Sylvie Kinigi

Sylvie Kinigi  (née Ntigashira; sẽn dog yʋʋmd 1953 noob kiuug rasem 24 wã) yaa Burundi politikã la ekonomist sẽn yɩ Burundi minisr kãsenga yʋʋmd 1993 n tãag yʋʋmd 1993 n ta yʋʋmd 1994 n tãag yʋʋm 1993 n tãage yʋʋmd 1994 n ta yʋʋm 1994 n yaa Afrɩka pag a yiib soaba sẽn yɩ prezida. 

A rogame Tutsi zakã pʋgẽ, a paama a bankã wɛɛngẽ diplôme  University of Burundi wã yʋʋmd 1979 wã, la a paama diplôme a to wã Pari wã, Centre de Formation de la Profession Bancaire wã. Politiki wã wɛɛngẽ, a Kinigi ra yaa sull sẽn yaa ne Burundɩ nin-buiidã sull ning sẽn boond tɩ  Union pour le Progrès national (UPRONA), sẽn yaa Burundɩ wã sull ning sẽn yaa a yembr n da yaa politik sull ning sẽn da yaa noor tɩ b yãk n kõ a soabã, la a ra yaa sull ning sẽn be Burundɩ pʋgbã sull ning sẽn yit UPRONA sullẽ wã pʋgẽ, n yaa a sẽn yaa a taoor lʋɩtbã sull ning b sẽn yãk n kõ wã, n tãag yʋʋmd 1987. A sẽn yaa a soaba, a tʋma tʋʋm-no-kãsemse n na n maan tõog toeeng la goosneema wã sẽn na n sõng pagbã. Yʋʋmd 1990 wã, Burundɩ Faso wã Bankã yãka a Kinigi t'a yɩ bãngr-goam la statistikã taoor soaba, la yʋʋmd a pʋgdã, b kɩtame t'a lʋɩ Burundɩ wã siglgã siglgã taoor lʋɩtb sullã taoor. 

Yʋʋmd 1993 tʋʋl-yẽngẽ, Burundi tigma faalg sẽn yaa zaalem, tɩ UPRONA taoor soab sẽn yaa  Front pour la Démocratie au Burundi (FRODEBU) tõog n maan-a. Burundi tẽnga taoor soab ning pa yãt a FRODEBU wã, a Melchior Ndadaye, yãka a Kinigi t'a yɩ Burundi tẽnga taoor soaba, zu-loe-kẽem kiuug rasem 10. A Kinigi ra ratame tɩ b tõog n bɩɩs b arzɛkã, la a ra tagsdame tɩ b pa na n tõog n maan woto hal tɩ b boog Tutsi ne Hutus buud toor-toorã zoodã ye. Rẽ n so t'a yeel tɩ a sẽn na n maan bũmb ning n yɩɩd fãa yaa a sã n na n maneg a buud toɛy-toɛyã zoodã. Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n tõog n maan bũmb ning sẽn yaa sõma, a Zeova Kaset rãmbã segd n saka a Zeova ne b sũy fãa. 

A kẽnga a ministɛɛr nins sẽn ket n be Frans tẽn-boogã pʋgẽ hal t'a tõog n lebg n kẽng a roogã sẽn be Frans sodaas gũudbã taoore, tɩ puugrã pa tõog ye. Baa ne a goosneema sẽn pa tõog n tõog n gɩdg buud-gomdã zab-kɛglem sẽn zĩnd ko-paalã poore, a maana tʋʋm-kãseng sẽn na yɩl n tõog n maan politikã tɩ kɩt tɩ b yãk a Cyprien Ntaryamira t'a yɩ tẽnga taoor soaba. A sẽn wa n wa n na n tʋm yʋʋmd 1994 wã, a basa a tʋʋmdã n wa tʋm Burundɩ kom-biisã tʋʋmde. A zĩnda tẽns wʋsg pʋsẽ n yaool n lebg Burundẽ yʋʋmd 2008 n lebg siglgã taoor lʋɩtb taoor soaba. 

 Bi-bɩɩgã la a zãmsgo 
A Sylvie Ntigashira rogame yʋʋmd 1953 yʋʋm kiuug rasem 24 wã, Mugoyi, Ruanda-Urundi (kãnga Bujumbura tẽn-tẽnga). A yaa Tutsi. A ba wã ra yaa ra-rakãaba, tɩ a ma wã me ra yaa pʋʋg soab la b ra maand b zakã neere. A Ntigashira yaa bi-ribl a tãab soaba, la b kõ-a sor n kẽng lekollã, tɩ bi-pugl sẽn yaa a yao wã sõng b ma. A ra paamda pipi la pipi lekoll ne mo-rãmb sẽn be Ijenda wã. Rẽ poore, a zãmsga Burundĩ Yuniõrɛtã pʋgẽ, Ekonomikã bãngrã kareng pʋgẽ, n paam diplôme yʋʋmd 1979 wã ne banki la kredite. Yʋʋmd 1990 wã, a paama a diplôme d'études supérieures ne Centre de formation de la profession bancaire sẽn be Paris wã. 

Yʋʋmd 1973 wã, a Ntigashira kẽe kãadem ne Burundɩ karen-biiga, a Firmin Kinigi, sẽn zãms-a-la lekollẽ wã, la a paama kambã a naas bɩ a nu ne yẽnda. A ra yaa Hutu buud-gomd neda. A sɩdã sõng-a lame t'a bao n kẽng taoor ne a karẽn-biis la a zãmsgo, la a zakã rãmb tʋma tʋm-tʋmd sẽn na n gesa b zakã la b kambã yelle. A kiime yʋʋmd 1992 bɩ 1993. 

 Tuumd 

 Early political and government work 
Yʋʋmd 1962 tʋʋlg kiuugã, Burundi lebga Burundi, sẽn pa tar pãng ne Belgium ye. Tẽngã lebga Tutsi rãmbã naamã pʋgẽ tɩ Hutu rãmbã sẽn yaa b rãmb wʋsg pa tar yõod ye. A Kinigi ra tẽedame tɩ Burundĩ wã, b sẽn pa reng n segl b mens n naan maan demokrasiya tao-tao wã, kɩtame tɩ b sigl n get politikã ne buud toor-toorã la b kɩt tɩ buud toor-toor wẽnemã paasdẽ. Burundi goosneema wã lebga Tutsi sodaas taoor dãmb n soog yʋʋm 30 sẽn na n kolg n kaoose. Politiki wɛɛngẽ, a Kinigi ra yaa Burundĩ wã politik sull ning sẽn yaa b sẽn boond tɩ Union pour le Progrès national (UPRONA) wã n paas a ra yaa Burundais tẽnga politik sull ning b sẽn boond t'Union des Femmes Burundaises wã, sẽn yaa UPRONA sull sull a yembr sẽn yaa a taoor lʋɩtb sull ning sẽn get b yellã n be yʋʋm 1987 wã. A sẽn yaa a soaba, a tʋma tʋʋm-no-kãsemse n na n maan tõog toeeng la goosneema wã sẽn na n sõng pagbã. 

Yʋʋmd 1990 wã, Burundɩ tẽnga raabẽ wã tʋma a Kinigi t'a wilg b sẽn na n maan b bãngrã la b sẽn na yɩl n bãng b sẽn maandã. La a zãmsda Burundɩ tẽn-bilã pʋgẽ. Yʋʋmd 1991 wã, a basa tʋʋm-kãnga t'a Zu-soaba Pierre Buyoya yãk-a t'a yɩ ministɛɛr taoor lʋɩtb sull taoor lʋɩtbã taoor lʋɩtba, la a kɩt tɩ yẽ me yaa Burundɩ tẽnga siglgã sẽn get b sẽn na n maan bũmb ninsã wɛɛngẽ wã taoor lʋɩtgã. A sẽn maan woto wã, a maana sõss ne ra-tẽnsã ligd raasẽ, dũni wã bãankã, la sãamb rãmbã. A Buyoya sẽn da nong a tʋʋmdã, a yãka a Buyoya t'a yɩ ministɛɛr ning sẽn get b sẽn get b raab yelle. 

 Prime Minister of Burundi 
Yʋʋmd 1993 tʋʋl-yẽngẽ, Burundĩ wã paama demokrɩtɛɛrã. Tẽnga wã yaa b sẽn yãk n yãk n yãk b mens n na n yɩ taoor soaba, a Fronte pour la Démocratie au Burundi (FRODEBU) sẽn tõog n yãk n na n maan n yãk n yɩ taoor soabã. Burundɩ tẽnga taoor soab a Melchior Ndadaye, sẽn yaa FRODEBU taoor soaba, la Hutu pipi sẽn lebg tẽnga taoor soaba, kõ a Kinigi Burundɩ minisr ning sẽn na n lʋɩ taoor a goosneema a yamẽ wã pʋgẽ n na n lebg Adrien Sibomana pʋɩɩre. A wilgame t'a ra tagsdame tɩ b na n kõ-a-la-a-a lame, la a wa n yãka yam n na n sak-a, a sẽn da tagsd t'a pa tar minim politikã wɛɛngẽ n yɩɩd sodaas nins sẽn da soogd tẽngã wã ye. Sẽn paase, a ra mii a Ndadaye sõma, n zãms a tãag-a Pariis lekollẽ, la a ra kẽe komite sẽn get a karen-biis tʋʋmde. A ra mii a Léonard Nyangoma ne a Cyprien Ntaryamira me, sẽn yaa FRODEBU politik dãmb sẽn da rat tɩ a Ndadaye lebg ministɛɛrã. A Kinigi goma a sẽn yãk-a wã yelle, a yeelame tɩ yaa "Burundi pagb sẽn yɩɩd fãa, la Afrɩka pagb me sẽn paam-a wã, yaa bũmb sẽn ling-a wʋsgo. 

A FRODEBU sẽn da yaa sodaas sẽn pa tũud a Zeova wã sũur sãama ne a Kinigi sẽn yãk-a t'a wa lebg ministɛɛrã. A ra getame tɩ a Ndadaye sẽn maan woto wã yaa zãmb la a maan-a ye. A UPRONA nin-buiidã me pa noom ne a yãkrã ye, bala b pa yãend-a tɩ b yãk-a tɩ yɩ kandɩt ye, la b tagsdame tɩ a Ndadaye yãka-a lame bala, bala a yaa Tutsi pag la a pa tẽed tɩ a na n teeg a sẽn tõe n maan to-to wã ye.https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02361964/file/Denistheseversionfinale.pdf A Zeova Kaset rãmbã sẽn da be tẽngã zugã ra yaa Hutu rãmb sẽn yɩɩd a tãab sʋka, la Tutsi rãmb sẽn yɩɩd b tãab sʋka. A Kinigi yaa pagb a yiib sẽn yaa ministɛɛrã ned a ye. A Zeova yãka a naamã yʋʋmd 7 soabã. Whitaker's Almanack : 1994 (126th ed.). London: J. Whitaker & Sons. 1993. ISBN 978-0-85021-238-9. A Kinigi ra ratame tɩ b tõog n bɩɩs b arzɛkã, la a ra tagsdame tɩ b pa na n tõog n maan woto hal tɩ b boog b buud toor-toore. Woto, a wilgame tɩ b na n yãka yam n na n sõng-a lame t'a tõog n paam laafɩ ne a buud fãa. Yʋʋmd Oktoobar kiuugã sʋka, a tʋma a ministɛɛrã tẽn-zẽng n na n sõng tɩ b paam sũ-noog la wʋm-n-taar; a kẽng rɩtg-sɩgẽ wã n wilg tɩ b sẽn maan politikã pãng sẽn da yaa to-to wã yaa "bõn-kɛglem" sẽn da be n wilgdẽ tɩ b pa miẽ ye. 

Yʋʋmd 10 kiuug rasem 21 wã, Tutsi sodaasã kʋʋ a Ndadaye la a taab sẽn da be be wã. B sẽn da boond tɩ François Ngeze wã yaa sodaasã taoor soaba.https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/archive-files3/ambassador_robert_krueger_kathleen_tobin_kruegerbook4you.pdf A Kinigi kogendã kell n yɩɩ kɩs-sɩd ne-a a sẽn wa n be a naamã sasa. A ne a taabã sẽn yaa goosneema rãmb n da tar b roogo, b zoe n kẽnga Frans tẽn-boogã pʋgẽ. A yaa nin-tũusg ning sẽn paam n põs wẽnemã pʋgẽ.https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/archive-files3/ambassador_robert_krueger_kathleen_tobin_kruegerbook4you.pdf A sẽn be tẽn-boogã pʋgẽ wã, a kell n kõo noy sẽn kẽed ne goosneema wã politikã. Buyoya ne a taoor soaba, a Jean Baptiste Bagaza, fãa talla a goosneema wã sõngre la a wẽebã pa tõog ye, bala a ra pa tõog n maan wẽnga la a paama tẽn-tẽngã sẽn pa mi a Zeova ye. A sẽn wa n be Fransã, a yiisa a ambasadã n lebg n wa a roogẽ.  A Ndadaye ne neb a taab sẽn da be a naamã roog zugã kũum poore, a lebga Burundɩ tẽnga taoor soaba.  Tutsi nin-buiidã sẽn be b poorẽ wã ket n maanda wẽnga, n na n kẽesd a Kinigi naamã rabeem la b gɩdg a tõog n kõ a tẽngã taoor-lʋɩtbã.Legum, Colin, ed. (1994). Africa Contemporary Record 1992–1994. Vol. XXIV. New York: Africana Publishing Company.  

A Kinigi naamã sẽn tar ministɛɛr 15 n zĩnd a 22 wã sʋka, kɩtame tɩ tẽnga gãdga Bujumbura, la a pa tõog n tõog n gɩdg buud toor-toore sẽn maan to-to wã ye. A sẽn maan koobgã poore, neb tus la tus n ki. Tutsi-rãmbã sẽn yaa b rãmb wʋsg n boond tɩ UPRONA wã pa noom ne b sẽn maan bũmb ninsã ye. A sẽn da pa kẽng Uprona taoor soab a Louis Rwagasore kũumã tẽegr daar kiuug rasem 13 wã wɛɛngẽ, zʋrnallã a Panafrika gʋlsa woto: "B sẽn yeel tɩ yaa ministɛɛr a yembr n da yita Uprona wã yĩnga, a sẽn pa kẽng tɩ b wilg tɩ a Sylvie Kinigi pa yita Uprone wã yĩnga.https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02361964/file/Denistheseversionfinale.pdf A L'Observateur zʋrnallã yeelame tɩ "a sẽn pa paam UPRONA noor tɩ b maan a tʋʋmdã, n bãng tɩ yaa Wẽnnaam la a Ndadaye la a FRODEBU n kɩt t'a lebg ministɛɛrã, a na n maana a sẽn na n maan to-to yʋʋmd 1993 zĩn-soabã pʋgẽ, wa b sẽn datã. A na n paame zãng-zãnga, la a sã n dat n wa taoor n wilg a sẽn maandã, a ket n leb n leb n na n maana woto". A gʋlsa lɛtr kiuug rasem 15 t'a wilg Afrɩka Tigeng Tigeng Tigenga Sɛkrɛtɛɛrã tɩ b na n kẽes b toog sodaasã pʋgẽ n lebs n kɩt tɩ b tõog n zĩnd a pʋgẽ. Soja wã ne politikã rãmb sẽn be moasã wã sẽn da pa tũud ne a Zeova wã sẽn yeel tɩ b na n "kẽnga" Burundi wã, b yeelame tɩ b naaga rẽ.https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02361964/file/Denistheseversionfinale.pdf Yʋʋmd yʋʋm-rɩtema, a goosneema wã yãka sull sẽn na n vaees b mens n na n vaeese b sẽn maan bũmb ning sẽn kɩt tɩ b namsd b mensã wã. La b pa sɩng tʋʋm-kãnga ye, bala b pa sak n deeg tɩ b pa sak ye.

A Kinigi sẽn da tar zu-sobend ning politikã sẽn da kõ-a wã yĩnga, a baooda n na n yãk a taoor soab a ye. Yʋʋmd 1994 wã, yʋʋm-vẽkr kiuug rasem 9 wã, a sẽn wilg tɩ b na n yãk Burundɩ tẽnga taoor soab n yãk a sẽn na n yɩ a taoor soabã, Burundɩ tẽngã tigisgã toeemame.Skard, Torild (2014). Women of Power : Half a Century of Female Presidents and Prime Ministers Worldwide. Bristol: Policy Press. rasem a naas poore, b yãka a Ntaryamira t'a lebg tẽnga taoor soaba,"Burundi". Africa Report. Vol. 39, no. 2. March 1994. p. 7. ne vot sẽn yaa 78 n tõdg ned a ye. A Ntaryamira ra segd n paama a naamã yʋʋmd 1 soabã rasem 22 wã, la b sẽn da yaa b taoor soaba wã, b kosa b bʋ-kaoodbã tɩ b gɩdg a tʋʋmdã. B yeelame tɩ b sẽn da wa n yãk tɩ b pa tõe n toeem b sɛbã sasa, b yeelame tɩ b pa segd n toeem b Sɛbã wã sẽn da gʋlsã ye. B sẽn da wa n yãk tẽnga taoor dãmb tɩ b na n yãk tẽnga naab n na n dɩ naam n na n yɩ tẽnga taoor soaba, b yeelame tɩ b pa tõe n maan-a ye.  B sẽn yãk yam n na n welg b buud fãa wã, b yãka yam n na ne zab-n-taar-n-taas nins sẽn da be be wã. Hutu bʋ-kaoodbã sẽn yi wã, b basa b naam la b yiis b tʋʋmde.  La yʋʋmd 1 soabã rasem 29 wã, a Kinigi siglgã yiis-a lame. Rẽ kɩtame tɩ b maan zab wʋsg Bujumbura. A ONU taoor soab a Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah sõng-a lame t'a Kinigi tõog n maan zems-n-taar ne opozisyonã,  sẽn na yɩl tɩ b lebs n yãk a Ntaryamira tɩ yɩ prezida, la b lebs n lebs n yãk UPRONA taoor soab.  La b lebs n yãka b sẽn na n yãk-a wã. A Ntaryamira rɩka naam Febrwar kiuug rasem 5 daarã. A Kinigi basa a naamã wakat ning a sẽn wa n lebg ministɛɛrã. Yʋʋmd Febrwar kiuug rasem 7 soabã, Ntaryamira yãka a Anatole Kanyenkiko t'a wa rɩk a zĩigẽ. 

A Kinigi yaa pʋg-bi-to-soab a yiib soaba sẽn yɩ Afrika tẽnga taoor soaba, sẽn pʋg-a Carmen Pereira sẽn yaa Guinee-Bissau soabã. A sẽn da wa n be a naamã sasa wã nebã ra pa wʋmd a goamã võor ye.https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02361964/file/Denistheseversionfinale.pdf A Tutsi nin-buiidã wʋsg ra getame t'a yaa ned sẽn pa miẽ la sẽn pa tar pãng tẽngã zugu, tɩ Panafrika ningd-a tɩ yaa "Madame Fiasco". https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02361964/file/Denistheseversionfinale.pdf A FRODEBU neb ra waoogda-a lame. A Marc Manirakiza sẽn leok a taoor lʋɩtbã sẽn da ningd-a sorã, a gʋlsa woto: "Bɩ a maan bõe ne zu-loees sẽn pa makda la sẽn pa makd-a wakat fãa?"  A Kinigi yeelame tɩ a sẽn wa n tagsd a naamã wakat 1999 wã yelle, a kɩtame tɩ nebã bãng tɩ "rãmb tõe n maana bũmb wʋsg n yɩɩd rao sẽn tõe n maan ne a ma sɩɩg la a ratem sẽn yaa kãsenga, politikã pʋgẽ".  A politik bãngd a Jane Jansen sẽn da pʋgd-a ne a sẽn da be Rwandã pʋgẽ wã, Agathe Uwilingiyimana, wã yeelame tɩ pagbã "naaga b sẽn wa n be zĩig bilf n kẽng taoor n maan bũmb sẽn tõe n sõng b tẽn-tẽnsã sẽn da namsdẽ wã".

 A poare tuuma 
A Kinigi sẽn bas a naamã, a rɩka tʋʋmd sẽn yaa taoor soaba Burundĩ wã Komersial Bankẽ. A zĩnda tẽns wʋsg pʋsẽ, a sẽn tʋmd ONU Sɛb-n-taar Tʋʋmdã, a sẽn get b sẽn get b yell n get b sẽn boond tɩ ONU Tʋʋmdã (Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon la Senegal) pʋgẽ, la a sẽn tʋmd b tʋʋm-kãsemsã pʋgẽ. A lebg n wa Burundi yʋʋmd 2008 wã n lebg siglgã taoor lʋɩtb sull sull sull sull taoor soaba. A sẽn maan woto wã, a ra zabda ne pagbã sẽn tar sor n na n paam tẽngã la b paoongã, la a ra zabd ne demokrasiya.Hatungimana, Alexandre (2012). "Kinigi, Sylvie". In Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Henry Louis (eds.). Dictionary of African Biography. Vol. III. New York: Oxford University Press USA Yʋʋmd 2016 wã, Carter Centre yãka a Kinigi t'a wa lʋɩ taoor n ges b zab-n-taagã sẽn be Zambie wã yʋʋmdã zab-nsaambã sasa. 

Ges-y me
List of the first women holders of political offices in Africa

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