ꯈꯣꯟꯖꯦꯜ ꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯂꯦꯕꯤꯑꯣꯗꯦꯟꯇꯦꯜ ꯅꯥꯀꯣꯡ꯫

ꯈꯣꯟꯖꯦꯜ ꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯂꯦꯕꯤꯑꯣꯗꯦꯟꯇꯦꯜ ꯅꯥꯀꯣꯡ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯀꯟꯁꯅꯇꯦꯜ ꯁꯥꯎꯟꯗ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯐꯣꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯥꯂꯐꯥꯕꯦꯇꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯈꯣꯟꯖꯦꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯔꯤꯞꯔꯖꯦꯟꯇ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯝꯕꯣꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ⟨ɱ⟩ꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯄꯤ.ꯑꯦ.ꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯝꯕꯣꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯛꯁꯔ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯊꯪꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯒꯤ ꯊꯣꯔꯀꯄꯥ ꯂꯦꯃꯍꯧꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯍꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯛꯁꯔ m ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯃꯇꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯨꯠꯇꯥ ꯗꯦꯟꯇꯦꯜ ꯗꯥꯏꯑꯦꯛꯔꯤꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ m ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯛꯔꯤꯄꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯏ: ⟨m̪⟩ (ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ extIPAꯗꯥ, ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯛꯔꯤꯄꯁꯟ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯚꯦꯔꯤꯑꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ)꯫Duckworth et al. (1990) Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for the transcription of atypical speech. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 4: 4: 276.

A labiodental pronunciation of  is very similar to that of the bilabial nasal , but instead of the lips touching each other, the lower lip touches the upper teeth. The position of the lips and teeth is generally the same as for the production of the labiodental fricatives  and , though air escapes between the lip and the teeth in the case of the fricatives.  note that due to gaps between the incisors, which would allow for additional airflow, it is not known if a 'true occlusive' can occur with this gesture, though it still patterns as one.

Although commonly appearing in languages,  is overwhelmingly an allophone restricted to a position before the labiodental consonants  and . A phonemic  has only been reported for the Kukuya language, where it contrasts with  and is "accompanied by strong protrusion of both lips". It is  before  and  before  and , perhaps because labialization is constrained by the spread front vowels; it does not occur before the back (rounded) vowels  and .

Nonetheless,  is extremely common around the world phonetically, as it is the universal allophone of  and a very common allophone of  before the labiodental fricatives  and , as for example in English comfort and circumvent, and, for many people, infinitive and invent. In the Angami language,  occurs as an allophone of  before . In Drubea,  is reported as an allophone of  before nasal vowels.

A proposal to retire the letter  was made in the run-up to the Kiel Convention of 1989, with the labiodental nasal to be transcribed solely by , but the proposal was defeated in committee.Heselwood (2013) Phonetic transcription in theory and practiceJIPA 18(2) p.85. A recommendation by extIPA was retired soon afterwards in response.

 Features 
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Features of a voiced labiodental nasal:

 Occurrence 
Phonemic  is extremely rare. As an allophone of nasal consonants before  or , however,  is very common.

 Language  Word  IPA  Meaning  Notes Arabic  Hejazi      'clove'  See Hejazi Arabic phonology Catalan     'lymph'  See Catalan phonology Czech    'tram' See Czech phonology Danish      'symphony'  See Danish phonology Dutch      'to fall over'  See Dutch phonology English  symphony    'symphony'  Allophone of  before  and  See English phonology. Finnish      'camphor'  See Finnish phonology German      'five'  See German phonology Greek       'embryo'  Learned or careful pronunciation. See Modern Greek phonology Hebrew       'symphony'  See Modern Hebrew phonology Hungarian      'head of state' See Hungarian phonology Indonesian      'conflict'  Allophone of  before . Italian      'instead'  See Italian phonology Kukuya    'eyes'  Phonemic, distinguishes  and . Macedonian       'tram' See Macedonian phonology Norwegian      'stove'  See Norwegian phonologyPolish      'symphony'  See Polish phonology Romanian      'to learn'  See Romanian phonology Russian       'amphora'  See Russian phonology Serbo-Croatian   /     'tram'  Allophone of  and  before  and . See Serbo-Croatian phonology Slovene      'symphony'  Allophone of  and  before  and . Spanish      'to deflate'  See Spanish phonology Swedish      'in front of', 'performs'  See Swedish phonology West Frisian      'unsure'  Allophone of  before labiodental sounds. Yuanmen    'wear (a hat)'  Was briefly phonemic before merging with .

 See also 
 Index of phonetics articles

 References 

 Bibliography 












External links


Category:Pulmonic consonants
Category:Nasal consonants
Category:Voiced consonants
Category:Phonetics