Eugene Merle Shoemaker

ဂျေန် ရှဝ်မုက်ကာ () (ဨပြဳ ၂၈၊ ၁၉၂၈ -ဂျူလာင် ၁၈၊ ၁၉၉၇) လဆောဝ် ပံင်ယၟု နကဵု Gene Shoemakerဝွံ ဒှ်တၠပညာဘူမိဗေဒ ဂကူအမေရိကာန်၊ တုဲ ဒှ်မၞိဟ်မပါလုပ် ပ္ဍဲအရာမခၞံဗဒှ် ဘာသာသိပ္ပံဂြိုဟ်အကာသ (planetary science)ကိုပ်ကၠာအိုတ် မွဲတၠရ။ ညးဝွံ ယၟုမြဟ်တဴ နကဵု ညးမဂွံဆဵုကေတ် သၞံင်ဒဂုဲ (Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9) မစွံ ကုသမ္ဘာညး Carolyn S. Shoemaker ကေုာံ David H. Levy တအ်ရ။ သၞံင်ဒဂုဲဏအ်ဂှ် အာဇီု ဂြိုဟ်ဂျူပိတာ (Jupiter) ပ္ဍဲဂိတုဂျူလာင် သၞာံ ၁၉၉၄ ဗီုမဇီုဂှ် ဗလးထ္ၜး ပ္ဍဲတဳဝဳ အလုံလိုက်မွဲရ။ တုဲပၠန် ရှဝ်မုက်ကာဂှ် သီုဒှ်မၞိဟ် မလ္ၚတ် ဒၞာဲခလံက်ဂၠးတိ ဗီုကဵု Barringer Meteor Crater ပ္ဍဲအရိဇြဝ်နာရ။ ရှဝ်မုက်ကာဂှ် ဒှ်ဒါရာ်တာ ဂကောံသုတေသန မလ္ၚတ်ပထဝဳသၞံင်အကာသ ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန် (the United States Geological Survey's Astrogeology Research Program) ကၠာအိုတ်ရ။ တုဲပၠန် အရာညးဂမၠိုင် မတီ ဂျေန် မွဲပၠန်ဂှ် ညးဂွံ မဂွံအခေါင်တိုပ်ဇုတ်ညးတေအ် လတူဂိတုကၠာအိုတ်ရ။ 

ပထမအဝဲ ကေုာံ ပရေင်ပညာဘာ

ရှဝ်မုက်ကာ ကတဵုဒှ်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲလောသ် အေန်ဂျလေသ် (Los Angeles) ကာလဳဝှောရ်နဳယျာ (California) ပ္ဍဲကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန်၊ မဒှ်ကောန် အစာဘာ မူရေလ် မေ (Muriel May) ကေုာံ George Estel Shoemaker မဒှ် သၟာဗ္ၚ၊ သၟာပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ်၊ အစာဘာ ကေုာံ ရုပ်ဒမျိုင် (motion pictures)ရ။ မိမညးတေအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ် ဇာတိ နူကဵု Nebraska။ ပ္ဍဲအခိင် ကာလညးဍောတ်တ်ဂှ် မိမညးတအ် ပြံင်လုပ်မံင် အကြာလောသ် အေန်ဂျလေသ် ကဵု နျူယံက်၊ ဗာပ်ဖလဝ် ကေုာံ Wyomingတုဲ အပါညး George ဂှ် လုပ်ကၠောန်ကမၠောန် နာနာသာ်ရ။ အပါညးတေအ်ဂှ် ဟွံမိက်မံင် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဇၞော်ဇၞော်တုဲ ဒးဂၞပ် ကမၠောန် နကဵုကဆံင် ဒါရာ်တာ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဘာ Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) ပ္ဍဲဍုင် Wyoming မဒှ်ကွာန်ဍောတ်တ်မွဲရ။ ဆဂး မိညးတေအ်ဂှ် ညာတ်ကေတ် ယဝ်ရကောန်ဇကု ပ္ဍဲကွာန်ရးမ္ဂး ပရေင်ဇၞော်မောဝ် ဍိုဟ်ကေက် ဍိုန်လျတုဲ မိက်ဂွံမံင် လတူဍုင်ဇၞော်ရ။ ကာလ မိညးတေအ် ကလိဂွံ ကမၠောန်အစာဘာ ပ္ဍဲ ဍုင်ဗာပ်ဖလဝ် ဘာကဝ်လိက်အလဵုအသဳ (State Teachers College at Buffalo)Eliza Kellas အခိင်ဘာပံက်မ္ဂး ညးတေအ် မံင်ကရောမ်မိညးတေအ် ပ္ဍဲဗာပ်ဖလဝ်တုဲ အခိင်ကညင် ဘာကၟာတ်မ္ဂး ညးတအ် ပြံင်မံင် ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲအပါညးတေအ် ကွာန် Wyoming ရ။ ဂျေန် စိုတ်ထတ် သွက်ဂွံလ္ၚတ် ပရူတၟအ်ဂမၠိုင်ရ။ တုဲ ညးတေအ် ဂွံအခေါင်လ္ၚတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု တိုက်ထ္ၜးပျးဗာပ်ဖလဝ် ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲခန်ထ္ၜးသိပ္ပံရ။ ညးတေအ် တိုန်ဘာတန်စတုတ္ထ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဘာ the School of Practice တုဲ စနူအခိင်ဂှ် ညးတေအ် စပကောံ တၟအ်ဂကူနာနာ ဓါတ်မိနေရလ်နာနာရ။ ကြဴနူဂှ် မွဲသၞာံဂှ်  ညးတေအ် သီုတိုန်ဘာ ကဆံင်တန်သမၠုင် ပ္ဍဲအခိင်သဝ်တ္ၚဲကီုရ။ ဂကောံသ္ၚိကၟိန်ညးတေအ် ပြံင်အာမံင် လောသ် အေန်ဂျလေသ် ပၠန် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၄၂ ဂှ်တုဲ ဂျေန်လုပ်တိုန်ဘာတန်သမၠုင် ပ္ဍဲ Fairfax High School။ ကာလဂှ် ညးတေအ် ကလိဂွံအာယုက် ၁၃ သၞာံရ။ ကြဴနူဂှ် ပိသၞာံ ညးတေအ် ဘာတန်သမၠုင် အာစိုပ်ဒတုဲရ။ ပ္ဍဲအခိင် ညးတေအ် မတိုန်ဒၟံင် ဘာတန်သမၠုင်ဂှ် ညးတေအ် သီုဓဇက် ဂြဝ် ပ္ဍဲဂကောံဂဳတဘာ (the school orchestra)ကီုရ။ တုဲပၠန် ပ္ဍဲပရေင်ကာယဗလလေဝ် စိုန်သကီု စိစောန်ကီုရ။ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဘာကၟာတ်မ္ဂး ညးတေအ် လုပ်ကၠောန်ကမၠောန် ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲချူမတ် (lapidary)Kieffer, Susan. W. "Eugene M. Shoemaker (1928 - 1997)." Biographical Memoirs. National Academy of Sciences. 2015. Accessed April 22, 2017.

ဂျေန် လုပ်တိုန်ဘာ ပ္ဍဲ California Institute of Technology ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၄၄ ကာလညးတေအ် မကလိဂွံအာယုက် ၁၆ သၞာံဂှ်ရ။ သကအ်ရဲ ပ္ဍဲဘာညးတေအ်ဂှ် အာယုက်ဇၞော် နူညးတေအ်အိုတ်တုဲ ကၠာဟွံစိုပ် ပၞာန်ဂၠးတိအလန်ဒုတိယဂှ် ညးတေအ် ဘာတိုန်ရ။ ဂျေန် ကလိဂွံ ဗြးမဟိမု ဗာတ်ချ်လာ ဒဳဂရဳ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၄၈ ကာလညးတေအ် မကလိဂွံ အာယုက် ၁၉ သၞာံရ။ တုဲဂှ် ညးတေအ် ကေတ် သွက်ဂွံလ္ၚတ်တၟအ် Precambrian metamorphic rocks မနွံ ပ္ဍဲ နျူ မက္ကဇြဳကဝ် လပါ်သၟဝ်ကျာတုဲ ကလိဂွံ ဗြးမဟိမုမဟာ (M. Sc. degree) နူကဵု Caltech ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၄၉ ရ။

သ္ၚိကၟိန်
အခိင်ကာလ ဂျေန် မတိုန်ဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲ Caltech ဂှ် သကအ်ရဲညးတေအ် မွဲဂှ် ဒှ် Richard Spellman မဒှ်ညး မကၠုင်နူ ချဳကဝ်၊ ကာလဳဝှောရ်နဳယျာ။ ကာလညးတေအ် မလုပ်ကၠောန်ဒၟံင် အစဳအဇန်ဒံက်တာ ပ္ဍဲကဵုတက္ကသိုလ် Princeton University ဂှ် ညးတေအ် ကလေင်အာ ကာလဳဝှောရ်နဳယျာ သွက်ဂွံ တိုန်သဘင်ပမ္ၚဵုထပ်တဲ Richard ပ္ဍဲကဵု သၞာံ ၁၉၅၀ ဂှ်ရ။ ကာလဂှ် ညးတေအ် ဂွံဆဵု ကဵုဒေအ် Richard မနွံယၟု ကာရဝ်လေန် (Carolyn) ရ။ ကာရဝ်လေန်ဂှ် ကတဵုဒှ်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲကွာန် Gallup၊ နျူမက္ကဇြဳကဝ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၂၉၊ ဆဂး ခြာဟွံလအ်ဂှ် ဂကောံသ္ၚိကၟိန်ညးတအ် ပြံင်လုပ်မံင် ပ္ဍဲချဳကဝ် (Chico) တုဲ ညးတအ် ဆက်မံင်အာ စဵုကဵု အခိင်ဂှ်ရ။ ကာရဝ်လေန်ဂှ် ကလိဂွံ ဗြမဟိမုဒဳဂရဳ နူကဵု ကဝ်လိက်ချဳကဝ် (Chico State College) ဘာသာဝင် ကေုာံ ပရေင်သိပ္ပံပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်ရ။ ညးတေအ် မွဲလှ်ေကီု စိုတ်ဟွံလုပ်စ လပါ်ကွတ်သိပ္ပံရ။ ဆဂး စုက်လုက် ကုဂျေန်တုဲ ညးတေအ် စိုတ်လုပ်စတုဲ တိုန်တန်ဗတောန် မဆေင်ကဵု ပထဝဳ ပ္ဍဲကဝ်လိက်ရ။ ဆဂး ညးတေအ်ထေင် ဒှ်အရာ စိုတ်မလုပ်စခိုဟ် မွဲဟွံသေင်ရ။ ညးၜါဂှ် ဖျေဟ်ဒၞာဲဒက်အိန်ထံင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ၁၇ အဝ်ဂေတ် သၞာံ ၁၉၅၁ ရ။Chapman, Mary G. "Carolyn Shoemaker." USGS Astrogeology Center. May 17, 2002. Accessed April 24, 2017.

ညးတအ် ကလိဂွံ ကောန်ဇာတ်ပိ၊ ကောန်ဗြဴၜါ ကဵု ကောန်တြုဟ်မွဲ။ ကာရဝ်လေန်ဂှ် ဒှ်အာမၞိဟ်မမင်မွဲသ္ၚိ ကေုာံ ရံင်စကောန်ၚာ် ပ္ဍဲသ္ၚိရ။ ကၠာညးတအ် ဟွံစှ်ေဒၞာဲဂှ် ၜိုန်ရ ညးတေအ် ကလိဂွံကမၠောန် အစာဘာကီုလေဝ် ဟွံပြေပြံင်တုဲ တိတ်ထောအ်ရ။ ကာလကောန်ၚာ်တအ် ဇၞော်ဂေါဝ်အိုတ်တုဲ ကာရဝ်လေန် ကမၠောန် သွက်ကၠောန် ဟွံမဲ လ္ၚုတုဲ ဂျေန် ကဵုကသပ် ကဵုတိုန်ဘာ စပ်ကဵု နက္ခတ္တဗေဒ တုဲ လုပ်ကၠောန် ပ္ဍဲဂကောံညးတအ် သွက်ဂွံမင်ရံင် အကာသရ။ ကာလ ညးတေအ် ကလိဂွံအာယုက် ၅၁ ဂှ် ဂွံဒှ် သၟာနက္ခတ္တဗေဒ (a planetary astronomer) မွဲတုဲ ဆက်ကၠောန်အာကမၠောန်ဂှ်ရ။

 ပရေင်ရေင်တၠုင် မဆေင် ကုသိပ္ပံ 


ဂကောံသုတေသနပထဝဳ ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန် (United States Geological Survey) (USGS) ခပတိုန်ကမၠောန် ကုဂျေန် နူသၞာံ ၁၉၅၀။ တာလျိုင်ညးတေအ် ကၠာအိုတ်ဂှ် သွက်ဂွံဂၠာဲ ဓါတ်ယူရေနဳယာမ် (uranium deposits) ပ္ဍဲဥထာ (Utah) ကဵု ကဝ်လဝ်ရာဒဝ် (Colorado)ရ။ ပရေင်ကမၠောန်ညးတေအ် ဂတဂှ် သွက်ဂွံလ္ၚတ် လၟေင်ဒဒှ်ဒဵုခတိုဟ် (volcanic processes) မုဟိုတ်ရောမ္ဂး ညးမလ္ၚတ်လဝ် ကိုပ်ကၠာတေအ် ဟီုလဝ် ကတိုင်ဓါတ်ယူရေနဳယာမ်ဂှ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ဒၞာဲဒဵုခတိုဟ် တြေံရ။ ပရေင်လ္ၚတ်ဏအ်ဂှ် ဗလးကဵုညးတေအ် ဂၠာဲလ္ၚတ် ပ္ဍဲ Hopi Buttes မနွံလပါ်သၟဝ်ကျာ အရိဇြဝ်နာ (Northern Arizona) ဗဒါဲ (Meteor Crater)ရ။

Daniel Barringer, an entrepreneur and mining engineer who had discovered Meteor Crater in 1891, had postulated that it had been caused by the impact of a meteor. About the same time, G. K. Gilbert, the chief geologist of the USGS, examined the crater and announced that it had been created by an explosive venting of volcanic steam. A majority of scientists accepted Gilbert's explanation of the cause of the crater, This theory remained as conventional wisdom until Shoemaker's investigations a half century later.

Astrogeology and Apollo


For his Ph.D. degree at Princeton (1960), under the guidance of Harry Hammond Hess, Shoemaker studied the impact dynamics of Barringer Meteor Crater.  Shoemaker noted Meteor Crater had the same form and structure as two explosion craters created from atomic bomb tests at the Nevada Test Site, notably Jangle U in 1951 and Teapot Ess in 1955. In 1960, Edward C. T. Chao and Shoemaker identified shocked quartz (coesite) at Meteor Crater, proving the crater was formed from an impact generating extremely high temperatures and pressures.  They followed this discovery with the identification of coesite within suevite at Nördlinger Ries, proving its impact origin.

In 1960, Shoemaker directed a team at the USGS center in Menlo Park, California, to generate the first geologic map of the Moon using photographs taken by Francis G. Pease.  Shoemaker also helped pioneer the field of astrogeology by founding the Astrogeology Research Program. He was prominently involved in the Lunar Ranger missions to the Moon, joining the television imaging team of Harold Urey and Gerard Kuiper, which turned into a preparatory mission for the future manned landing.  Shoemaker was then chosen to be the principal investigator for the Surveyor program's television experiment, and then the lunar geology principal investigator for Apollo 11, Apollo 12, and Apollo 13. 

Shoemaker was also involved in the training of the American astronauts.  He himself was a possible candidate for an Apollo Moon flight and was set to be the first geologist to walk on the Moon but was disqualified due to being diagnosed with Addison's disease, a disorder of the adrenal gland.  Shoemaker would train astronauts during field trips to Meteor Crater and Sunset Crater near Flagstaff. He was a CBS News television commentator on the early Apollo missions, especially the Apollo 8 and Apollo 11 missions, appearing with Walter Cronkite during live coverage of those flights.

According to David H. Levy, just before the manned Moon landings, 

He was awarded the John Price Wetherill Medal from the Franklin Institute in 1965.

Coming to Caltech in 1969, he started a systematic search for Earth orbit-crossing asteroids, which resulted in the discovery of several families of such asteroids, including the Apollo asteroids. Shoemaker advanced the idea that sudden geologic changes can arise from asteroid strikes and that asteroid strikes are common over geologic time periods.  Previously, astroblemes were thought to be remnants of extinct volcanoes  — even on the Moon.

Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9

In 1993, he co-discovered Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 using the 18-inch Schmidt camera at Palomar Observatory.  This comet was unique in that it provided the first opportunity to observe the planetary impact of a comet.  Shoemaker–Levy 9 collided with Jupiter in July 1994. The resulting impact caused a massive "scar" on the face of Jupiter.

 Death 

Shoemaker spent much of his later years searching for and finding several previously unnoticed or undiscovered impact craters around the world.

Shoemaker died on July 18, 1997 during one such expedition in a head-on car collision on the remote Tanami Track, a few hundred kilometers northwest of Alice Springs, Australia. Shoemaker's wife Carolyn was severely injured in the crash.Malcolm W. Browne, Dr. Eugene Shoemaker, 69; Set Record for Finding Comets, New York Times (July 19, 1997).

On July 31, 1999, some of his ashes were carried to the Moon by the Lunar Prospector space probe in a capsule designed by Carolyn Porco. He is the only person whose ashes have been buried on any celestial body outside Earth.

The brass foil wrapping of Shoemaker's memorial capsule is inscribed with images of Comet Hale–Bopp ("the last comet that the Shoemakers observed together"), the Barringer Meteor Crater, and a quotation from Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet reading

The fatal crash had happened when Hale-Bopp was still visible to the naked eye, having passed perihelion and having moved into the southern celestial hemisphere.

Awards and tributes

Gene Shoemaker received a large number of awards for his professional work. According to the obituary published by the USGS Astrogeology Science Center, these included:Chapman, Mary G. "Gene Shoemaker - Founder of Astrogeology." USGS Astrogeology Science Center. Accessed April 21, 2017

 Doctorate of Science, Arizona State College, Flagstaff, 1965.

 Wetherill Medal of the Franklin Institute, co-recipient with E.C.T. Chao, 1965. 

 Arthur S. Flemming Award, 1966. Doctorate of Science, Temple University, 1967. 

 NASA Medal for Scientific Achievement, 1967. 

 U.S. Department of the Interior Honor Award for Meritorious Service, 1973. 

 Member, U.S. National Academy of Sciences, 1980. 

 U.S. Department of the Interior Distinguished Service Award, 1980. 

 Arthur L. Day Medal of the Geological Society of America, 1982. 

 G.K. Gilbert Award of the Geological Society of America, 1983. 

 Rieser Kulturpreis, co-recipient with E.C.T. Chao and Richard Dehm, 1983. 

 Honorary Doctorate of Science, University of Arizona, 1984. 

 Barringer Award of the Meteoritical Society, 1984. 

 Kuiper Prize of the American Astronomical Society, Division for Planetary Sciences, 1984.

 Leonard Medal of the Meteoritical Society, 1985. 

 Distinguished Alumni Award of the California Institute of Technology, 1986. 

 Rittenhouse Medal of the Rittenhouse Astronomical Society, co-recipient with C.S. Shoemaker, 1988. 

 U.S. National Medal of Science, 1992. 

 Whipple Award, American Geophysical Union, 1993.

 Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1993. 

 AIAA Space Science Award, 1996. 

 NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal, 1996. 

 Bowie Medal, American Geophysical Union, 1996. 

 Special Award, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1997. 

 Shoemaker Award, Texas Section of the American Institute of Professional Geologists, awarded posthumously, 1997.

On July 24, 1997, a memorial for Dr. Eugene Shoemaker and Dr. Jurgen Rahe was presented in the U.S. House of Representatives by California representative George E. Brown, Jr. The memorial was published in the Congressional Record. The memorial credited Shoemaker with being either the discoverer or co-discoverer of 820 asteroids and comets during his career.  "In Remembrance of Dr. Eugene Shoemaker and Dr. Jurgen Rahe." Congressional Record Volume 143, Number 106 (Thursday, July 24, 1997). Accessed April 23, 2017

A ring-like topographic feature in Western Australia, an astrobleme previously named the "Teague ring" was renamed "Shoemaker Crater" in honor of Eugene M. Shoemaker.

The Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous space probe was renamed "NEAR Shoemaker" in his honor. It arrived at asteroid 433 Eros in February 2000, and landed on the asteroid after a year of orbital study. He was previously honored with the asteroid 2074 Shoemaker, discovered and named by his colleague, Eleanor F. Helin.

 List of discovered minor planets 

Gene Shoemaker is credited by the Minor Planet Center with the co-discovery of 183 minor planets between 1977 and 1994.

List of minor planets discovered by Eugene Shoemaker 

 Name Discovery Date Listing 2430 Bruce Helin  8 November 1977    3025 Higson  20 August 1982    3199 Nefertiti  13 September 1982    3225 Hoag  20 August 1982    3317 Paris  26 May 1984    3484 Neugebauer  10 July 1978    3554 Amun  4 March 1986    3671 Dionysus  27 May 1984    3700 Geowilliams  23 October 1984    3880 Kaiserman  21 November 1984    3927 Feliciaplatt  5 May 1981    4151 Alanhale  24 April 1985    4197 Morpheus  11 October 1982    4379 Snelling  13 August 1988    4450 Pan  25 September 1987    4525 Johnbauer  15 May 1982    4899 Candace  9 May 1988    4946 Askalaphus  21 January 1988    5023 Agapenor  11 October 1985    5029 Ireland  24 January 1988    5052 Nancyruth  23 October 1984    5167 Joeharms  11 April 1985    5168 Jenner  6 March 1986    5175 Ables  4 November 1988    5211 Stevenson  8 July 1989    5259 Epeigeus  30 January 1989    5264 Telephus  17 May 1991    5284 Orsilocus  1 February 1989    5285 Krethon  9 March 1989    5430 Luu  12 May 1988    5436 Eumelos  20 February 1990    5511 Cloanthus  8 October 1988    5551 Glikson  24 January 1982    5579 Uhlherr  11 May 1988    5632 Ingelehmann  15 April 1993    5637 Gyas  10 September 1988    5638 Deikoon  10 October 1988    5652 Amphimachus  24 April 1992    5670 Rosstaylor  7 November 1985    5720 Halweaver  29 March 1984    5725 Nördlingen  23 January 1988    5726 Rubin  24 January 1988    5731 Zeus  4 November 1988    5765 Izett  4 April 1986    5863 Tara  7 September 1983    5899 Jedicke  9 January 1986    5947 Bonnie  21 March 1985    5953 Shelton  25 April 1987    5957 Irina  11 May 1988    5999 Plescia  23 April 1987    6063 Jason  27 May 1984    6084 Bascom  12 February 1985    6087 Lupo  19 March 1988    6179 Brett  3 March 1986    6239 Minos  31 August 1989    6372 Walker  13 May 1985    6376 Schamp  29 May 1987    6398 Timhunter  10 February 1991    6401 Roentgen  15 April 1991    6436 Coco  13 May 1985    6478 Gault  12 May 1988    6485 Wendeesther  25 October 1990    6510 Tarry  23 February 1987    6543 Senna  11 October 1985    6585 O'Keefe  26 September 1984    6635 Zuber  26 September 1987    6740 Goff  14 April 1993    6901 Roybishop  2 August 1989    6909 Levison  19 January 1991    7051 Sean  13 May 1985    7086 Bopp  5 October 1991    7088 Ishtar  1 January 1992    7092 Cadmus  4 June 1992    7112 Ghislaine  3 April 1986    7119 Hiera  11 January 1989    7167 Laupheim  12 October 1985    7173 Sepkoski  15 August 1988    7480 Norwan  1 August 1994    7549 Woodard  9 October 1980    7560 Spudis  10 January 1986    7749 Jackschmitt  12 May 1988    7750 McEwen  18 August 1988    7756 Scientia  27 March 1990    7778 Markrobinson  17 April 1993    7958 Leakey  5 June 1994    8034 Akka  3 June 1992    8149 Ruff  11 May 1985    8326 Paulkling  6 May 1981    8327 Weihenmayer  6 May 1981    8347 Lallaward  21 April 1987    8356 Wadhwa  3 September 1989    8373 Stephengould  1 January 1992    8709 Kadlu  14 May 1994    8804 Eliason  5 May 1981   

 Name Discovery Date Listing 8810 Johnmcfarland  15 May 1982    8817 Roytraver  13 May 1985    9016 Henrymoore  10 January 1986    9022 Drake  14 August 1988    9023 Mnesthus  10 September 1988    9082 Leonardmartin  4 November 1994    9165 Raup  27 September 1987    9172 Abhramu  29 July 1989    9277 Togashi  9 October 1980    9299 Vinceteri  13 May 1985    9564 Jeffwynn  26 September 1987    9744 Nielsen  9 May 1988    9768 Stephenmaran  5 April 1992    10041 Parkinson  24 April 1985    10044 Squyres  15 September 1985    10060 Amymilne  12 April 1988    10108 Tomlinson  26 April 1992    10295 Hippolyta  12 April 1988    10487 Danpeterson  14 April 1985    10563 Izhdubar  19 November 1993    10683 Carter  10 June 1980    10739 Lowman  12 May 1988      10 July 1978    11006 Gilson  9 October 1980    11066 Sigurd  9 February 1992    11277 Ballard  8 October 1988    11311 Peleus  10 December 1993    11836 Eileen  5 February 1986    12227 Penney  11 October 1985    12237 Coughlin  23 April 1987    12242 Koon  18 August 1988    12675 Chabot  9 October 1980    12714 Alkimos  15 April 1991    12753 Povenmire  18 April 1993      10 July 1978    13062 Podarkes  19 April 1991    13937 Roberthargraves  2 August 1989    14827 Hypnos  5 May 1986    14835 Holdridge  26 November 1987    15228 Ronmiller  23 February 1987    15304 Wikberg  21 October 1992      15 May 1982    16452 Goldfinger  28 September 1989    16641 Esteban  16 August 1993      10 July 1978    17399 Andysanto  6 September 1983    17408 McAdams  19 October 1987    19140 Jansmit  2 September 1989    19173 Virginiaterése  15 April 1991    19243 Bunting  10 February 1994      10 July 1978    20007 Marybrown  7 June 1991    20037 Duke  20 October 1992    21062 Iasky  13 May 1991    21148 Billramsey  16 April 1993    21149 Kenmitchell  19 April 1993    22294 Simmons  28 September 1989    23452 Drew  18 August 1988    24626 Astrowizard  9 October 1980    24643 MacCready  28 September 1984    24654 Fossett  29 May 1987    24761 Ahau  28 January 1993    26879 Haines  9 July 1994    27706 Strogen  11 October 1985    27711 Kirschvink  4 November 1988    29133 Vargas  29 May 1987    29137 Alanboss  18 October 1987    29146 McHone  17 March 1988    30767 Chriskraft  6 November 1983    30779 Sankt-Stephan  17 October 1987    30785 Greeley  13 August 1988    30786 Karkoschka  18 August 1988    30844 Hukeller  17 May 1991    32776 Nriag  29 May 1987    35056 Cullers  28 September 1984    37609 LaVelle  25 November 1992    37655 Illapa  1 August 1994    43763 Russert  30 May 1987    48416 Carmelita  24 January 1988      10 July 1978      10 July 1978    52266 Van Flandern  10 January 1986    65672 Merrick  16 August 1988    73670 Kurthopf  19 August 1982    79117 Brydonejack  16 August 1988      10 July 1978      10 July 1978      7 November 1977      26 September 1987   Co-discovery made with: E. F. Helin C. S. Shoemaker P. D. Wilder D. H. Levy

Notes

 References 



Bibliography

 External links

 Asteroids:  Deadly Impact National Geographic videos

 USGS page about Gene Shoemaker

 NASA page about Gene Shoemaker 

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