek rãmbã ra pa tar tomate buud toor-toor ye. B ra boond tomate-rãmbã tɩ xictomatl la tomate-roog sẽn boond tɩ tomatl (tomatillo). [1] A Bernardino de Sahagún wilgame tɩ b yãa tomate buud wʋsg Azteek wã raagẽ Tenochtitlán (Meksik tẽnga): " tomate-dãmb sẽn yaa kãense, tomate-bõones, tomate wã sẽn yaa vãadã, tomate sẽn yaa wa namse, tomate rãmb sẽn yaa wa yĩn-bõoneg", la tomate wã buud toor-toore.

A Bernardino de Sahagún goma Aztecs sẽn da maand sok-rãmb toor-toorã, kẽer ne tomate la b sẽn pa tar-b ye, n kõt-b-la tẽn-tẽnsã sok-rãmbã: "dɩɩb sok-rãmba, sok-rɩs-rɩsdba; rɩɩb sẽn yaa tɩt, kokr sẽn yaa tɩta, sok-roog sẽn yaa tɩtã, sok-n-soog sẽn yaa n-tɩt, sok-m-soog-rɩsg-rɩdga, sok-d-rɩse, sok-sõdga, sor-rɩsa, sok-a-la-rɩsem-rɩsã, sok-y-rɩ-soog, sok-o-rɩsas-rɩsɛdga, [sõd-rẽse], sok-rẽ-rɩsek, sok-soog a-soog la a-soob, sok-yo-rɩseg la a-rɩsak, sok-se, sokrɩ-rɩka, sok-no-rɩg la a-sõodga,https://books.google.com/books?id=hKVbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117

SPANISH DISTRIBUTION

Tõe tɩ yaa Spaañ ned ning sẽn boond t'a Hernán Cortés n deng n dɩk tomate sẽn yaa zulumd n kẽng Erɔp yʋʋmd 1521 wã, a sẽn deeg Aztect rãmbã tẽng ning sẽn boond tɩ Tenochtitlan, sẽn yaa Meksik tẽnga. A Pietro Andrea Mattioli sẽn yaa Itali logtor la botanik n gʋls yʋʋmd 1544 wã, b ra gomda tomate yell n yɩɩd buud fãa. A yeelame tɩ b talla tomate buud toor-toorã n wa n wa Itali. Yʋʋm piig pʋse poore, Mattioli pʋdga tomate yʋy n yeel tɩ pomi d'oro, sẽn yaa "tõnd sãnem".

B sẽn wa n kolõg Amerɩka wã, b pʋɩɩ tomatã Karayib soolmẽ wã. B leb n talla-a lame n kẽng Filip-n-taasã, tɩ b yi be n tɩ kẽng Azi soolmã sẽn be zĩ-dʋʋg-dʋʋgã, n yaool n kẽng Azi soolmẽ wã. B sẽn wa n tɩ yi wã, b ra leb n dɩka tomatã. A ra bɩɩda zĩ-kãng pʋgẽ n yɩɩd pĩnda, la a ra sɩngda a bɩɩsgo yʋʋmd 1540 wã. Tõe tɩ b rɩka-a lame tɩ pa kaoos n yaool n wa n wa sɩng n dɩtẽ, la b ra rɩta-a lame n tãag yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 17 soabã sɩngrẽ.

CHINA

Sẽn paase, b talla tomatã n wa Sɩngr yʋʋmd 1500 wã, n tõe n tɩ yi Filippiins bɩ Macao. B pʋd-a lame t'a 番茄 fānqié (dẽn-dẽn-buugã) tɩ yaa sẽn yaa pipi wã.

ITALY
A sẽn gʋls tomatã sẽn be Italya wã sɩngr bee yʋʋmd 1548 tʋʋlg kiuug rasem 31 wã, a sẽn wa n gʋls t'a Medici sẽn yaa Toska tẽnga gãda, a Cosimo de' Medici wã gãda a roogã taoor soaba n wilg-a t'a sẽn tʋm tomatã koglg sẽn yit Florent tẽnga, a Torre del Gallo wã "ra waa ne bãane".A Tomato wã ra bɩɩda b sẽn wa n wa n wa Itali wã n sɩng n yaa bõn-naandsã. Wala makre, Florent tẽnga aristokrat a Giovanvettorio Soderini gʋlsa tɩ b "ra baood-b-la b sã n yaa bõn-sõma", la b ra wubd-b-ba bal bogdẽ bɩ b sẽn be b yiri. A sẽn tõe n toeem a toor-toorã, n naan buud toor-toore, sõngame tɩ a tõog n yalg Itali wã fãa. La zĩis nins sẽn da yaa zĩ-sõngo wã, b sẽn da nong n zẽk tomate wã ra wilgdame tɩ b pa tar yõod ye. B pa rɩ-b n yɩ koodã rɩɩb ye, bala b ra pa tardd b meng ne koodã buud a taabã ye. Sẽn paase, bõn-naands nins sẽn tar bãaga la sẽn pa tõe n dɩ wã kɩtame tɩ neb wʋsg pa rat n dɩ bɩ b segl buud a to ye.Italy zĩis kẽer wala Florence, b ra rɩtga yʋngã wa b sẽn dat n maan tɩ b maan tɩ b yɩ rɩɩb sẽn yaa sõma n yaool n kẽed ne tẽn-tẽngã rɩɩb wɛɛngẽ yʋʋm 17 bɩ yʋʋm 18 yʋʋm kob-gĩndẽ.B yiisga pipi rɩɩb sebrã ne tomate wã rɩɩb lagem-n-taar yʋʋmd 1692 Neapol, la b wilgame tɩ b ra paamda-b lame. 

Yʋʋm kobs-gĩnd sẽn pʋglã pʋgẽ, b ra modgdda buud toor-toor n na n dɩt tomate, tomate, pizza tomate, la tomate sẽn na yɩl n tall-b wakat sẽn zãra. B mii buud-goam kãensã ne b sẽn yi zĩig ning b sẽn yi wã wala b sẽn boond-b ne b toor-toor yʋya. Wala makre, b tõe n yãa Pomodorino del Piennolo del Vesuvio, sẽn yaa "Vesuvius tomatã sẽn nong n gãnegd", wall San Marzano plum tomatã b sẽn boond tɩ San Marzano tomatã.

BRITAIN
Sẽn deng yʋʋmd 1590 wã, b pa le tɩt tomate Angletɛɛrã ye. A John Gerard sẽn da yaa bur-yũudda ra yaa pipi sẽn da maand-a koodã. A Gerard sẽn yiis a sebr ning sẽn boond t'a Herbal wã yʋʋmd 1597 wã, la b sẽn da maand b sẽn dat n bãng bũmb ning sẽn be tẽn-kɩremsã pʋgẽ wã, yaa b sẽn deng n gom tomatã yell Angletɛɛrã pʋgẽ wã sʋka. A Gerard ra miime tɩ b rɩta tomatã Ɛspayn la Itali. La a ra tẽedame tɩ yaa zulo.  (Sɩngr wɛɛngẽ, tɩɩgã la biis nins sẽn yaa toor-toorã tara tomatins sẽn yaa toogo, la b pa be yell wʋsg ye. Ges-y sẽn be tẽng zug.) https://archive.org/details/tomatoinamericae00smit_0 17 

Be La yʋʋmd 1800 soabã sʋka, b rɩta tomate wʋsgo Brãtã. La yʋʋmd 1800 wã saabẽ wã, sebr a yembr (Encyclopædia Britannica) yeelame tɩ b ra rɩta tomatã "daar fãa" sobgẽ, burã pʋgẽ, la b ra rɩt-a-la bũmbu. B ra pa kẽed ne ned sẽn pa mi b mens rɩɩbã pʋgẽ ye, la baa ne yʋʋm 1820 wã b sẽn wilg tɩ b yaa "b sẽn yãgd wʋsg tõnd tɩɩs teed fãa pʋsẽ" la b "tũudd tõnd kok-dãmb fãa sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩd fãa", b goma b sẽn bɩɩsd-b zẽedẽ wã yell hal tɩ b "sãame ne b sẽn yãendẽ wã", tɩ b sẽn tũnugd ne-b n dɩtẽ wã ra yaa ne Itali wã bɩ Zuif rãmbã rɩɩb sẽn yaa toor-toorã. [18] Wala makre, a Elizabeth Blackwell sẽn gʋls sebr ning pʋgẽ, b wilgame tɩ b rɩta a "Love Apple (Amoris Pomum) " ne kaam la vinɛtɛg Itali, wa b sẽn dɩka a UK. https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/ext/dw/2449056RX1/PDF/2449056RX1.pdf

MIDDLE EAST
A John Barker sẽn yaa Britani konsul sẽn da be Alep yʋʋmd 1799 n tãag yʋʋmd 1825 wã n kɩt tɩ b zẽk tomatã tẽns a taab sʋka.https://web.archive.org/web/20110908042910/http://yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php?title=British_Consuls_in_Aleppohttps://books.google.com/books?id=6QUZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA519 Yʋʋm kobs a 19 soabã pʋgẽ, b wilgame tɩ b rɩta a bõn-naandgã wa rɩɩb sẽn yaa sõma. Yʋʋmd 1881 wã, b wilgame tɩ b rɩta-a lame " yʋʋm pis-naas sẽn looge". https://books.google.com/books?id=pnkrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA223 Rũndã-rũndã, tomate yaa tẽns a taab sẽn be tẽns a taab sʋka. B rɩt-a lame n dɩt-a-la.https://www.thecollector.com/history-of-tomato/

UNITED STATES
Sẽn deng n be wã, b ra gomda tomate sẽn be Etazĩni soolmẽ wã yelle. A gomdã yita yʋʋmd 1710 soabã, tɩ logtor a William Salmon sẽn yaa bi-bɩɩgã togs tɩ b yã-b-la Karolɛn sẽn be Zu-soab-Kõrɩla.https://archive.org/details/tomatoinamericae00smit_0 25 Tõe tɩ b yi Karayib soolmẽ wã n wa n wa n tɩ be. Yʋʋmd 1800 wã sʋka, b ra bɩɩda b koodã Karolɛn soolmã pʋ-tẽnsã pʋsẽ, la tõe tɩ b bɩɩda b buud-goam a taabã me. A Thomas Jefferson sẽn dɩ tomate Pari wã tʋma bõn-buud kẽer Amerɩka.https://archive.org/details/tomatoinamericae00smit_0 28 Amerik rãmb kẽer sẽn da wa n gomd tomatã rɩɩb wɛɛngẽ wã sʋka, yaa a Michele Felice Cornè ne a Robert Gibbon Johnson.https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/22432 Amerik rãmb wʋsg ra getame tɩ tomate yaa zuloeese, la tɩ b ra bʋd-b lame n yɩɩd tɩ b ra rɩt-b ye. Yʋʋmd 1897 wã, a W. H. Garrison goma ne New York Medico-Legal Society n yeel tɩ "b ra tẽedame tɩ tomatã yaa hal tɩlɛ". A tẽegame t'a yãadem wakate, b ra boond tomatã tɩ "nongr-maan-maan-man-man-maan-maand" la b ra zãgs-b lame tɩ b yaa "Sʋtãan tãnd". [25]   

A Alexander W. Livingston paama a sẽn naan tomat buud toor-toor zags ne kom-biisã pʋgẽ wã yĩnga. [26]    

A Henry Tilden sẽn da be Iowa wã ne a Dr. A ra bee Baltimore. https://archive.org/details/yoa1937 A U.S. Yʋʋmd 1937 soabã, b sẽn boond tɩ "Department of Agriculture" wã seb-vãoog pʋgẽ, b yeelame tɩ "sẽn yɩɩd fãa, a Livingston-rãmbã sẽn tõog n bãng tɩ tomatã yaa sõma n paase, kɩtame tɩ b tõog n paam buud toor-toor sẽn yaa sõma n paase".   

A Livingston rog-n-soab a yembr sẽn boond t'a Paragon wã ra sɩngame yʋʋmd 1870, tɩ b sɩng tomatã bɩɩb tʋʋmd sẽn yaa kãseng tẽn-kãng pʋgẽ.https://web.archive.org/web/20110111123746/http://www.ci.reynoldsburg.oh.us/about-reynoldsburg.aspxhttps://archive.org/details/yoa1937 Yʋʋmd 1875 wã, a wa n wilga a sẽn naan n naan n naan a tomatã ne a taabã yʋʋm pis-naas la a nu.   

A Livingston sẽn wa n sɩng n na n naan tomate wã tɩ b lebg kom-biisã, a ra ratame tɩ tomate wã yɩ sõma, tɩ b tall-a tɩ b tall a meng n dɩt a yõodo, la a ra yaa sõma.[30] A ra tara bõn-naandb toor-toorã sẽn yɩɩd piig la a yopoe.  Rũndã-rũndã, b bɩɩda bõn-buudã tẽns a taab pʋsẽ.  

Sẽn yaa tɩlae ne bõn-buud-kãngã sẽn nong tʋʋlgã tɩ b bɩɩd wakat sẽn kaoos yĩnga, Etazĩni soolmã sẽn be wĩntoog pʋga soolmẽ wã, tẽns wʋsg lebga tomat pʋɩɩb sẽn yaa kãsenga, sẽn yɩɩd fãa Floride la Kaliforni.[31] Kaliforni, b bɩɩda tomate tɩ b na n kõ-b-la koom tɩ b tõe n tɩgs-b tɩ b tɩgs-ba, tɩ b na ne-b tɩbgd-ba, la b tɩgs b tomate.[32] Kaliforni karẽn-biis roogã (UC Davis) lebga tomatã wɛɛngẽ vaeesg zĩiga.[33] Tãmri wã sẽn yaa b sẽn boond tɩ C.M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center wã yaa b sẽn naan n yãg t'a yaa b sẽn tar kom-bɩɩsã, b sẽn tar rog-n-tɩrsã la b sẽn maand tomatã buud toor-toore.  B pʋd b yʋʋr t'a Dr. Charles M. Rick sẽn ki wã yĩnga, sẽn yaa tomatã genetik yel-bũndã taoor soaba.

Modern commercial varieties
Sẽn yaa tɩlae tɩ tomate wã bɩt n lebg wa roog sẽn yaa miuug n yaa wa a sẽn yaa wa a yaa wa a pa tar sukri. Vẽng-kãngã zĩndame yʋʋm 20 soabã sʋka, b sẽn yã tɩ b yãenda "u" sẽn yaa bõn-vɩɩs sẽn lebg tɩlɛ, tɩ b pʋd-a woto, bala a biisã bɩɩma wa b sẽn datã. B ra pa tar b sẽn da tar b sẽn pa tar b b sẽn pa tõe n dɩk b sẽn pa maand b sẽn pa segd n dɩk b b sẽn da maand b sẽn maandã n kõ-b b sẽn pa mi b sẽn tõe n dɩk-b n kõ-ba. Sẽn deng tɩ b sɩng bõn-kãnga, tomate wʋsg ra yaa sũ-noog la b yũuda sõma.https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23517955https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/29/science/flavor-is-the-price-of-tomatoes-scarlet-hue-geneticists-say.html 

B wilgame tɩ b tõe n kɩtame tɩ b tɩg-bilã sẽn yaa karbõnd sẽn be biisã pʋgẽ wã sẽn yaa 10 - 20% wã lebg fotosynteze, tɩ b tõe ne-a b sẽn maand b toorẽ biis nins sẽn yaa U fenotypã pʋgẽ wã pʋgẽ. A u- genetikã rogemã yaa bũmb sẽn kɩt tɩ b naan tũ ne kloroplast sẽn yaa sõma n pa tar bark sẽn yaa sõma wã, n kɩt tɩ b sã n wa paam tɩ b bɩɩsd biisã, b sã n lebg sãnem-biis sẽn yaa vẽenega, la b kɩt tɩ sukr sẽn be bĩngdã pʋgẽ wã boog ne 10-15%. Tõe tɩ yaa sẽn yɩɩd b rolã fotosynteze wã, b leb n modgdda biis nins sẽn be klorooplastã sẽn wa n yaa klorofil-bees sẽn pa tar-b ye, tɩ b maand karotenoid nins sẽn yaa likopɛn, β-karotɛn la metabolites a taabã sẽn yaa bõn-naandsã la rɩtgã sẽn yaa sõma. B sẽn tar pãng ne chloroplasts sẽn be U fenotype wã sẽn yaa yĩn-gãong sẽn yaa yĩnsã zutã yaa nafd-n-taase, la b pa tar yõod ne b sẽn bas tɩ yĩn-golem sẽn yaa yĩnnã sẽn yaa yĩngr sẽn yaa kãn-kãe tɩ b pa be tɩgãsgã sẽn yaa kãnsã pʋgẽ ye. Rẽ n so tɩ b sã n maan bõn-buud sẽn tar teed sẽn tar teed n tar b toorẽ wã, b segd n baoo b mens n tõog n maan bũmb ning sẽn yaa sõma. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24723405 

Sẽn paase, b modgdame tɩ b naan tomate buud toor-toor sẽn tar tomate, tɩ b tõog n tall tomate bõn-vɩɩs sẽn tar pãng n paasdẽ, la b tõog n maand bũmb nins sẽn pa tõe n maan ye.https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:736072https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118061015.ch9 La b sẽn maan woto wã kɩtame tɩ b pa rat n maan bũmb ning sẽn pa noom tomate biisã ye. Wala makre, b sẽn yeel tɩ b pa tar tɩbgdã yaa bũmb sẽn kɩt tɩ tomatã biisã pa tar tɩbã. B sẽn dat tɩ b tall bũmb ning b sẽn da pa ratã bɩ b sẽn da tarã n kẽes b plantã pʋgẽ, b wilgame tɩ b rɩkda bũmb ning b pa ratã. Tʋʋm-kãnga yaa sẽn kẽed ne sẽn dat-a wã, la sẽn kẽed-a ne sẽn dat n maan to-to wã. Sẽn na yɩl n paam tɩ b bãng tɩ b sẽn na n maan bõn-naandgã yaa sõma, yaa vẽeneg tɩ b na n kɩtame tɩ b bãng t'a yaa bõn-naandsã me n na n paam tɩbsg.https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:736072

Bãngdb n sɩng n tũnugd ne tomat buud toor-toor sẽn be weoogẽ wã n maand tomat buud nins b sẽn boond rũndã-rũndã tɩ tomatã. Wala makre, tomatã buud sẽn be weoogẽ wã tõe n tara biis sẽn yaa kãn-kãe (sẽn tɩ loe ne sũ-sãang sẽn yaa kãn-kãe) bɩ b tõe n tõoga bãas sẽn wat ne bã-kɩdsã, wala makre, b tõe n tõoga Alternaria solani sẽn yaa bã-kɩdsã. Baasg zãnga, manesem kãngã tara a pãn-komsem bala, b sã n dɩk zʋg-sõma kẽer wala bãag-kɩɩsdb sẽn tõe n tõog tɩ bãag-kɩɩsdb ra tõog n tõog n kʋ-ba, tõe n sãama bõn-vɩɩs a taab wala biisi.https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118061015.ch9https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10327-006-0299-3

ETYMOLOGY
Gomdã tomate yita Spaans tomate wã pʋgẽ, tɩ gomdã yita Nahuatl gomdã tomatl [ˈtomat͡ɬ] pronunciationoni, sẽn dat n yeel tɩ "tõnd biis".https://www.etymonline.com/?term=tomato A Galen n da boond tɩ lycopersicum tɩ rat n yeelame tɩ "dõnd peesga", la a ra tũnugda ne-a n wilgd tɩɩg sẽn pa bãng ye. Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 16 soabã pʋgẽ, a Luigi Anguillara ra tagsdame tɩ a Galen lycopersicum tõe n yɩɩ tomatã, la baa ne ned sẽn pa tõe n bãng a sẽn yaa tomatã ye, lyocpersicum kẽnga bãngrã pʋgẽ tɩ b boond-a tɩ yʋy.https://books.google.com/books?id=7ALkF3ZIfCkC&pg=PA343 

 Gom-noor 
Tãmri wã sẽn yaa to-to wã yaa /təˈmeɪtoʊ/ tə-MAY-toh (Tãmri America sẽn yaa toay ne Inglesã) la /təˈmɑːtoʊ/ Tə-MAH-toh (Brãtlessã Inglesã pʋgẽ).http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/tomato A Ira ne a George Gershwin yɩɩl ning sẽn yaa "Let's Call the Whole Thing Off" (1937), b sẽn gʋls n wilg tɩ b gomd a yiib n yɩɩdã yaa "We like /pəˈteɪtoʊ/ and I like /pεˈtɑːtoʊ/ / You like /təˈmeɪtoʊ / and I like/təˈmɑːtoʊ /", la b lebg gom-biis sẽn wilgd tɩ b gomd n gomd a taabã. [b sẽn na n togse] Sẽn yaa to-to, a lebga Amerika la Britani wã sẽn boond tɩ slangã: b sã n yeel tɩ "/təˈmeɪtoʊ təˈmɑːtoʊ/" tɩ b yãkd-a ne sogs a yiib, a tõe n yeelame tɩ "Bɩ bõe n welg-a?" bɩ "Bɩ m bãng tɩ pa rẽ ye".https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/70606/can-i-use-you-say-tomato-i-we-say-x-in-the-exactly-same-manner-as-we-agre

Botany

Tomato tɩɩs yaa tɩɩs sẽn yaa waand sẽn sɩng ne b sẽn pa tar pãng n tõe n bɩ n ta m 3 wã, baa ne b sẽn dogd b sẽn yaa b sẽn tar n yaa b sẽn yaa kʋɩl-n-tɩrsã, sẽn yaa b sã n yaa b zut sẽn ta cm 100 bɩ b sẽn yaa bilfã. B sẽn pa mi b sẽn na n yɩ to-to wã yaa "bõn-n-tɩrs" sẽn yaa yʋʋm wʋsgo, la b kiidda yʋʋm fãa zĩ-wɛgd sẽn yaa zĩ-sõngo (b yaa sẽn be tãnga sẽn be tãm-n-goamẽ wã) la baa b sã n be zĩig sẽn pa miẽ, b tõe n vɩɩ yʋʋm a tãabo. B sẽn yãkd b toor-toor wã yaa yʋʋmdã buud fãa pʋgẽ.

Tomate tɩɩsã yaa bõn-buud sẽn tar bẽedã, la b bɩt n yaa rũms sẽn tar bĩng n tar bẽdgã. La b sã n wa n wa n pa le paasd b tɩɩsã bɩ b sã n pa le tar b tɩɩsã, b na n lebga b tɩɩsã.
Tomate tɩɩs yaa b sẽn yaa b sẽn pa tar b mensã, tɩ rat n yeel tɩ b yaa b sẽn tar bĩis sẽn yaa bilf n yãg-b. Sẽn yaa to-to wã, sã n yaa tɩ tɩɩgã sẽn tar pãng n pa tar koomã, a sã n wa tar pãng n ka tar pãng n na n paam tɩ tɩɩgã lebg wa yẽgdo. 

Sẽn yɩɩd tomate tɩɩsã tara vãad sẽn yaa toor-toorã, la b boond-b tɩ tɩ b tɩɩs nins sẽn tar vãad sẽn pa tarã, la b buud kẽer tara vãad nins sẽn yaa toor sẽn pa to wã sẽn boond tɩ b sẽn wõnd b roagdb a taabã yĩnga. RL tɩɩs pʋsẽ, b sã n tar rog-n-tɩrs wala rugose vãad sẽn tar gãn-n-taag wʋsg la a sã n tar angora vãad sẽn yaa toor-toorã, b sãn tar sãn-tɩrse, tɩ rog-n'taag sẽn yaa toor ne rog-toorã kɩtdame tɩ b yiis klorofilã vãadã pʋ-peelem kẽer pʋgẽ. [46] 
Bã-bã-b-la ne b sãnem sẽn yaa cm 10-25 (4-10), la b yaa b sẽn pa mi b sẽn tõe n yã bũmb ning fãa, la b tar b sõor sẽn yaa cm 8 n tãag ne b sãn-soab a nu. [Tõnd sẽn na n tool-y neda] 

B sã n tar b tɩtã, b na n kɩtame tɩ b tɩtã naag taab n yɩ wa b sẽn naan n yãg n yãg b tɩtã. Rõ-rãmbã yaa bĩ-pugli la b tõe n tɩg b mens.[49] A sẽn yaa a soabã, a sẽn yaa a soabã yaa a soab ning sẽn yaa a soaba. Bãadã tara samd a yiib ne a yiib n yaa sãnem, la b yaa wa b sẽn tar tãag a tãab n yaa a 12 n tall taaba. 

Baa ne rɩɩb wɛɛngẽ, b get tomatã wa tɩɩs sẽn yaa tɩlɛ, b get a biis wa b sẽn boond tɩ bɛɛrã.  A yaa biis sẽn yaa sɩda, a bɩɩsda a tɩɩgã tɩʋʋgẽ, a namsgã sẽn yaa a yagsã.

Dɩt-kãnga

Yʋʋmd 1753 wã, a Linnaeus kɩtame tɩ tomatã lebg Solanum (a sẽn be a potɛɛgã sɛɛgẽ) tɩ b boond t'a Solanum lycopersicum. Yʋʋmd 1768 wã, a Philip Miller kɩtame tɩ b lebg a meng buud n pʋd-a tɩ Lycopersicon esculentum. [54] B ra tũnugda ne yʋ-kãng wʋsg, la a ra pa tũud tɩɩs yʋʋr noy ye, bala a Linnaeus sẽn da boond-a tɩ lycopersicum wã ra ket n tar yõod wʋsgo. Baa ne a Karsten sẽn yeel tɩ Lycopersicum lycopersicam wã yaa naam sẽn da be wã (1888), b pa tũnug ne-a ye, bala a kɩɩsda tẽn-tẽngã nomenklaturã kode[55] sẽn gɩdg tɩ b ra tũnug ne tautonim dãmb sẽn be botanik nomenklaturasã pʋgẽ ye. B sẽn maneg n wilg tɩ b boond-a tɩ Lycopersicon lycopersicum (Nicolson 1974) wã yaa sõma, bala a Miller yʋʋr la a Linnaeus yʋʋr yaa toor ne taab b sẽn gʋls to-to wã wɛɛngẽ. La b sẽn da wa n boond-a t'a Lycoperticon esculentum wã, b wilgame t'a yaa nom conservandum yʋʋmd 1983 wã, la yaa yʋ-peelem sẽn yaa sõma t'a gom tomatã yell sẽn pa be Solanum buudẽ wã pʋgẽ. [Tõnd sẽn na n tool-y neda] 

Sẽn yaa to-to wã, b wilgame tɩ a Linnaeus ra tara bʋʋm n yeel t'a Solanum yaa tomat buud ning b sẽn boond tɩ Solanum lycopersicum wã. [1] [56] La tõe tɩ b na n paama yʋy a yiibã fãa sɛbã pʋgẽ wakat bilf pʋgẽ. Bũmb a yiib sẽn kɩt tɩ b segd n yãk b buud toor-toor yaa b sãbgã sẽn yaa to-to wã (tomaat sãbgã yaa toor ne Solanum buud a taabã) la b sẽn maand bũmb nins sẽn yaa toor-toorã (tomaata wã pʋgẽ, b pa tar alkaloid-rãmb wʋsg sẽn yaa to - to wã buud toor-toore ye). La b tõe n maana tomate la potɛk sẽn yaa b sẽn boond tɩ diploidã, tɩ b lebg b toor-toor n tõog n tɩge.[57]

GENETICS AND GENETIC MODIFICATIONS
 Genome 
Yʋʋmd 2009 yʋʋm-rɩt kiuugã, b kɩtame tɩ b yiis genomã version sẽn deng n yiisdã..B publisga genome wã sẽn yaa sõma n paas ne Heinz 1706 buudã yʋʋmd 2012 kiuug rasem 31 wã "Nature (journal) " pʋgẽ..Sẽn paase, b sẽn yiisd b sẽn dat n bãng b sẽn maand yʋʋm 2021 wã ra tara MB 799 la b gʋlsda proteẽn 34 384 (b sẽn tog n togsã), sẽn tar chromosome 12 zugu.  

 Genetic modification 

Sẽn mik tɩ biis a taab wʋsg, wala bãnã, a pɔllã, a melonsã la a banana wã tara zʋg-sõma la rog-n-tɩrs a taaba, bãngdbã yeelame tɩ b sẽn yiis b yagen wã tõe n sõngame tɩ rɩɩb sõma, rɩɩb siglgã yɩ sõma, la tɩ b boog b biis nins fãa ligd. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-63

Sẽn deng n wa n yaa rɩɩb sẽn da yaa toor-toorã n paam n paam n dɩ wã yaa tomat sẽn boond tɩ Flavr Savr, sẽn da yaa sẽn na yɩl n tall wakat sẽn kaoos n pa tõe n dɩ ye.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-64 La b pa le tõe n paam-a tɩ b ra wa koosd-a ye. Sãn-kẽndr dãmbã ket n maandda tomate ne bõn-paals nins b sẽn pa tar tɩ b tõe n paam n dɩt-b ye. Wala makre, b sẽn pa tõe n maan bũmb nins sẽn sãamd tẽngã zugã, b sẽn namsd tẽngã la b sẽn pa rat n dɩt tomate wã, wall b sẽn nong-b n dɩt a yũ-noogo. [Tõnd sẽn na n tool-y neda]

Bõn-vɩɩs rogem

Tomato Genetic Resource Center wã, Germplasm Resources Information Network wã, AVRDC wã, la tẽn-bɛdã fãagr wʋsg sẽn be dũniyã gill zugã b bĩngda bõn-buud sẽn makd bõn-buuda sẽn tar yõod wʋsg ne zem-gãongã rũndã-rũndã wã. B sẽn dɩkd bõn-buudã b tõe n dɩka n dɩka b sẽn zemsã n dɩka. Baa ned kam fãa sẽn maand a toor-toorã sẽn tõe n wa paam n paam n womd bõn-naands wʋsgo, b sẽn maand tomate wã wʋsg yaa karẽn-biis la tẽn-gãong tʋʋmde. Rẽ kɩtame tɩ b tõog n naan naan naanse, n naan naan rog-n-tɩrsã la b rog-nẽmsã, wala t'a Karolina sẽn be tãngã pʋga. Kom-bɩɩs nins sẽn tar a Heinz, a Monsanto, a BHNSeed la a Bejoseed wã tara rogem program sẽn baood n na n sõng tɩ b tõog n tall n tall n kõ-b la b tall n tall b toor-toor. [Tõnd sẽn na n tool-y neda]

Dãm-biis la namsg
Botanik wɛɛngẽ, tomate yaa biis - bẽed sẽn yaa tɩm-kaagã, ne a bõn-buudã sẽn tar bloogã.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-65La b get tomate wã wa "kook-kookã" bala, a sũ-mã yaa sik sẽn ka ta kook-koogã ye. Sẽn yɩɩd a sẽn yaa wa sẽn yaa wa kʋdemdã, a yaa salad bɩ rɩɩb sẽn yaa pipi rɩɩb pʋgẽ, la pa wa rɩ-sɛgd ye.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-66 La pa tomate bal n yaa rɩɩb ning bal sẽn tar bũmbu-kãnga ye. Bãadã, kom-bõonegã, legendã, aubergine wã, a avocado wã, la b b bẽedã buud fãa (bõnd sẽn yaa ko-ko-ko-kẽe wã, la a ko-koom-kẽẽe wã) yaa bõn-buud sẽn yaa biis la b rɩt bũmbu.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-67

Sẽn yaa tɩlae tɩ b bãng tɩ tomate yaa tɩɩs bɩ tɩɩs n kɩt tɩ b pa wʋmd a võore, kɩtame tɩ b pa le tõe n wʋmd a võor sõma. Yʋʋmd 1887 wã, Etazĩni wã sẽn da yãkd sɛb n na n yiisd tomate wã tɩ b ra segd n dɩkd-a-la ne koodã, la ka tɩ b rɩkd-a ne biisã, kɩtame tɩ tomate wã paam n lebg bũmb sẽn yaa tɩlae ne-a. A Nix v. Hedden bʋʋdã pʋgẽ, Etazĩni bʋ-kaood-kãsengã kɩtame tɩ b tõog n welg zu-loees nins sẽn da be wã yʋʋmd 1893 soabã kiuug rasem 10 wã, n yeel tɩ tomatã yaa tɩɩs sẽn yaa tɩrs sẽn yaa nebã sẽn get tɩ tɩɩsã yaa tɩrs tɩrsã. B rɩt-b lame tɩ b rɩtẽ, la pa b rɩt-ba.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-68A Zeova Kaset rãmbã sẽn da pa sak n deeg tɩ b yãkd tomate wã n kõ-a wã, b yeelame tɩ b segd n maana woto.

Bãagrã
Tomate wã yaa bõn-buud sẽn yaa sõma n tõe n dɩ wã yĩnga, la a yaa buud toor-toor n be dũniyã gill zugu.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-69 B ra tara bur sẽn tar NPK sẽn yaa 5-10-10 n yaa tomate bɩ tɩɩs yemde, la b ra tara bur la komost me. [ tɩb sẽn dat n togs tɩ ] Ne taale, tomatã bõn-buud a yembr pʋgẽ, yaa bõn-buudu 150,000.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-70

Yão-rãmbã


D sã n wa tar tomate buud toor-toor, b tõe n sega bãag-dãmb wʋsgo. Rũndã-rũndã, b geta bãag-dãmb sẽn pa tar pãng n yɩɩd b sẽn tar-b wã yelle.

D sã n wa tar tomate, d tõe n paama bãag toor-toor n wilg tɩ d pa tar bãag ye. Bõn-kãens yaa:

•LB – 'late blight'[71]

•V – verticillium wilt

•F – fusarium wilt strain I

•FF – fusarium wilt strain I and II

•N – nematodes

•T – tobacco mosaic virus, and

•A – alternaria.

Dʋma wã bãag sẽn yaa to-to wã yaa tabako mog-n-taag virus. Sigarɛtã la tabako bõn-naands a taab sẽn tar bãaga tõe n kɩtame tɩ b kʋ kʋrã tomatã tɩɩsã. [72] 

La bãag a to sẽn yaa kãseng n yɩɩd yaa bãag sẽn yaa wa b sẽn boond tɩ "curly top", sẽn yaa bãag ning sẽn wat ne bãagã sẽn pa tar pãng n tõe n kɩt tɩ b vɩɩmã pa le yɩ sõma ye. Wala b sẽn boond-a wã sẽn wilgdã, a yaa bõn-kãng sẽn kɩtd tɩ tɩɩgã vãadã fãa lebg tɩlem n bɩ. [Tõnd sẽn na n tool-y neda]

Baktéri wã sẽn yaa bãag sẽn yaa to-to wã yaa bãag a to sẽn namsd ned sẽn pa tar koomã. [73]

Dũniyã pʋgẽ

Did sã n dat n bãng tɩ b yaa b sẽn boond tɩ tomate wã, b tõe n yãame tɩ b yaa tomate bugs, b sẽn boond t'a bugs sẽn yũud rãam, b yaa tomat bugs la b yaa tabako bugs, a yaa b sẽn yaa b sẽn dat n yãame, a yaa a ye, a yaa bu-rɩt-rɩta, a yaa bi-pugs la a yaa b b sẽn boond n dat n yãag tomate wã.[74] Tomate russet mite, Aculops lycopersici, rɩta tomate tɩɩs vãs la biis sẽn yaa kom-bɩɩs n kɩt tɩ b sãn-bɩɩsã, b zẽedã la b biis wã lebg kãn-kãe, n tõe n kʋ tɩɩgã. [75] 

Bãadã sẽn wa n zabd tomate tɩɩsã, b yiisda seb-kãng sẽn boond tɩ systemin. A systeminã sõngdda kogendã, wala protease inhibitorã sẽn na n kɩt tɩ bugumã bɩʋʋg boogdẽ. B ra deng n bãnga hormoonã tomate wã pʋgẽ, la b yãame tɩ b yãenda proteẽ-rãmb sẽn wõnd woto buud toor-toorã pʋsẽ. [76] 

La bãag sã n pa be, koom sẽn pa zemsã tõe n kɩtame tɩ biis nins sẽn bɩ bɩtã wã wã wã wãlem. Sẽn paasd bõn-naandsã sãoong, b tõe n kɩtame tɩ b sã n wa sãame, tɩ b sãame, b tõeeme n maag b biis wʋsgo. Sẽn paase, bõn-kɩdsã, tʋʋlg sẽn yaa toogo, bɩ zĩ-gãongã sẽn pa sõma tõe n kɩtame tɩ b lebg bãad sẽn yaa wa b sẽn get b zoodo. Sẽn paam-b tɩ b yũ-a wã yaa wa b sẽn tõe n dɩ, la b tõe n pa yãgd-a ye.

Dãm-d-la-la-yã

Tomate wã yaa bõn-naandb buud toor-toor sẽn be be zĩig ning fãa. mos_Latnmos_Latnmos_Latn be be be A sẽn yaa bõn-buud-kãsengã, a yaa bõn-yũud-kãseng sẽn be a pʋgẽ. A sẽn yaa a sẽn yaa a nin-vɩɩm n dɩt a sẽn yaa-a wã, a yũuda bõn-buudu sẽn tar bõn-buuda, wala a sẽn yaa bĩis-buudã. Woto yĩnga, b zẽkda b buud toor-toor ne tomate, n tar n dat n yeel tɩ parsley, Queen Anne's lace, la wakat ninga, dill. B me kẽeda rũms sẽn yaa b rãmb sẽn maand b sẽn pa tõe n yã wã n zab ne tomate. [77] 
B tẽedame tɩ b sẽn yiisd burã na n kɩtame tɩ tomat-rɩtgã lebg wa bõn-buud sẽn pa tar pãng ye.
B ra nong n nongame tɩ b rɩkd baasilik n dɩ tomatã.[79][80] Neb wʋsg yetame tɩ basil tõe n gɩdg-b lame tɩ b ra wa yũ tomate.[81] La b sẽn maan mak-sõng ne b sẽn pa yãt ye, b pa yãt t'a sẽn bʋd tomate wã yũub pa tar yõod ye.  [82][83][84]

POLLINATION
Sẽn yaa toor ne b sẽn da be zĩig ning b sẽn da pa miẽ wã, tomate ra segd n paama b toor-toor tɩ b tõe n dɩk-b n tɩge. Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n boog b tɩ-tɩ-tẽngã, tomate wã sẽn yaa bẽedã sẽn yaa b sẽn tõe n dɩk n tɩge, yaa b sẽn na n dɩk n kẽng n tɩge. B ra yaa b sẽn da be wã, la b ket n yaa b sẽn be b sẽn pa tõe n yã bũmb ning fãa. 

Sẽn mik tɩ b sẽn yiis tomate wã b sẽn da beẽ wã, b sẽn da maand b toorẽ bõn-buudã (õnda yaa halɩtid zĩm) pa tũ-b ye. [85] Sẽn yaa sõma tɩ b tõog n paam b mens n kõ kom-bɩɩsã, b yãka tomate buud sẽn yaa b toorẽ wã n na n tõog n paam bõn-kãng fãa. [85] 

Woto pa wõnd ned sẽn maand a meng polline, baa ne gom-bi-pogrã sẽn yet tɩ tomate polline.[86] Sẽn yaa to-to tɩ tomate pa tar pãng n tõog n lebg bõn-buud ye, b wilgame tɩ yaa ne zĩ-gãosgo, tɩ b sã n wa lebg bõn-bõoneg n lebg bõnã, b tõe n kɩtame tɩ b lebg bõn-naandsã n wa maan wẽnem (bõn-naandb n yaa " elektriki" sẽn boond tɩ "tõnd-bi-bi-bõone" sẽn maand ne nug-vẽenega), bɩ wakat sẽn yaa to-kãseng rũndã-rũndã wã, yaa ne b sẽn maand n maand n kõ-b koom-koglgã.  Tomate flower a antherã yaa wa b sẽn boond tɩ tomate flowerã, tɩ b tõe n yeel tɩ yaa wa b yaa b sẽn yaa b toor-toorã. Pollenã kẽeda porã pʋgẽ, la b yiisda pollen bilf bala, tɩ pa yɩlẽ tɩ b yik ye. B sẽn tõe n yiis bõn-buudã tɩ b pa tar bẽedã, yaa bõn-buudu, wala b sẽn boond tɩ bumblebee wã, bɩ b sẽn boond t'a hallictid pollinatorã. Sẽn yaa beẽ, sobg bɩ rũmsã yaa bũmb sẽn tõe n sõng tɩ b tõog n bɩɩs kood sẽn yaa sõma.

Dõn-buudã sẽn yaa

Pĩndgã la biisã sẽn watã bee meiosisã zugu. Meiosis yaa bũmb sẽn kɩt tɩ b maand tɩ b yĩnsã sẽn yaa mikrospore wã rog-rãmbã sẽn be a anterã pʋgẽ wã lebg haploid pollen grains, la b kɩt tɩ b yĩs-rãmbã meegaspore wã rog-roog sẽn be a ovari wã pʋgẽ wã lebg haploid nuklei. B tõe n kɩtame tɩ b maan b toorẽ bõn-vɩɩs n kɩt tɩ b lebg b toorẽ wã. D sã n wa paam tɩ b rog-a-la, b na n kɩtame tɩ b rog n lebg bõn-buud sẽn wat n beẽ wã. B sã n wa maand tɩ b rogd rog-n-tɩrsã naoor wʋsgo, b na n kɩtame tɩ rog-n'tɩrsã bɩɩme n lebg tomate biis. 

RAD51 sẽn yaa recA gen ning sẽn yaa a yembr ne a taabã wã tara rol sẽn tar yõod wʋsg ADN sẽn pa naag ne a taabã seglgã pʋgẽ. RAD51 homologã bee tomatã (Lycopersicon esculentum) anterã pʋgẽ, sẽn wilgd tɩ tomatã meosizã wakate, b manegda a to.[87]

Hydroponic and greenhouse cultivation
Sẽn paase, b b bĩngda tomate sẽn yaa bĩngd sẽn be zĩig sẽn yaa yɩlemdã pʋgẽ, la b b bẽdda tomate buud toor-toor wa b sẽn boond tɩ "Moneymaker" wã, la b sẽn boond t'a Sibɛɛr buud toor-toorã sẽn yaa bẽngd bẽngẽ wã. La sã n yaa zĩ-sõngo, wakat ning sã n wa ta, b sã n wa tɩ tɩgã, b sãnda sãnda sãn-koɛɛgẽ.
Sẽn paase, b pa tõe n paam tɩ b yiisd b biis wakat ning b sẽn pa tar b tɩɩsã ye. Sẽn yaa bilfã (waasã la rãamã) bɩ tomate (waas-rãmbã) yaa kom-bi-kãsems nins sẽn tʋmd ne weoog-kãsemse wã la b yãkd tɩ b yãk-ba, tɩ b yãkd n yãkd n dɩt n dɩt biisi.https://web.archive.org/web/20160520215357/http://www.growtomatoes.com/growing-in-the-greenhouse/

B tũnugda ne hidroponikã sẽn yaa sõma n tʋmdẽ, la b tũnugda ne-a n bʋd zĩig sẽn yaa sõma.

 B sẽn yãkd bõn-buudã la b sẽn bɩt-bã 
Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n zãad la b bĩng-a sõma, b nong n wʋkda a tomatã sẽn nan pa bɩ wã (a sẽn nan pa bɩ wã) la b bĩngd-a "ethylene" pʋgẽ.http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/06/14/the-true-cost-of-tomatoes/

B sẽn wa n boond tɩ tomatã buud sẽn tõe n tigs ne masĩnã (tõatã sẽn yaa "square tomatã") yaa sẽn sɩng ne yʋʋmd 1950 wã, tɩ b boond-a tɩ University of California, Davis's Gordie C. Hanna, sẽn naag ne b sẽn wa n maan koom-koglg sẽn zemsã, kɩtame tɩ tomatã kood toeeme. B geta tomatã buud-gom-kãngã yell n get a sẽn na n yɩ to-to. B geta a sẽn na n yɩ to-to, la b get a sẽn na n yɩ to-to. B tigsd-b-la b sã n bɩ, la b sã n wʋk-b bɩ b tar yũ-noog wʋsgo.B tigsd-b-la daar fãa, rasem a yopoe semen fãa, semen a 12 bɩ a 14 pʋgẽ, la b rɩk-b tao-tao n kẽng b teedã pakr zĩisẽ, tɩ b tʋmd wakat kãng bala. Kaliforni wã yaa zĩig ning b sẽn yiisd tomatã tɩ b tõe n dɩk n koos-a, la b yiisda tomatã buud fãa sẽn be dũniyã gill zugã pʋɩ-sʋk bala.http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/17/not-all-industrial-food-is-evil/

Yʋʋmd 1994 wã, a Calgene talla tomat buud a ye sẽn toeem b gene wã, n boond-a tɩ FlavrSavr, sẽn tõe n yɩ tɩɩg sẽn bɩ n pa sãam a yõor ye. Baasg zãnga, b ra pa tõogd n koosd b teedã ye, la b ra koosd-b-la hal tɩ ta yʋʋmd 1997 bala.https://doi.org/10.3733%2Fca.v054n04p6

 Yiisg 
Yʋʋmd 2012 soabã pʋgẽ, dũniyã gill zugu, b rɩka hektɛɛr milyõ 4.8 n na n tɩ kood tomatã, tɩ b koodã yaa ton milyõ 161.8. 92] Tẽnga fãa tomat kood yaa ton 33.6 ne hectare yʋʋmd 2012.https://web.archive.org/web/20150906230329/http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567

Netherlands tomate-dãmb sẽn be be wã n yaa sõma n yɩɩd yʋʋmd 2012 pʋgẽ, tɩ b sõor sẽn yaa to-to tẽngã gill zugu yaa ton 476 ne hektɛɛr a ye, tɩ Bɛlzik (ton 463 ne hektɛɛr a ye) la Iceland (ton 429 ne hektɛɛr a ye) pʋgda.http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/browse/Q/QC/E

 Gʋlsgo 

"Tomaat tɩɩgã" sẽn yaa wa neb nins sẽn kẽ koom-koglg ning sẽn boond tɩ Living with the Land sẽn be Epcot, Lake Buena Vista, Floridã sẽn yã wã

Yʋʋmd 2008 soabã pʋgẽ, tomatã sẽn da tar pãng n yɩɩd fãa wã ra tara kilo 3.51 la ra yaa "Delicious" buudã, la a Gordon Graham sẽn be Edmond, Oklahoma wã n bɩɩ-a yʋʋmd 1986 wã.https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ej0-AAAAIBAJ&pg=1822,16289918&dq=heaviest+tomato+ever&hl=en Tomatã tɩɩg ning sẽn yaa kãseng n yɩɩdã yaa "Sungold" sẽn ta metr 19,8 (feet 65), la a yɩɩ Nutriculture Ltd (UK) sẽn be Mawdesley, Lancashire, UK, yʋʋmd 2000.https://web.archive.org/web/20201231073808/http://www.nutriculture.com/index.php?option=com_zoom&Itemid=56&page=view&catid=3&PageNo=2&key=3&hit=1

Tõe tɩ "tomat tɩɩg" sẽn yaa kãseng sẽn bɩt Walt Disney World Resortã weoogã sẽn be Lake Buena Vista, Floride wã pʋgẽ wã n da yaa tomat tɩɩg sẽn yaa kãseng n yɩɩd dũniyã gill zugu. B wilgame tɩ b paama tomat 32 000 la b zɩslem taa kg 522(1,151 lb).https://web.archive.org/web/20221205152127/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-tomatoes-harvested-from-one-plant-in-one-year A ra womda tomat rãmb tusa wakat a ye bala. A Yong Huang sẽn yaa Epcot tẽn-gãongã yel-gɛtã yãa bõn-buud sẽn pa wõnd a taabã Beejing sẽn be Chine wã. A Huang talla a bõn-buudã n wa Epcot la a maan ro-gãong sẽn yaa sõma tɩ tɩɩsã tõe n bɩ. Tãm-bi-gãongã ra womda tomat sẽn yaa wa golf ballã, tɩ b ra kõt-b Walt Disney World wã rɩɩb zĩisẽ.https://web.archive.org/web/20070717063219/http://wdwnews.com/ViewImage.aspx?ImageID=101932 Tɩɩmã paama bãag la b yiis-a-la yʋʋmd 2010 tʋʋl-nif kiuugã, a sẽn vɩɩmd kiis 13 wã poore. [ original research] 

 Tʋʋmdã 
Yʋʋmd 2022 soabã pʋgẽ, tomatã b sẽn yiisd dũniyã gill zugã taa ton milyõ 186, tɩ "siãni wã yaa bãmb 37%, tɩ India, Turkey, la United States yaa bãmb n pʋgẽ.

Toxicit
Tomatã vãad la a biisi sẽn pa bɩ wã tara tomatine alkaloid sẽn yaa bõn-kɩdg sẽn tar pãng ninsaalb zugu, tɩ b nan pa vaees-a ye.https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/29/dining/29curi.html B leb n tara solanine sẽn yaa alkaloid sẽn tar yõodo, sẽn be batat vãad la tɩɩs a taab sẽn be yʋn-vẽenem pʋgẽ.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19446683https://web.archive.org/web/20140928132105/http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/chem_background/exsumpdf/chaconinesolanine_508.pdf La solanine wã sẽn be vãadã la tɩɩsã biis pʋsẽ wã yaa bilfu, tɩ pa tõe n yɩ yell ye, sã n pa tɩ b rɩt-a-la wʋsgo.

Wakat ninga, b rɩkda tomat vãad bilf n na n ning tɩ b yũ tɩ pa sãamd ye, la b rɩkda tomatã buud toor-toor sẽn pa bɩ wã biis sẽn yaa vãad n na n dɩ, sẽn yɩɩd fãa, wa tomat-rãmb sẽn yaa vãad sẽn bĩng tɩ b yõg-a.https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/29/dining/29curi.html Tomat buud a taab me n be tɩ b biisã sẽn bɩ sõma wã ket n yaa vãadã. B sã n mak-a ne zom-biisi, a solanine wã sẽn be tomat-dãmb sẽn pa bɩ bɩ sẽn bɩ sõma wã pʋgẽ wã yaa bilfu. Baasg zãnga, baa ne batayo wã, b wilgame tɩ solanine yũub sẽn wat ne b sẽn dɩt-a naoor a wãn n yɩɩd ninsaal sẽn tõe n dɩ wã yaa bũmb sẽn yaa toog wʋsgo. La b pa yãt tɩ b rɩt batayo wã wʋsg ye.https://web.archive.org/web/20140928132105/http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/chem_background/exsumpdf/chaconinesolanine_508.pdf

Tomat tɩɩsã tõe n yɩɩ tɩɩm ne wiidi, b sã n wãb biis wʋsgo, bɩ b sã n wãb tɩɩsã.https://archive.org/details/houndhealthhandb0000brev/page/404

 Salmonella 
B wilgame tɩ tomatã n wa ne bãag a yopoe sẽn boond tɩ Salmonella yʋʋmd 1990 ne 2005 sʋka,https://web.archive.org/web/20080126104725/http://www.foodsafety.ksu.edu/en/article-details.php?a=3&c=32&sc=419&id=953 la tõe tɩ yaa yẽ n wa ne bãag sẽn boond tɩ salmonellose sẽn wa ne bãas 172 Etazĩni tẽns 18 pʋgẽ yʋʋmd 2006 wã.http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/10/30/national/main2138331.shtml Yʋʋmd 2008, United States soolmẽ wã, bãag sẽn boond tɩ salmonellose wã kɩtame tɩ b yiis tomat-dãmb n yiis teedo la restoran-dãmb sẽn be Etazĩni la Kanada babs pʋsẽ,https://web.archive.org/web/20110825075739/http://www.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/city/story.html?id=0c30bbc6-5fa0-41c2-9148-f57e622c0cdd baa ne rɩɩb a taab sẽn naag ne jalapeño la serrano wã sẽn da tõe n zĩnd be.

 B sẽn tũnugd ne to-to 

 Rɩk-m-mengã 
Baa ne b sẽn yet tɩ tomatã yaa tɩɩg sẽn tar biisi, b get-a-la wa tɩɩg sẽn tar biisi. A tara umami yũ-noog sẽn tar pãnga, n yɩɩd tɩ yɩ noog wʋsgo (Ges-y sẽn be yĩngrã). A Heston Blumenthal sẽn yaa rɩ-noodã taoor soab yeelame tɩ rɩ-noodã sẽn be pʋgẽ wã tara yũ-noog n yɩɩd rũmã. B sẽn wa n maan vaeesg n yaool n yã tɩ rũmã tara glutamic acid sẽn yɩɩd rũmã naoor 11.https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/jf070791p

Baa ne b sẽn yeel tɩ tomatã yita Amerik soolmẽ wã, rũndã-rũndã, b kood-a-la dũniyã gill zugu, n dɩt-a. B tũnugda ne-a ne manesem toɛy-toɛyã, wala b sẽn ningd-a tɩ b rɩt-a tɩ pa rɩke, bɩ b sẽn ningd-a tɩ b rɩtgẽ, n paas b sẽn ningd-a rɩɩb toɛy-toɛyã pʋsẽ, wall b sẽn ningd-a ketchup bɩ tomat zũud pʋgẽ. B tõe n dɩga tomatã sẽn pa bɩ wã n maan burã, n wa rɩ-a, n maan salsa, wall b ning-a koomẽ. B koosda tomatã koom wa bõn-yũudl la b tũnugd ne-a n naan cocktails wala Bloody Mary.

Tomatã ra yaa bũmb b sẽn da rɩkd wʋsg n maand pizza wã la b sẽn maand pasta rãmb wʋsg pʋgẽ.https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2013/apr/09/umami-fifth-taste B leb n dɩta tomatã n maand Spain la Catalan wã rɩɩb wala gazpacho la pa amb tomàquet. Portiigalizã rãmb sẽn wa n be Azi soolmẽ wã yʋʋm kob-gĩnd piig la a nu soabã pʋgẽ wã, tomatã lebga bũmb sẽn tar yõod wʋsg b sẽn maand n maand curry wã pʋgẽ.

 B sẽn bĩngd-a to-to 
B sã n pa pek tomatã, yaa sõma tɩ b ning-a ro-roogo, la tɩ wĩndg ra wa yã-a ye. B pa segd n gãneg-b-la fɩrɛɛrẽ ye, bala b yaa wa zũud la b pa le tar yũ-noog ye.https://web.archive.org/web/20130214062847/http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/8116.pdfhttp://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/5000/pdf/5532.pdf

B sã n bĩng-a t'a pa kẽedẽ, tõe n kɩtame t'a pa na n sãam tao-tao ye.https://lifehacker.com/5993316/for-longer-lasting-tomatoes-store-them-stem+end-down

B tõe n ning-a-la bãag pʋgẽ t'a bɩ.https://web.archive.org/web/20130405083130/http://www.cpma.ca/en/about/areas-of-focus/vegetables#Tomato

B tõe n dɩka tomatã n bĩngi, n kẽeg-a, wall b rɩk-a n maan tomatã koom bɩ n ning-a tɩ b rɩg n ning b roogẽ. B leb n tõe n kɩtame tɩ tɩɩgã ra sãam ye. Wakat ninga, b tõe n ning-a-la wĩntoogã pʋgẽ, zĩig ning sẽn zemsã, n dɩk-a n ning bãgse, wall b ning-a ne kaam.

 Rɩɩb sẽn yaa sõma 
Tomatã yaa koom 95%, la a tara carbohydrate 4%, la a ka tar rasãnd la porɩyẽ 1% ye (Ges-y tablã). 100 gram tomatã sẽn pa rɩk kõt-y-la 18 kilocalories, la yaa wa vitamẽ C sẽn zemsã (17% sẽn zems daar fãa), la a tara mikronutrient sẽn pa waooge (Tablã).

Zãmsg Tʋʋmd sẽn tar pãng yʋʋm 2022 pʋgẽ, b yãame tɩ tomat rɩ-kãnga nafda bãag wʋsgo, la b wilga bãag kẽer sẽn yaa to-to wã yĩnga (pestiidã, mikrob rãmb sẽn be bãag pʋgẽ, tẽn-kãsems sẽn yit tẽng sẽn be bãaga pʋgẽ), la b sẽn pa tõe n maan bũmb ning ye. Wala makre, likopɛn sẽn yaa b sẽn dat n deegd-a wã, a pa tar pãng sẽn pa rat tɩ b rɩk zɩɩm sẽn pa mi n dɩt-a wã ye. B wilgame tɩ " tomatã sẽn tar pãng wʋsg n tõe n sõng-b tɩ b tõog n tõog n tõog tɩ b tõog tɩ b paam pãng n yɩɩda tomatã, wala likopɛn".https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-113

Yʋʋmd 2014 la 2015 wã, b pa yã bũmb sẽn wilgd tɩ tomatã bɩ b sẽn kõt-b tɩbgã pʋgẽ, likopɛnã yaa bũmb sẽn kɩtd tɩ b paam bãag bɩ bãag ye.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-b-f-114https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-ccc-115

Etazĩni, b pa tõe n wilg tɩ tomate, tomate wã sẽn yaa bõn-naandg bɩ likopɛɛn sẽn yaa bãaga sẽn wat ne bãaga wã nafa yaa bũmb sẽn pa be rɩɩb sẽn pakd pʋgẽ, tɩ sã n pa tar bãaga wɛɛngẽ wã ye.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-ccc-115https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-efsa-117

D rɩkda
B sẽn boond tɩ potɛtã tʋʋr (Phthorimaea operculella) yaa bõn-buud sẽn yaa oligophagous sẽn nong n dɩt-b tɩɩs sẽn yit Solanaceae zakã pʋgẽ, wala tomate tɩɩs. P. operculella wã sẽn yaa pʋgã zãada a sãnemã n na n kõ a nin-soabã a sẽn yãgdã, la a sãnem-soab nins sẽn yãgd-a wã rɩtame.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-118

Tomato wã yaa wa ne mi-ko-ko-kãsems sẽn yaa sõma ne taaba, wala Rhizophagus irregularis. Sãanegã zãada tomate n na n bãnge.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-119

Tẽngã nebã sẽn nongã
Yʋʋmd fãa, Sipã n be Buñol tẽngã pʋgẽ, b maanda kibs ning b sẽn boond tɩ La Tomatina wã. Yʋʋmd 2007 tʋʋlg kiuug rasem 30 wã, Spaans rãmb 40000 tigma taab n na n lob tomate wã ne taab n maan kibsã.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-120

Amerik tẽns wʋsg rɩka tomate n naan lebg b tɩɩs la b tɩɩs (Ges-y sẽn be yĩngrã). B yãka tomate tɩ b lebg New Jersey soolmã tɩɩs. Arkansas zãmsa b yiibã fãa n yeel tɩ Arkansas soolmã tomatã yaa b tɩɩs la b tɩɩs tɩ b boond tɩ b tɩɩsã. Yʋʋmd 2009 wã, Ohio soolmã yãka noy n kɩt tɩ tomatã lebg b sẽn boond tɩ b tɩɩsã biis. Sẽn sɩng ne yʋʋmd 1965 wã, tomate yũub yaa Ohio tẽnga yũub. A Alexander W. Livingston sẽn be Reynoldsburg, Ohio wã maana tʋʋmd wʋsg n kɩt tɩ tomatã lebg sõma yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 19 soabã saabẽ wã. B tẽegda a tʋʋmã Reynoldsburg ne tomatã kibs yʋʋmd fãa.

Flavr Savr yaa rɩɩb ning b sẽn naan n naan n dɩ wã sẽn yaa pipi sẽn paam lisens tɩ b yi n tɩ rɩ wã.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-121

Tomate yaa zab zab zab zab-teed sẽn yaa "bõn-kʋʋd" n maand maand maandbã, la yʋʋm 19 soabã pʋgẽ, b ra maanda taab n wẽed tomate sẽn yaa wẽnemd ne neb sẽn maand tʋʋm-wẽns zug. Rũndã-rũndã, b wae n gomda gom-kãensã yell wa makr. Sẽn na yɩl n wilg tɩ b yaa neb sẽn maand maand maand sẽn pa zems ne b sẽn datã, Nizo-rɛland Sosialisã sullã rɩka tomatã n lebg b logto. 

A Reynoldsburg, Ohio sẽn be Etazĩni wã boondame tɩ "Tomato rogmã zĩiga", n yetẽ tɩ b rɩka tomato buud pipi sẽn yaa kom-bi-zemsã yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 19 soabã pʋgẽ.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-About_Reynoldsburg-28 

"Rotten Tomatoes" yaa Amerika filim la televiziõ wã sẽn get bũmb ninsã sẽn be b sẽn maandã.

Galeri wã

Ges-y me

 Tẽns sõor b sẽn pʋɩ tomatã                                            

 Tomatã rɩɩb sõor

 Marglobe, yaa b sẽn da na n reng n bao tɩ tomat buud sẽn pa tõe n paam bãase

 Zʋg-zĩigã

 B sẽn boond tɩ physalisã yaa biis sẽn wõnd a taaba, b sẽn tũnugd ne n dɩt rɩɩbã

 Tomatã pãn-tusdg

 Tomatã jam

 Nightshades

 Batatã

 Kẽng

 Tomatillo, yaa biis sẽn wõnd taaba, sẽn yit buud sẽn zems-n-taarã pʋgẽ

Sulli:Vegetables
Sulli:Tomatoes

 Sebtiise 

Sõsg a taab

•David Gentilcore. Pomodoro! A History of the Tomato in Italy (Columbia University Press, 2010), scholarly history
•Tieman, D; Bliss, P; McIntyre, LM; Blandon-Ubeda, A; Bies, D; Odabasi, AZ; Rodríguez, GR; van der Knaap, E; Taylor, MG; Goulet, C; Mageroy, MH; Snyder, DJ; Colquhoun, T; Moskowitz, H; Clark, DG; Sims, C; Bartoshuk, L; Klee, HJ (5 June 2012). "The Chemical Interactions Underlying Tomato Flavor Preferences". Current Biology. 22 (11): 1035–1039. •Bibcode:2012CBio...22.1035T. •doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.04.016. PMID 22633806.

Sõng-n-taase