ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯁ

ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯁ ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯏ. ( /ˈ ɛər b ʌ s / AIR -ꯕꯁ ;  ;  ;  ) ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ  ꯑꯦꯔꯣꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁ ꯀꯣꯔꯄꯣꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯁꯤꯟꯂꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯕꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯝꯃꯔꯁꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯛꯔꯥꯐꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯥꯕꯅꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯗꯤꯐꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯦꯂꯤꯀꯣꯞꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯗꯤꯕꯤꯖꯅꯁꯤꯡꯁꯨ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤ꯫ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯕꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯀꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯀꯣꯛ ꯊꯣꯡꯕ ꯍꯦꯂꯤꯀꯣꯞꯇꯔ ꯃꯦꯟꯌꯨꯐꯦꯀꯆꯔꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅ ꯂꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯲꯰꯱꯹ꯗꯥ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯃꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯕ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯂꯥꯏꯅꯔ ꯃꯦꯟꯌꯨꯐꯦꯀꯆꯔꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯊꯣꯔꯛꯈꯤ꯫  

ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯅ ꯁꯥꯕ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯂꯥꯏꯅꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯂꯝꯕ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯛ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯕ ꯑꯦꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯷꯰ ꯗ ꯂꯤꯡꯈꯠꯈꯤꯕ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ ꯑꯦꯔꯣꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁ ꯀꯝꯄꯅꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯁꯣꯔ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯌꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ ꯭ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯤ ꯖꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯏ. ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯰꯰ ꯗ ꯀꯟꯁꯣꯔꯇꯤꯌꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯐꯥꯔ꯭ꯝꯁꯤꯡ-ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁ ꯑꯦꯔꯣꯁꯄꯦꯇꯤꯌꯥꯜ-ꯃꯥꯇ꯭ꯔꯥ, ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤ ꯗꯥꯁꯥ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯟꯒꯤ ꯁꯤ. ꯑꯦ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯑꯦ.-ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ ꯑꯦꯔꯣꯅꯣꯇꯤꯛ ꯗꯤꯐꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯦꯟ ꯁ ꯭ ꯄꯦꯁ ꯀꯝꯄꯅꯤ (ꯏ. ꯑꯦ. ꯗꯤ. ꯑꯦꯁ.) ꯁꯦꯝꯅꯕ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯏ. ꯑꯦ. ꯗꯤ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯅ ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯱꯵ ꯗ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁ ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯏ. ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯍꯣꯡꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯜꯇꯤꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯗꯨꯅ, ꯀꯝꯄꯅꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯀꯅꯥꯗ, ꯃꯂꯦꯁꯤꯌꯥ, ꯌꯨꯅꯥꯏꯇꯦꯗ ꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯦꯠꯁ, ꯃꯣꯔꯣꯀꯣ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯚꯥꯔꯠ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯍꯥꯞꯈꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁ, ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤ, ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯟ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯨꯅꯥꯏꯇꯦꯗ ꯀꯤꯡꯗꯝ  ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯪꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯁꯦꯝꯕ꯭ꯂꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤ ꯫

ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯀꯤ ꯍꯦꯗꯀ꯭ꯋꯥꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯦꯗꯔꯂꯦꯟ꯭ꯁꯀꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯗꯦꯟ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯔꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇꯔ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯒ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯦꯒꯅꯦꯛ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯀꯝꯄꯅꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯪꯗꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯏ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯏ. ꯅ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯌꯟꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯔꯄꯣꯔꯦꯠ ꯂꯣꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯝꯄꯅꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯁꯣꯁꯤꯇꯥꯁ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄ꯭ꯌꯥꯕꯨ ꯇꯥꯛꯏ ꯫ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯣ. ꯒꯤꯌꯨꯏꯂꯨꯝ ꯐꯧꯔꯤꯅ ꯂꯨꯆꯤꯡꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯌꯨꯔꯣ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯛꯁ ꯵꯰ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯛ ꯃꯥꯔꯀꯦꯠ ꯏꯟꯗꯦꯛꯁꯇ ꯌꯥꯎꯋꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯰꯰ ꯗ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯍꯧꯒꯠꯂꯛꯄꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯅ, ꯀꯝꯄꯅꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯦꯔꯤꯁ, ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯐꯔ꯭ꯠ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯣꯜꯁꯥ ꯗꯤ ꯃꯦꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯅꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯛ ꯑꯦꯛꯆꯦꯟꯖ ꯃꯔꯤꯗ ꯂꯤꯁꯠ ꯇꯧꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ ꯫

 ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ 

 ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡ 

 ꯃꯤꯆꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ 
ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯋꯥꯏꯗ-ꯕꯣꯗꯤ, ꯇ꯭ꯋꯤꯟꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯠ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯀꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯷꯲ ꯗ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯰꯰ ꯍꯧꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯌꯣꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯞꯅ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯝ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯀꯧꯔꯛꯄꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ, ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯛꯄ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯄꯣꯔ꯭ꯠꯇꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯞꯅ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯇ꯭ꯋꯤꯟꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯅ ꯃꯤꯅꯤꯠ ꯹꯰ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ-ꯃꯤꯅꯤꯠ ꯶꯰ ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯒꯠꯂꯛꯄ-ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ, ꯏ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯣ. ꯄꯤ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯹꯰ ꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟ ꯱꯹꯷꯶ ꯗ ꯆꯠꯅꯍꯟꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐ  ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯐꯪꯒꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯆꯠꯅ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ, ꯑꯦ꯳꯰꯰ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯋꯥꯡ ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯜꯦꯟꯇꯤꯛ, ꯕꯦ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯕꯦꯡꯒꯜ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯟ ꯑꯣꯁꯤꯟ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯉꯝꯈꯤ,: ꯱꯴  ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯂꯝꯕ ꯇꯧꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯖꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯟꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯦꯔꯂꯥꯏꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯛꯅꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯊꯜꯍꯟꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯣꯟꯕꯗ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯀꯟꯅ ꯍꯦꯟꯒꯠꯍꯟꯈꯤ ꯫
alt=An Airbus A310 taking off from London Heathrow airport.|thumb|ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯁ ꯑꯦ꯳꯱꯰ ꯑꯃ
ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯅ ꯑꯦ꯳꯱꯰ ꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯁꯥꯡꯂꯕ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯗꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯦ꯳꯱꯰ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯦꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐ  ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯒ꯭ꯂꯥꯁ ꯀꯣꯛꯄꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯥꯏꯠ ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯅꯤꯌꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯍꯦꯟꯕ ꯉꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯨꯅ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯐꯖꯅ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟꯈ꯭ꯔꯕ ꯔꯤꯌꯔ ꯐ꯭ꯌꯨꯖꯂꯦꯖ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯦ꯳꯱꯰ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯸꯱ꯗꯒꯤ ꯱꯹꯹꯸ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯃꯇꯧ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯦ꯳꯰꯰ ꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯫ 
ꯑꯦ ꯳꯰꯰ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯥꯏ ꯄꯥꯛꯄ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅ, ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯅ ꯅꯦꯔꯣ-ꯕꯣꯗꯤ ꯑꯦꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯈꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯸꯷ ꯇ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯲꯰ ꯊꯥꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯄ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯛꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯲꯰ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯥꯏ-ꯕꯥꯏ-ꯋꯥꯏꯔ ꯀꯟꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯜ ꯁꯤꯁꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯜ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯅ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯲꯰ꯒ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯀꯣꯛꯄꯤꯠ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯧꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯨꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯂꯥꯏꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯲꯰ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯁꯕꯨ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯹꯳ ꯗ ꯑꯁꯥꯡꯕ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯃ, ꯑꯦ ꯳꯲꯱, ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯹꯵ ꯗ ꯑꯄꯤꯛꯄ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯱꯹ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯰꯲ ꯗ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯱꯸ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯱꯶ ꯗ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯁꯅ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯲꯰ ꯅꯤꯑꯣ (ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨ ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯞꯁꯟ) ꯀꯧꯕ ꯊꯧꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯅꯦꯔꯣ-ꯕꯣꯗꯤ ꯏꯃꯨꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯅꯤꯌꯔ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ ꯫ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯞꯁꯟ ′ ꯫
alt=An A340-600|thumb|ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯐꯔꯠ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯄꯣꯔꯠꯇ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯴꯰ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯡꯐꯔꯠ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯄꯣꯔ꯭ꯠ
ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯅꯁꯨ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯰꯰ ꯒꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯣꯁ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯋꯥꯏꯗ-ꯕꯣꯗꯤ ꯑꯦꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯕꯗ ꯆꯪꯈꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯄꯥꯛ-ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯕ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯝꯐꯝꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯲꯰ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯝꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯛꯄ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯹꯱ꯗ ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟ ꯃꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯴꯰ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯹꯲ ꯗ ꯇ꯭ꯋꯤꯟꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯳꯰ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯊꯧꯒꯠꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ, ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯅ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯁꯥꯡꯂꯕ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯑꯦꯇꯥꯂꯦꯟꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟ꯭ꯁꯄꯦꯁꯤꯐꯤꯛ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯥꯏꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟ ꯃꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ, ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯸꯶ ꯇ ꯇ꯭ꯋꯤꯟꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯤꯅꯤꯠ ꯱꯲꯰ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯸꯹ꯗ ꯃꯤꯅꯤꯠ ꯱꯸꯰ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯍꯦꯟꯒꯠꯍꯟꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯴꯰ ꯌꯣꯟꯕꯗ ꯑꯋꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯳꯰ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯴꯰ ꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯱꯱ ꯗ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯒ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯳꯰ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯱꯸ ꯗ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯳꯰ ꯅꯤꯑꯣ (ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯞꯁꯟ) ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯅꯤꯌꯔ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ ꯫
ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯰꯵ ꯗ, ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯅ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯕ ꯄꯦꯁꯦꯟꯖꯔ ꯑꯦꯔꯂꯥꯏꯅꯔ, ꯑꯦ ꯳꯸꯰ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯄꯦꯁꯦꯟꯁꯔ ꯁꯤꯇꯤꯡ ꯗꯦꯛ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯐꯠ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯁꯥꯡꯂꯕ ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯗ ꯕꯣꯏꯡ 747 ꯃꯀꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯆꯡꯖꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ, ꯑꯦ380 ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯆꯥꯎꯈꯠꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯋꯥꯡꯅ ꯂꯩꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯊꯣꯛꯂꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯌꯣꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯗꯕꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯲꯱ ꯒꯤ ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔꯗ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯋꯥꯏꯗ-ꯕꯣꯗꯤ, ꯇ꯭ꯋꯤꯟꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯵꯰ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯱꯳ ꯗ ꯍꯧꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯵꯰ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯥꯔꯕꯣꯟ-ꯐꯥꯏꯕꯔ-ꯔꯤꯟꯐꯣꯔ꯭ꯁ ꯄꯣꯂꯤꯃꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯅ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯐꯠꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯰꯰, ꯑꯦ ꯳꯱꯰, ꯑꯦ ꯳꯳꯰, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯴꯰ ꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯐ꯭ꯌꯨꯖꯂꯦꯖ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯁꯥꯡꯉꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯛ ꯆꯥꯎꯏ ꯫

ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯁꯅ ꯕꯣꯝꯕꯔꯗꯤꯌꯔ ꯁꯤꯁꯦꯔꯤꯖ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯥꯛꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯉꯝꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯱꯸ ꯗ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯅꯦꯔꯣ-ꯕꯣꯗꯤ ꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯍꯥꯞꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯑꯦ ꯲꯲꯰ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯍꯣꯡꯍꯟꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯲꯰ ꯗ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯛꯅ ꯐꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯇꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯗꯨꯒ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯗ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯅ ꯐꯝꯐꯝ ꯃꯉꯥ ꯄꯤ ꯫

ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ ꯲꯰꯲꯴ ꯗ, ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯆꯩꯍꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯑꯄꯨꯟꯕ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐ ꯄꯤꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯠ ꯶꯳꯴ ꯌꯧꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄꯥꯎꯗꯝꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯅꯕꯦꯝꯕꯔ ꯲꯰꯲꯴ ꯈꯛꯇꯗ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯟ ꯸꯴ ꯄꯤꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄꯗ, ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯲꯵ ꯒꯤ ꯖꯅꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤꯗ, ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯂꯩꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯲꯴ ꯄꯨꯝꯕꯗ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯸꯷꯸ ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯷꯶꯶ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐ ꯃꯥꯏ ꯄꯥꯛꯅ ꯄꯤꯊꯣꯛꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄꯥꯎꯗꯝꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯍꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯩꯍꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯗ ꯴ ꯍꯦꯟꯒꯠꯂꯛꯄ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯲꯵ ꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯛꯇꯣꯕꯔꯗ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯲꯰ ꯅ ꯕꯣꯏꯡ ꯷꯳꯷ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯂꯥꯏꯅꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ ꯫
+ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯤꯁꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯐꯠꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯃꯁꯛ ꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯐꯝꯐꯝꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯐ ꯭ ꯂꯥꯏꯠꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯄꯤꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯌꯥꯊꯪꯁꯤꯡꯄꯤꯊꯣꯛ-ꯄꯤꯁꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯁꯤꯡꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯗꯕꯊꯕꯛ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯑꯦ 220ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟ 2, ꯅ ꯭ ꯔꯣ-ꯕꯣꯗꯤ100–15016 ꯁꯦꯞꯇꯦꯝꯕꯔ 2013 (ꯕꯣꯝꯕꯔꯗꯤꯌꯔ ꯁꯤꯁꯦꯔꯤꯖ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ 941451490451ꯑꯦ300ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟ 2, ꯋꯥꯏꯗ-ꯕꯣꯗꯤ228–254ꯏꯪ 1972ꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯛꯇꯣꯕꯔ 28ꯗ ꯖꯨꯂꯥꯏ 12,2007 561561 --꯫210ꯑꯦ 310ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟ 2, ꯋꯥꯏꯗ-ꯕꯣꯗꯤ190-230ꯏꯪ 1982ꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯜ 3ꯗ ꯖꯨꯟ 15 1998 [ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ] 255255 --꯫47ꯑꯦ320ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟ 2, ꯅ ꯭ ꯔꯣ-ꯕꯣꯗꯤ107–18522 ꯐꯦꯕ ꯭ ꯔꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ 1987 19,36212,2577,10511,276ꯑꯦ330ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟ 2, ꯋꯥꯏꯗ-ꯕꯣꯗꯤ246–300ꯅꯕꯦꯝꯕꯔ 2,1992 1,9451,6453001,466ꯑꯦ340ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟ 4, ꯋꯥꯏꯗ-ꯕꯣꯗꯤ210–37025 ꯑꯣꯛꯇꯣꯕꯔ 1991 16 ꯖꯨꯂꯥꯏ 2010  377377 --꯫184ꯑꯦ350ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟ 2, ꯋꯥꯏꯗ-ꯕꯣꯗꯤ300–410ꯖꯨꯟ 14 2013 1,445675770674ꯑꯦ380ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟ 4, ꯋꯥꯏꯗ-ꯕꯣꯗꯤ, ꯗꯕꯜ ꯗꯦꯛ555–853ꯑꯦꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯜ 27 2005 16 ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ 2021 251251 --꯫215ꯏꯪ 2025ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯞꯇꯦꯝꯕꯔ 30 ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯗ ꯗꯦꯇꯥ ꯫

 ꯀꯣꯔꯄꯣꯔꯦꯠ ꯖꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ 
ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯁ ꯀꯣꯔꯄꯣꯔꯦꯠ ꯖꯦꯠꯁ ꯂꯅꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯣꯔꯄꯣꯔꯦꯠ ꯀꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯗ ꯌꯣꯟꯊꯣꯛꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯏ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯀꯝꯄꯅꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯟꯖ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩ ꯫ ꯷꯳꯷ ꯗ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯕꯣꯏꯡ ꯕꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯁ ꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯪꯁꯤꯜꯂꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯅ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯹꯷ ꯇ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯱꯹ ꯀꯣꯔꯄꯣꯔꯦꯠ ꯖꯦꯠꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯕꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯁ ꯖꯦꯠ ꯃꯥꯔꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁ ꯀꯣꯔꯄꯣꯔꯦꯠ ꯖꯦꯠ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯗ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯱꯹ ꯁꯤ. ꯖꯦ. ꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯈꯛꯇ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯇꯤ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯚꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯄꯤ. ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯕꯣꯗꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯜ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯇꯣꯏꯅ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ ꯫ ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ ꯲꯰꯰꯸ ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯗ ꯀꯣꯔꯄꯣꯔꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯕꯦꯠ ꯖꯦꯠ ꯱꯲꯱ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐ ꯱꯶꯴ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯇꯧꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ ꯫

ꯁꯤꯟꯂꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯄꯤꯛꯄ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯖꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯐꯦꯂꯀꯟ ꯏꯃꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯗꯁꯣꯜꯠ ꯑꯦꯚꯤꯑꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯱꯰% ꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯨꯁꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤ ꯫

 ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯇꯔꯤ 
ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯁ ꯗꯤꯐꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯅ ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯥꯟꯃꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯹꯰ ꯒꯤ ꯆꯩꯍꯤ ꯇꯔꯥꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯖꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯗ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯅ ꯂꯥꯟꯃꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯦꯚꯤꯌꯦꯁꯟ ꯃꯥꯔꯀꯦꯠ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯄꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯣꯟꯕꯗ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯄꯨꯛꯅꯤꯡ ꯆꯪꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯆꯥꯎꯈꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯅꯤꯗ ꯆꯪꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ: ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯱꯰ ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯇꯤ. (ꯃꯜꯇꯤ-ꯔꯣꯜ ꯇꯦꯡꯀꯔ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯄꯣꯔꯠ) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯱꯰ ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯑꯥꯔ, ꯇꯤ. ꯇꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯁ ꯑꯦ ꯴꯰꯰ ꯑꯦꯝ ꯑꯦꯇꯥꯜꯁꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯇꯦꯛꯇꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯔꯂꯤꯐꯠꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯐ꯭ꯌꯨꯂꯤꯡ ꯫ ꯀꯝꯄꯅꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯕꯁ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯀꯝꯄꯅꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅ, ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯁꯤ. ꯑꯦ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯑꯦ. ꯅ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯂꯥꯟꯃꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐ ꯈꯔ ꯌꯣꯟꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯣꯝꯖꯤꯟꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯑꯦ ꯳꯱꯰ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯳꯰ ꯗ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯇꯤ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯆꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯂꯥꯏꯅꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯦꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯜꯇꯤ-ꯔꯣꯜ ꯇꯦꯡꯀꯔ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯄꯣꯔ꯭ꯠ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯋꯤ ꯃꯔꯝꯗꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯐ꯭ꯌꯨꯂꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯉꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ, ꯑꯦꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯐ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯨꯞꯀꯤ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛ ꯄꯨꯁꯤꯟ, ꯃꯦꯗꯦꯚꯦꯛ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯥꯔꯒꯣ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛ ꯄꯨꯁꯤꯟꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯁꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯑꯦ. ꯴꯰꯰ ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯑꯦꯇꯥꯜꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟ ꯃꯔꯤ, ꯇꯔꯕꯣꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯞ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯕ ꯇꯦꯛꯇꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯐꯠ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯦ. ꯴꯰꯰ ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯁꯤ-꯱꯳꯰ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤ-꯱꯷ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯄꯣꯔ꯭ꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯆꯥꯎꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯁꯤ-꯱꯳꯰ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯗꯨꯅ ꯆꯠꯄ ꯉꯝꯂꯕꯁꯨ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯇꯔꯕꯣꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯞ ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯑꯀꯪꯕ ꯂꯦꯟꯗꯤꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯦ. ꯴꯰꯰ ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯟ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯇ ꯇꯥꯡꯖꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ ꯅꯦꯇꯣ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯕꯦꯜꯖꯤꯌꯝ, ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁ, ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤ, ꯂꯛꯁꯝꯕꯔ꯭ꯒ, ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯟ, ꯇꯔꯀꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯨ. ꯀꯦ. ꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯆꯥꯎꯈꯠꯂꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯦ. ꯴꯰꯰ ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯇꯦꯡꯕꯥꯡ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯆꯪꯁꯤꯜꯂꯛꯄꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯆꯪꯗꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯍꯦꯟꯒꯠꯄ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯱꯳ ꯗ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯑꯦꯌꯔ ꯐꯣꯔꯁꯇ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯲꯳ ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯗ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐ ꯱꯰꯰ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯁꯥꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ ꯫

ꯗꯤꯐꯦꯟ꯭ꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁ ꯗꯤꯕꯤꯖꯟꯅ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯅꯤꯁ ꯑꯦꯔꯣꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁ ꯀꯝꯄꯅꯤ ꯁꯤ. ꯑꯦ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯑꯦ. ꯅ ꯁꯦꯝ ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯗ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯄꯤꯛꯄ ꯇꯦꯛꯇꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯄꯣꯔ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯏ. ꯑꯦ. ꯗꯤ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯁꯤ. ꯑꯦ

ꯁꯤꯟꯂꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯌꯟ ꯵ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯡꯗꯧ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯌꯟ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯨꯞꯀꯤ ꯖꯣꯏꯟꯠ ꯚꯦꯟꯆꯔꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯗ ꯵꯰, ꯇꯥꯏꯐꯣꯟ ꯐꯥꯏꯇꯔ ꯖꯦꯠ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯐꯥꯏꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯖꯩꯟꯠ ꯚꯦꯟꯆꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯗ 46, ꯇꯣꯔꯅꯥꯗꯣ ꯐꯥꯏꯇꯔ ꯖꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯕ ꯄꯅꯥꯚ ꯭ ꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯔꯀ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯐꯠꯀꯤ ꯖꯩꯟꯠ ꯋꯦꯟꯆꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯃ, ꯃꯤꯁꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯕꯤ. ꯗꯤ. ꯑꯦ. ꯒꯤ ꯖꯩꯟꯠ ꯚꯦꯅꯆꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯨ , ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯥꯐꯦꯜ ꯐꯥꯏꯇꯔ ꯖꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯗꯁꯣꯜꯠ ꯑꯦꯚꯤꯑꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯱꯰% ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯤꯔꯥꯃꯤꯔꯦꯖ ꯲꯰꯰꯰ ꯐꯥꯏꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯨꯁꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤ ꯫

 ꯍꯦꯂꯤꯀꯣꯞꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ 
ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯁ ꯍꯦꯂꯤꯀꯣꯞꯇꯔꯁꯅ ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯗ ꯌꯣꯟꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯆꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯥꯟꯃꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯔꯣꯇꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯦꯔꯣꯁꯄꯦꯇꯤꯌꯥꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯥꯁꯥ (ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯁꯒꯤ ꯂꯤꯡꯈꯠꯄ ꯀꯝꯄꯅꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯅꯤ) ꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯂꯤꯀꯣꯞꯇꯔ ꯗꯤꯕꯤꯖꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅ ꯗꯤꯕꯤꯖꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯹꯲ ꯗ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯀꯣꯞꯇꯔ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯨꯞ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯤꯡꯈꯠꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯁ ꯍꯦꯂꯤꯀꯣꯞꯇꯔꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯥꯔꯕꯥꯔ ꯍꯦꯂꯤꯀꯣꯞꯇꯣꯔ ꯏꯟꯗꯁꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯗ ꯁꯦꯟꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯇ ꯃꯥꯡꯖꯤꯜ ꯊꯥꯔꯤꯕ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯣꯏꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯗꯤꯚꯤꯖꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯆꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ-ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟ ꯑꯩꯑꯩꯆ ꯱꯲꯵ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯩꯑꯩꯆ ꯱꯶꯰, ꯂꯥꯏꯠ ꯇ꯭ꯋꯤꯟ-ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟ ꯑꯦꯆ ꯱꯳꯵ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯆ ꯱꯴꯵, ꯃꯤꯗꯤꯌꯝ ꯇ꯭ꯋꯤꯜ-ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟ ꯑꯩ ꯱꯵꯵ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯩꯆ ꯱꯶꯰, ꯁꯨꯄꯔ ꯃꯤꯗꯤꯌꯝ ꯇ-ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟ ꯑꯦꯟꯗꯍ ꯑꯩꯆ꯱꯷꯵, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯦꯚꯤ ꯇ꯭ꯋꯤꯟ-ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯟ ꯑꯩꯆ ꯲꯲꯵ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯩꯆ ꯲꯲꯵ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯤ ꯫

ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯇꯔꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ H꯱꯲꯵ , H ꯱꯳꯵, H145, H160, H175, H215, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ H225 ꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯇꯔꯤꯖ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯃꯈꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯇꯥꯏꯒꯔ ꯑꯦꯇꯦꯛ ꯍꯦꯂꯤꯀꯣꯞꯇꯔ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯤꯟꯂꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯑꯩꯆ. ꯹꯰ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯇꯔꯤ ꯌꯨꯇꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯍꯦꯂꯤꯀꯣꯞꯇꯔ ꯁꯥꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯑꯩꯆ. ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯖꯀꯤ ꯑꯄꯨꯟꯕ ꯊꯧꯔꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯨꯁꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤ ꯫

 ꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃ 

 ꯗꯤꯚꯤꯖꯟꯁꯤꯡ 


 ꯂꯜꯂꯣꯟꯏꯇꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐ 
ꯀꯝꯃꯔꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯅ ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯱꯸ ꯗ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯁ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞꯀꯤ ꯑꯄꯨꯟꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯊꯣꯛꯀꯤ ꯷꯴ % ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯲꯳ ꯗ ꯷꯲ % ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯗꯤꯐꯦꯟꯁ, ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯦꯂꯤꯀꯣꯞꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁ ꯀꯝꯃꯔꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯀꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ ꯳꯱ ꯂꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯊꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯆꯩꯍꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫
ꯁꯦꯟꯊꯣꯛ (′′) ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯏꯟꯀꯝ (b) [a]ꯚꯦꯜꯌꯨ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯕꯨꯛ (β) ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯍꯟꯗꯕ ꯅꯤꯌꯝꯁꯤꯡ [ꯕꯤ][b]ꯅꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯏꯟꯇꯦꯛꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯐꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯊꯣꯛꯄꯤꯕꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ201649.21.51,0106,87473168873,852201743.42.29507,2651,10971874,542201847.94.2411 [ꯁꯤ][c]7,57774780080,924201954.71.74247,48276886380,985202034.2−1.33247,18426856678,487202136.14.13457,08250761173,560202241.44.83907,23982066179,134202347.73.64908,5982,09473590,032202450.64.26298,658826766

 ꯗꯤꯐꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁ 
ꯗꯤꯕꯤꯖꯟ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁ ꯗꯤꯐꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯦꯟꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯒꯤ ꯏ. ꯑꯦ. ꯗꯤ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯗꯤꯕꯤꯖꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯇꯔꯤ, ꯑꯦꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯌꯝ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯗꯤꯌꯟ (ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯗꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛꯁꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ-ꯂꯥꯟꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯁꯦꯟꯁꯔꯁꯤꯡ, ꯔꯗꯥꯔꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯦꯚꯤꯌꯣꯅꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯟ ꯋꯥꯔꯐꯦꯌꯔ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯄ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯄ) ꯗꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯱꯴ ꯒꯤ ꯖꯅꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤꯗ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤ, ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯗꯤꯌꯦꯟ ꯑꯦꯌꯔ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡꯅ-ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯕ ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡ (ꯌꯨ. ꯑꯦ. ꯚꯤ. ′ ′ ꯃꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯦꯚꯤꯌꯣꯅꯤꯛꯁ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯅꯤꯛ ꯗꯤꯐꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯔꯅꯤꯡ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯗ꯭ꯌꯥꯟ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡ-ꯀꯝꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯟꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯜ, ꯂꯤꯗ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯦꯇ꯭ꯔꯥ ꯑꯦꯟꯍꯦꯟꯁ ꯗꯦꯇꯥ ꯁꯔꯕꯤꯁ (ꯇꯤ. ꯏ. ꯗꯤ. ꯑꯦꯁ.) ꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯐꯤꯜꯗ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯧꯕ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

 ꯏ. ꯑꯦ. ꯗꯤ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯳ ꯁꯤꯒꯃꯥ-ꯍꯦꯂꯦꯅꯤꯛ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯥꯅ ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯠꯇ ꯄꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯩꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯄꯥꯏꯕ ꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯟ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ-ꯃꯇꯧ, ꯆꯥꯎꯈꯠꯄ, ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯄ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯕꯗ ꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡ ꯊꯝꯈꯤ ꯫  

ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯕ ꯍꯦꯂꯤꯀꯣꯞꯇꯔ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ, ꯇꯦꯟꯀꯔ, ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛ ꯄꯨꯁꯤꯟ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐ-ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯁ ꯍꯦꯂꯤꯀꯣꯄꯇꯔꯁ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯄ, ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯇꯔꯤ ꯗꯤꯕꯤꯖꯟꯅ ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯌꯟ, ꯒꯦꯂꯤꯂꯤꯑꯣ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯗꯤꯌꯟ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯌꯦꯜ, ꯂꯦꯟ, ꯅꯦꯚꯦꯜ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯆꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯉꯥꯛꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯀꯦꯁꯤꯗꯤꯌꯟꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗ ꯏ. ꯑꯦ. ꯗꯤ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯅ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯐꯥꯏꯇꯔ ꯀꯟꯁꯣꯔ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯌꯝꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯕꯤ. ꯗꯤ. ꯑꯦ. ꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯁꯥꯏꯜ ꯁꯤꯁꯇꯦꯝ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯫

 ꯍꯦꯂꯤꯀꯣꯞꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ 
ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯀꯣꯞꯇꯔ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯅꯕ, ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯁ ꯍꯦꯂꯤꯀꯣꯞꯇꯔꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯦꯂꯤꯀꯣꯞꯇꯔ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯂꯤꯕ ꯀꯝꯄꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

 ꯁꯕꯁꯤꯗꯤꯌꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ 

 ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯁ ꯑꯦ. ꯄꯤ. ꯋꯣꯔ꯭ꯛꯁ 
 ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯁ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯗꯦꯃꯤ 
 ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯗꯦꯃꯤ
 ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯨꯞ, ꯏꯟꯀ.-ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯁ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞꯀꯤ ꯑꯋꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯊꯧꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯌꯨ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯀꯤ ꯍꯣꯜꯗꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯟꯂꯝ ꯫
 -ꯀꯥꯔꯒꯣ ꯑꯦꯔꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯆꯥꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯀꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛ ꯄꯨꯁꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯁꯤꯟꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯤꯟꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯤ ꯫ 
 ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯁ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯇꯦꯛ 
 ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯁ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯁꯥ 
 ꯗꯣꯔꯅꯤꯌꯔ ꯀꯟꯁꯜꯇꯤꯡ
 ꯖꯤ. ꯄꯤ. ꯇꯤ. 
 ꯅꯦꯚꯕ꯭ꯂꯨ
 ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯃꯤꯌꯝ ꯑꯦꯔꯣꯇꯦꯛ
 ꯁꯇꯥꯏꯔ
 ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯁ ꯑꯦꯠꯂꯦꯟꯇꯤꯛ
 ꯇꯦꯁꯇꯤꯌꯥ
 ꯌꯨ. ꯄꯤ. ꯴꯲ 
 ꯚꯣꯜꯠꯑꯦꯌꯔ

 ꯄꯨꯟꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯁꯤꯡ 
ꯃꯃꯤꯡꯄꯥꯏꯈꯠꯄꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁ ꯀꯦꯅꯗꯥ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯦꯗ ꯄꯥꯔꯅꯥꯔꯁꯤꯞ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁ ꯑꯦ 220 ꯏꯃꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯂꯥꯏꯅꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯄꯑꯦꯔꯤꯑꯦꯟꯒ ꯭ ꯔꯨꯞ ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯌꯟ 6 ꯁ ꯭ ꯄꯦꯁ ꯂꯣꯆ ꯚꯦꯍꯤꯀꯜ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯄꯑꯦ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯑꯦ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯥꯔ. 42 ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦ. ꯇꯤꯗꯁꯣꯜꯠ ꯑꯦꯚꯤꯌꯦꯁꯟ ꯔꯥꯐꯦꯜ ꯐꯥꯏꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯦꯂꯀꯟ ꯕꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯁ ꯖꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯄꯌꯨꯔꯣꯐꯤꯇꯔ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯐꯥꯏꯇꯔ ꯇꯥꯏꯐꯣꯟ ꯐꯥꯏꯇꯔ ꯖꯦꯠ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯄꯑꯦꯝ. ꯕꯤ. ꯗꯤ. ꯑꯦ. ꯃꯤꯁ ꯭ ꯌꯦꯜ ꯁꯤꯁꯇꯦꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯄꯑꯦꯟ. ꯑꯩꯆ. ꯏꯟꯗꯁ ꯭ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯁ ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯑꯩꯆ. 90 ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯇꯔꯤ ꯌꯨꯇꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯍꯦꯂꯤꯀꯣꯞꯇꯔ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯄꯄꯅꯥꯚꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯐꯠ ꯇꯣꯔꯅꯥꯗꯣ ꯐꯥꯏꯇꯔ ꯖꯦꯠ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯄ

 ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯅ ꯄꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ 
ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯲꯴ ꯒꯤ ꯑꯉꯟꯕꯗ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯀꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯱꯰ ꯑꯗꯨ : 

 ꯒꯕꯔꯟꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁ (꯱꯰.꯸꯳ % )
 ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔ ( ꯱꯰.꯸꯲ % )
 ꯒꯕꯔꯟꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯟ ( ꯴.꯰꯸꯱ % )
 ꯆꯤꯜꯗ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯁ ꯏꯟꯚꯦꯁꯃꯦꯟ ꯐꯟ  ꯃꯦꯅꯖꯃꯦꯟ ( ꯳.꯰꯱꯳ %) 
 ꯑꯃꯨꯟꯗꯤ ( ꯰.꯳꯹꯹꯴ %)
 ꯁꯤꯜꯚꯔꯕꯦ ꯀꯦꯄꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯃꯦꯅꯖꯃꯦꯟꯠ (꯰.꯲꯵꯱꯸ %) 
 ꯑꯣ. ꯑꯦꯐ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯏꯟꯚꯦꯁꯠ ꯑꯦꯁꯦꯠ ꯃꯦꯅꯖꯃꯦꯟ (꯰.꯱꯶꯸꯸% )
 ꯀ꯭ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯠ ꯃꯨꯇꯨꯋꯦꯜ (꯰.꯱꯶꯱꯱ % )
 ꯃꯣꯅꯦꯇꯥ ꯑꯦꯁꯦꯠ ꯃꯦꯅꯖꯃꯦꯟꯠ (꯰.꯱꯱꯳꯹ % )
 ꯔꯣꯊꯁ꯭ꯆꯤꯜꯗ ꯱ꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯣ ( ꯰.꯱꯱꯱ % )

 ꯃꯀꯣꯛ ꯊꯣꯡꯕ ꯂꯨꯆꯤꯡꯕꯁꯤꯡ 
ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯁꯀꯤ ꯀꯣꯔꯄꯣꯔꯦꯠ ꯃꯦꯅꯖꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ: 

 ꯆꯦꯌꯔꯃꯦꯟ: ꯔꯦꯅꯦ ꯑꯣꯕꯔꯃꯟ (ꯑꯦꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯜ ꯲꯰꯲꯰ ꯗꯒꯤ) 
 ꯆꯤꯐ ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯤꯀ꯭ꯌꯨꯇꯤꯕ: ꯒꯤꯜꯂꯨꯝ ꯐꯧꯔꯤ (ꯑꯦꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯜ ꯲꯰꯱꯹ ꯗꯒꯤ)  

 ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯂꯩꯕ 
ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯀꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯤꯐꯝꯒꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯡ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩ ꯫ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯤ:

 ꯇꯨꯂꯨꯖ, ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁ (ꯑꯦ ꯳꯲꯰ ꯏꯃꯨꯡ, ꯑꯦ ꯳꯳꯰ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯵꯰) 
 ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯁ ꯍꯦꯝꯕꯔꯒ-ꯐꯤꯟꯀꯦꯟꯋꯔꯗꯔ, ꯍꯦꯝꯕꯔꯒ, ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤ (ꯑꯦ ꯳꯲꯰ ꯏꯃꯨꯡ) 
 ꯁꯦꯚꯤꯜ, ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯟ (ꯑꯦ ꯴꯰꯰ ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤ ꯲꯹꯵) 
 ꯇꯤꯌꯥꯟꯖꯤꯟ, ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥ (ꯑꯦ ꯳꯲꯰ ꯏꯃꯨꯡ) 
 ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁ ꯃꯣꯕꯥꯏꯜ, ꯃꯣꯕꯥꯏꯜ ꯑꯂꯥꯕꯥꯃꯥ, ꯌꯨꯅꯥꯏꯇꯦꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯠꯁ (ꯑꯦ ꯲꯲꯰ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯲꯰ ꯏꯃꯨꯡ) 
 ꯃꯤꯔꯥꯕꯦꯜ, ꯀ꯭ꯌꯨꯕꯦꯛ: ꯑꯦ ꯲꯲꯰ ꯍꯧꯒꯠꯂꯛꯄ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯁ ꯀꯦꯅꯗꯥ

ꯑꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ, ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯁꯀꯤ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯞꯀꯤ ꯃꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯟ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯟꯁꯣꯔꯇꯤꯌꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ ꯫

ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯞꯇ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯟꯕ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯠꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ, ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯐꯀꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯅ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯐꯦꯛꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯥꯒꯟꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯕꯦꯂꯨꯒꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯦꯂꯨꯒꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁ ꯑꯦꯜ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯠꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯐ꯭ꯌꯨꯖꯂꯦꯖꯀꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯄꯨꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯉꯝꯕ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯤꯠ ꯃꯣꯗꯤꯐꯥꯏꯗ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯁ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯗ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯟꯕ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ, ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯥꯕꯗ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯞꯀꯤ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇꯗ ꯐꯪꯉꯤ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯑꯦꯁꯦꯝꯕ꯭ꯂꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯈꯣꯡꯆꯠꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯖꯍꯥꯖꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯊꯜꯂꯤ ꯫

ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯁꯅ ꯲꯰꯰꯹ꯗ ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯇꯤꯌꯥꯟꯖꯤꯟꯗꯥ  ꯑꯦꯔꯛꯔꯥꯐꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ   ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ ꯀꯝꯄꯣꯅꯦꯟꯇ ꯃꯦꯟꯌꯨꯐꯦꯀꯆꯔꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯟꯇ ꯍꯥꯔꯕꯤꯟ, ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥꯗꯥ ꯖꯨꯂꯥꯏ ꯲꯰꯰꯹ꯗꯥ   ꯲꯰꯱꯱ꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯆꯌꯣꯂꯗꯥ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯅꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯍꯧꯈꯤ,  ꯁ꯭ꯛꯕꯥꯔ ꯃꯤꯇꯔ ꯳꯰,꯰꯰꯰ ꯁꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯟꯇ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯝꯄꯣꯖꯤꯠ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦ꯳꯵꯰ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯗꯕ꯭ꯜꯌꯨꯕꯤ, ꯑꯦ꯳꯲꯰ ꯏꯃꯨꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯕꯁ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯀꯝꯄꯣꯖꯤꯠ ꯋꯥꯔꯛ-ꯄꯦꯀꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯃꯒꯠꯂꯤ꯫ ꯍꯥꯔꯕꯤꯟ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯛꯔꯥꯐꯠ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯨꯞ ꯀꯣꯔꯄꯣꯔꯦꯁꯟ, ꯍꯥꯐꯦꯏ ꯑꯦꯚꯤꯑꯦꯁꯟ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤ ꯀꯝꯄꯦꯅꯤ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯦꯗ, ꯑꯦꯚꯤꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤ ꯑꯦꯟꯗ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯅꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯟꯇ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯸꯰%ꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯂꯦꯃꯍꯧꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯲꯰%ꯗꯤ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯕꯁꯅꯥ ꯀꯟꯠꯔꯣꯜ ꯇꯧꯔꯤ꯫  [ <span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (October 2021)">ꯊꯥꯖꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯗꯕꯥ ꯁꯣꯔꯁ?</span> ] ꯲꯰꯲꯲ꯗꯥ ꯇꯤꯌꯥꯅꯖꯤꯟ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯟꯇ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯦ꯳꯲꯱ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯄꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯗ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯅꯈꯤ꯫  ꯲꯰꯲꯳ꯗꯥ ꯇꯤꯌꯥꯅꯖꯤꯟ ꯐꯥꯏꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯁꯦꯝꯕꯂꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯟꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯗꯛꯁꯟ ꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯊꯣꯀꯍꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯥꯕꯥ ꯍꯧꯈꯤ꯫ 

ꯑꯋꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯅ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐ ꯌꯣꯟꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯂꯧꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝ ꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯊꯨꯡꯅ ꯌꯣꯟꯕ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁ ꯖꯦꯇꯂꯥꯏꯅꯔ ꯵꯳꯰꯰ ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯲꯰꯰꯰ ꯗꯤ ꯑꯋꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯂꯩꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ ꯫ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯀꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯗꯛꯠ ꯄꯨꯝꯕ, ꯀꯝꯄꯦꯛꯠ ꯑꯦ318ꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯕ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯸꯰ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ, ꯱꯰꯷ ꯗꯒꯤ ꯵꯶꯵ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯄꯦꯁꯦꯟꯖꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ, ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯏ ꯫ ꯊꯣꯏꯗꯣꯛꯍꯦꯟꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ, ꯌꯨ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯀꯤ ꯀꯟꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯛꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯱꯲꯰꯰꯰꯰ ꯐꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯗ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅ ꯗꯣꯂꯔ ꯕꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ ꯵.꯵ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯂꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯂꯧꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ, ꯑꯦ ꯳꯸꯰ ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯋꯥꯔꯛ ꯁꯦꯌꯔ ꯚꯦꯜ꯭ꯌꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛ ꯵꯱ % ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯥꯒꯠꯂꯤ ꯫ 

ꯃꯣꯕꯥꯏꯜ, ꯑꯂꯥꯕꯥꯃꯥ ꯑꯦꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯠ ꯑꯦꯁꯦꯝꯕ꯭ꯂꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯟ  ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯲꯰꯱꯲ ꯒꯤ ꯖꯨꯂꯥꯏ ꯲ ꯗ ꯃꯣꯕꯥꯏꯜ ꯀꯟꯚꯦꯟꯁꯟ ꯁꯦꯟꯇꯔꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯀꯤ ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯣ. ꯐꯤꯕ꯭ꯔꯤꯁ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯦꯖꯤꯌꯔꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯨꯀꯂꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯣꯕꯥꯏꯜ ꯑꯦꯔꯣꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯛꯁꯇ ꯑꯦ ꯲꯲꯰, ꯑꯦ ꯳꯱꯹, ꯑꯦ ꯳꯲꯰ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦ ꯳꯲꯱ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯀꯤ ꯑꯦꯁꯦꯝꯕ꯭ꯂꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯗꯣꯂꯔ ꯶꯰꯰ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟꯒꯤ ꯐꯦꯛꯇꯔꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯌꯥꯎꯋꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯟꯃꯤ ꯱꯰꯰꯰ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯉꯝꯒꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯪ  ꯲꯰꯱꯳ ꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯜ ꯸ ꯗ ꯁꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯍꯧꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯱꯵ ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯗ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯛꯈꯤ, ꯲꯰꯱꯷ ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯗ ꯆꯩꯍꯤ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐ ꯵꯰ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯲꯴ ꯒꯤ ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ  ꯱꯶ ꯇ, ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯅ ꯕꯦꯡ꯭ꯒꯂꯨꯔꯨ ꯋꯥꯏꯠꯐꯤꯜꯗ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯒ꯭ꯂꯣꯕꯦꯜ ꯀꯦꯄꯦꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯇꯔ ꯁꯥꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯁ꯭ꯀ꯭ꯋꯥꯔ ꯐꯤꯠꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯶꯵꯰꯰꯰꯰ ꯂꯤꯖꯗ ꯂꯧꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄꯥꯎꯗꯝꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯂꯤꯖ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯱꯰ ꯒꯤꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯀꯔꯣꯔ ꯵꯰꯰ ꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯇꯥꯏꯇꯥꯅꯤꯌꯝ ꯇꯦꯛ ꯄꯥꯔꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯄꯨꯝꯕ ꯉꯥꯛꯁꯦꯟꯗꯨꯅ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ, ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯅ ꯚꯥꯔꯠ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯃꯄꯥꯡꯒꯜ ꯀꯟꯈꯠꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ ꯫

 ꯁꯦꯜ-ꯊꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡ 
ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯁ ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯏ. ꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯤ (ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ ꯳꯱ ꯂꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯊꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯆꯩꯍꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ):  
Revenue(€ b)Net profit[e](€ b)Research anddevelopmentexpenses(€ b)New orders[f](€ b)Order backlog[g](€ b)Number ofemployees[g](k)References200431.71.32.144.1184110200534.21.72.092.5253113200639.40.192.469.0262116200739.1−0.432.6136339116200843.21.62.698.6400118200942.8−0.722.845.8389119201045.70.582.983.1448121201149.11.13.1131540133201256.41.13.1102566140201359.21.43.1218686144201460.72.33.4166857138201564.42.63.41591,005136201666.50.992.91341,060133201766.72.82.8158997129201863.73.03.255.5459[c]133201970.4−1.33.381.1471134202049.9−1.12.833.2373131202152.14.22.762.0398126202258.74.23.082.5449134202365.43.73.2186.5553147202469.24.13.3103.5629157
ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯰꯵ ꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯛꯇꯣꯕꯔꯗ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯤꯇꯤꯁ ꯃꯟꯇ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯗꯤꯐꯦꯟꯁꯅ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯞꯀꯤ ꯔꯥꯖꯅꯤꯇꯤ ꯇꯧꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯏ. ꯑꯦ. ꯗꯤ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯔꯄꯣꯔꯦꯠ ꯒꯕꯔꯅꯟꯁꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯗꯨꯅ ꯂꯦꯞꯅꯕ ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯋꯥ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯒꯤ ꯌꯨ. ꯀꯦ. ꯒꯤ ꯗꯤꯐꯦꯟꯁ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯀ꯭ꯌꯨꯔꯃꯦꯟ  ꯃꯟꯇ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯂꯣꯔ꯭ꯗ ꯗ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯅ ꯏ. ꯑꯦ. ꯗꯤ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯀꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯔ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯌꯨ. ꯀꯦ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯅ ꯇꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯡꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ "ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ, ꯏ. ꯑꯦ. ꯗꯤ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯅ ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯏꯊꯤꯜ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯕ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯆꯪꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯎꯕ ꯐꯪꯉꯤ ꯫"

ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯰꯶ ꯀꯤ ꯑꯦꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯜ ꯴ꯗ, ꯗꯥꯏꯝꯂꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯁꯂꯔꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯌꯔꯍꯣꯜꯗꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯥꯗ ꯳꯰ ꯗꯒꯤ ꯗ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯀꯝꯄꯅꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ "ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅ ꯌꯨ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯕꯤ. ꯑꯦꯜ. 2" ꯗ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯊꯝꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯂꯒꯥꯔꯗꯦꯔꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯟꯒꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ, ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ, ꯀꯥꯏꯁꯦ ꯗꯦꯁ ꯗꯦꯄꯣꯠꯁ ꯑꯦꯠ ꯀꯟꯁꯤꯒꯅꯦꯁꯟꯅ ꯏ. ꯑꯦ. ꯗꯤ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯩ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ, ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯖꯔꯃꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯁꯦꯌꯔꯍꯣꯜꯗꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯅ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯪ 2006ꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯒꯁ ꯭ ꯠ 30ꯗ, ꯑꯦ380 ꯄꯣꯠ ꯄꯤꯕꯗ ꯂꯦꯞꯈꯤꯕꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅ ꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯣꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯍꯟꯊꯔꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯏ. ꯑꯦ. ꯗꯤ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯀꯤ ꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯣꯛ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯗ 5 ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯔꯁ ꯭ ꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯔꯥꯖ ꯭ ꯌꯅ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯚꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯣꯔꯒꯕꯦꯡ ꯭ ꯛꯅ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄꯥꯎꯗꯝꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅ ꯆꯥꯗ 6ꯗ ꯄꯨꯔꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯪ 2007ꯒꯤ ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔꯗ ꯚꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯣꯔꯒꯕꯦꯡ ꯭ ꯛꯅ ꯏ. ꯑꯦ. ꯗꯤ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯀꯤ ꯁꯦꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯔꯥꯖ ꯭ ꯌꯅ ꯂꯥꯛꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯕꯦꯡ ꯭ ꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯚꯅꯦꯁꯦꯀꯣꯟꯃꯕꯦꯡ ꯭ ꯛꯇ ꯌꯣꯟꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯏ. ꯑꯦ. ꯗꯤ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯀꯤ ꯁꯦꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯚꯦꯟꯁꯦꯀꯣꯅꯣꯝꯕꯦꯡ ꯭ ꯛꯅ ꯖꯦ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯁꯤ. ꯌꯨꯅꯥꯏꯇꯦꯗ ꯑꯦꯔꯀ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯐꯠ ꯀꯣꯔꯄꯣꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯆꯥꯔꯇꯔ ꯀꯦꯄꯤꯇꯦꯜꯗ ꯏꯪ 2008ꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯀꯗꯧꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ [ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ?][importance?]

ꯏꯪ 2006ꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯛꯇꯣꯕꯔ 3ꯗ, ꯏ. ꯑꯦ. ꯗꯤ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯅ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁ 380 ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯒ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯝꯗ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯀꯝꯄꯅꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ 2010ꯗ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯔ ꯕꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ 4.8 ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯌꯥꯈ ꯭ ꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯏ. ꯑꯦ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕꯗꯨ ꯆꯥꯗ 7ꯗ ꯊꯝꯗꯨꯅ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯍꯧꯈꯤ ꯫ [ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ?][importance?]

ꯏꯪ 2007ꯗ ꯗꯨꯕꯥꯏ ꯍꯣꯜꯗꯤꯡ ꯏ. ꯑꯦ. ꯗꯤ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯣꯛꯀꯤ <ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. 1] ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯗꯨꯕꯥꯏ ꯕꯥꯏ-ꯑꯥꯎꯠ ꯐꯟꯗ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈ ꯭ ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯕ ꯏꯟꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯤꯇ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯂꯥꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯟꯈꯤ ꯫ [ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ?][importance?]

ꯏꯪ 2008ꯗ ꯏ. ꯑꯦ. ꯗꯤ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯅ ꯗꯣꯂꯔ ꯕꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ 17.9ꯒ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯣꯟꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯄꯨꯟꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯊꯣꯛꯀꯤ ꯆꯥꯗ 28% ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯫ [ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ?][importance?]

꯲꯰꯱꯳ꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯞꯔꯤꯂꯗꯥ ꯗꯥꯏꯃꯂꯔꯅꯥ ꯏ.ꯑꯦ.ꯗꯤ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯇꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯣꯜꯂꯝꯃꯤ꯫ 

ꯏꯪ   31 ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯗ [ꯑꯞꯗꯦꯠ], ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁ ꯒ ꯭ ꯔꯨꯞꯀꯤ ꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯣꯛꯀꯤ <ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. 1] ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ ꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯣꯛ ꯑꯦꯛꯆꯦꯟꯖ ꯇꯔꯨꯛ (ꯐ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯅꯦꯛ ꯭ ꯁꯠ ꯄꯦꯔꯤꯁ, ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤꯒꯤ ꯐ ꯭ ꯔꯡꯀ ꯭ ꯔꯠ ꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯣꯛ ꯑꯦꯆꯦꯟꯖ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯤꯖꯅꯦꯜ ꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯣꯛ ꯑꯦꯀꯦꯟꯖ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯕꯣꯜꯁꯥ ꯗꯤ ꯃꯦꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯗ, ꯕꯣꯔꯁꯥ ꯗꯤ ꯕꯥꯔꯁꯥꯂꯣꯅꯥ, ꯕꯣꯜꯁꯥ ꯗꯦ ꯚꯂꯦꯟꯁꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ ꯭ ꯄꯦꯟꯒꯤ ꯕꯣꯜꯁꯥ ꯗ ꯕꯤꯜꯕꯥꯑꯣꯗ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯁꯦꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ 0.6% ꯗꯤ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯖꯔꯤ ꯁꯦꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯒ ꯑꯔꯦꯞꯄ <ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. 1] ꯑꯁꯤ "ꯀꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛꯆ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯜ ꯄꯥꯔꯅꯥꯔꯁꯤꯞ" ꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫ ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ 31, [ꯑꯞꯗꯦꯠ] ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ, ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯣꯖꯤꯄꯥ (′ ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. 1] ′ ꯖꯤ. ꯖꯦ. ꯕꯤ. ꯚꯤ. (′. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ1] ′ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯏ. ꯄꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ. (4.1% ′) ꯅ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫ ꯁꯣꯖꯤꯄꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯟ ꯭ ꯁ ꯔꯥꯖ ꯭ ꯌꯅ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏ, ꯖꯤ. ꯖꯦ. ꯕꯤ. ꯚꯤ. ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯅ ꯖꯔꯃꯟꯒꯤ ꯔꯥꯖ ꯭ ꯌꯅꯥ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯏꯟꯚꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯠꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯤꯕꯦꯂꯞꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯕꯦꯡꯛ ꯀꯦ. ꯑꯦꯐ. ꯗꯕ ꯭ ꯂ ꯭ ꯌꯨ. ꯅ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯏ. ꯄꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁ ꯭ ꯄꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯁ ꯔꯥꯖꯀꯤ ꯍꯣꯜꯗꯤꯡ ꯀꯝꯄꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯲꯰ꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯜꯗ ꯀꯣꯋꯤꯗ-19 ꯊꯣꯛꯂꯛꯄꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯅ ꯑꯦꯔꯀ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯐꯠꯀꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ ꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯜꯂꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯒꯨꯏꯂꯥꯎꯝ ꯐꯧꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ, ꯀꯝꯄꯅꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ "ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯇꯧꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯕꯃꯈꯩ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜꯗ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯏꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ" ꯫ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯇꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯍꯤꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯟꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁ ꯗꯤꯄꯥꯔ ꯭ ꯠꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯇ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯐ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯇ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ 3,000 ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯅ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯂꯤꯕ ꯐꯔꯂꯣ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯈꯤ ꯫

 ꯑꯀꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯆꯦꯐꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ 
ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯁꯅ "ꯐ ꯭ ꯂꯥꯏꯠꯄꯦꯊ 2" ꯗ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯦ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯚꯤꯌꯦꯁꯟ ꯏꯟꯗꯁꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯥ, ꯁꯤ. ꯑꯣ. 2, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯑꯣ. ꯑꯦꯛꯁ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

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ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯲꯰ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯞꯇꯦꯝꯕꯔꯗ, ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯅ ꯂꯤꯀ ꯭ ꯋꯤꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯟ-ꯐ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯂ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ "ꯖꯦꯔꯣꯌ" ꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯐꯠ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ 2035 ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯗ ꯊꯕꯛꯇ ꯆꯪꯂꯛꯄ, ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ-ꯏꯃꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ ꯭ ꯔꯐꯠ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ-ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯅꯤꯄꯥꯟ-ꯕ ꯭ ꯂꯦꯗ ꯇꯔꯕꯣ-ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯞ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯃꯣꯇꯣꯔ ꯇꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯐ ꯭ ꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯲꯵ ꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯔ ꯭ ꯆꯇ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁ ꯁꯃꯤꯠꯇ, ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ ꯍꯥꯏꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯟꯅ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯐꯀꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯈꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯞꯗꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ ꯫

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 ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛꯒꯤ ꯁꯕꯁꯤꯗꯤꯁꯤꯡ 
ꯕꯣꯏꯡ "ꯂꯣꯆ ꯑꯦꯗ" ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯈꯜꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯦꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯇ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯂꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯒ ꯕꯣꯏꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯇꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯤꯁꯔ꯭ꯆ ꯀꯟꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯦꯛꯁ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯦꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯅ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯁꯕꯁꯤꯗꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯪꯉꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯅ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯖꯨꯂꯥꯏ ꯲꯰꯰꯴ ꯗ ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯒꯤ ꯕꯣꯏꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯤ. ꯏ. ꯑꯣ. ꯍꯦꯔꯤ ꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯣꯟꯁꯤꯐꯔ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯀ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯐꯠ ꯁꯄꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯠ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯁꯤꯟꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯏꯪ 1992ꯒꯤ ꯏꯌꯨ. ꯌꯨ.-ꯌꯨ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯄꯨ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯨ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯅ "ꯂꯣꯆ ꯑꯦꯗ" ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯟꯗꯥꯟꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯆꯨꯞꯄꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯔꯣꯏꯜꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯄꯤꯗꯨꯅ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯄ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯈꯛꯇꯗ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯊꯥꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯄꯤ ꯫ ꯁꯤꯁꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯪ 1992ꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯕꯂ ꯭ ꯌꯨ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯣ. ꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯅ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯊꯧꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯗ 33% ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗ ꯐꯪꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯟꯗꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯣꯏꯜꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯆꯍꯤ 17ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯅ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯂꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ <ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. 1] ꯒ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯝꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯕꯗ ꯁꯦꯟꯗꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯅ ꯐꯪꯂꯤꯕ ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯟꯊꯒꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯪ 1992ꯗ ꯏꯌꯨ. ꯌꯨ.-ꯌꯨ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯈꯨꯠꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯅ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯞꯀꯤ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯌꯨ. ꯑꯦꯁ ꯗꯣꯂꯔ ꯕꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ 6.7 ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯄꯤꯈ ꯭ ꯔꯦ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯕꯗꯒꯤ 40% ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ ꯫ 

ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯕ ꯌꯨ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯀꯤ ꯗꯤꯐꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯁ ꯀꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯕꯣꯏꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯇꯔꯤ ꯀꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯁꯕꯁꯤꯗꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯕꯣꯏꯡ ꯀꯦ. ꯁꯤ.-767 ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯇꯔꯤ ꯀꯦꯟꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯛ ꯑꯦꯒ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯅ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯅꯥꯁꯥ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯈꯠꯍꯟꯕꯗ ꯌꯨ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯇꯦꯡꯅ ꯕꯣꯏꯡꯗꯁꯨ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯅ ꯕꯣꯏꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯗꯣꯏ ꯍꯟꯊꯔꯛꯄꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯁꯨ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ 1992ꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯕꯂ꯭ꯌꯨ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯣ. ꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯈꯔꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ ꯫ 787 ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡꯗ, ꯕꯣꯏꯡꯕꯨ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯥꯖ꯭ꯌꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯦꯡꯁꯨ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯂꯦ ꯫

ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯰꯵ ꯒꯤ ꯖꯅꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤꯗ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯌꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯨꯅꯥꯏꯇꯦꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯠꯁꯀꯤ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯊꯪꯁꯤꯠꯅ ꯄꯤꯇꯔ ꯃꯦꯟꯗꯦꯜꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯣꯕꯔꯠ ꯖꯣꯌꯦꯜꯂꯤꯛꯅ ꯍꯦꯟꯒꯠꯂꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯣꯛꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯊꯝꯗꯨꯅ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯌꯧꯔꯛꯄꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯕꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯃꯥꯏ ꯄꯥꯛꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯫

ꯗꯕꯂ꯭ꯌꯨ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯣ. ꯅ ꯲꯰꯱꯰ ꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯒꯁ ꯭ ꯠꯇ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 2011ꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯗ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯞꯀꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯀꯌꯥꯗꯒꯤ ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯅ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯦꯔꯕꯥꯁꯅ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯗꯕ ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯕꯁꯤꯗꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯪꯂꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞ ꯂꯧꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯲꯰꯱꯱ ꯒꯤ ꯐꯦꯕ꯭ꯔꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤꯗ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯗ, ꯗꯕꯂ ꯭ ꯌꯨ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯣ. ꯅ ꯈꯪꯈꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯕꯣꯏꯡꯅ ꯗꯕꯂꯠꯌꯨ. ꯇꯤ. ꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯦꯗꯔꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ ꯫

 ꯀ꯭ꯂꯁꯇꯔ ꯕꯣꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ 
꯲꯰꯰꯵ꯗꯥ ꯅꯣꯔꯋꯦꯒꯤ ꯒꯕꯔꯅꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯄꯦꯟꯁꯟ ꯐꯟꯗꯅꯥ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯁ꯭ꯇꯔ ꯕꯣꯝꯕꯨ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯀꯝꯄꯣꯅꯦꯟꯇ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯀꯝꯄꯦꯅꯤ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯗꯅꯕꯥ ꯔꯤꯀꯃꯦꯟꯗ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ꯫ ꯏ.ꯑꯦ.ꯗꯤ.ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯞ ꯀꯝꯄꯦꯅꯤ ꯏ.ꯑꯦ.ꯗꯤ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯐꯥꯏꯅꯥꯟꯁ ꯕꯤ.ꯚꯤ.ꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯈꯤ, ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯏ.ꯑꯦ.ꯗꯤ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯅꯥ “ꯀ꯭ꯂꯁ꯭ꯇꯔ ꯕꯣꯝꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯀꯝꯄꯣꯅꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ” ꯁꯥꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯃꯈꯤ꯫ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯖꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏ.ꯑꯦ.ꯗꯤ.ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯦꯂꯦꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯖꯣꯏꯟꯇ ꯚꯦꯟꯆꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯇꯤ.ꯗꯤ.ꯑꯦ ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯑꯦ.ꯇꯤ.ꯗꯤ.ꯑꯦ.ꯅꯥ ꯃꯣꯔꯇꯔ ꯑꯦꯃꯨꯅꯤꯁꯟ ꯄꯤ.ꯑꯥꯔ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯁ꯭ꯇꯔ ꯑꯦꯃꯨꯅꯤꯁꯟ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯀꯥꯔꯒꯣ, ꯑꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯍꯟꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯅꯥ ꯏ.ꯑꯦ.ꯗꯤ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯌ ꯄꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯟꯊꯦꯡꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯏ.ꯑꯦ.ꯗꯤ.ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯕꯁꯤꯗꯤꯌꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯇꯣꯇꯥ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯟ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯅꯔꯦ ꯫ ꯑꯅꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯥ, [...]  ꯏ.ꯑꯦ.ꯗꯤ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯀꯤ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯕꯁꯤꯗꯤꯌꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯑꯣꯇꯣꯇꯥ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯇꯤ (" ꯑꯣꯇꯣꯇꯥ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯂꯦꯟꯗꯃꯥꯏꯟ ")ꯅꯥ ꯂꯦꯄꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯤꯄꯔꯁꯣꯅꯦꯜ ꯃꯥꯏꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯇꯦꯒꯣꯔꯤꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯗꯦ꯫ ꯲꯰꯰꯶ꯀꯤ ꯑꯦꯞꯔꯤꯂꯗꯥ ꯐꯟꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯁ꯭ꯇꯔ ꯃꯨꯅꯤꯁꯟ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯄꯒꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕꯥ ꯏꯅꯚꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯏ.ꯑꯦ.ꯗꯤ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯕꯨ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯗꯕꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯆꯠꯅꯗ꯭ꯔꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯦꯝ.ꯕꯤ.ꯗꯤ.ꯑꯦ.ꯗꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯌꯔ ꯍꯣꯜꯗꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯐꯟꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨꯛꯂꯤꯌꯔ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯌꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯄꯗꯥ ꯍꯀꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯀꯁꯨ ꯏ.ꯑꯦ.ꯗꯤ.ꯑꯦꯁ. 

 ꯏꯟꯁꯥꯏꯗꯔ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯡ ꯏꯟꯚꯦꯁꯇꯤꯕ 
꯲꯰꯰꯶ꯀꯤ ꯖꯨꯟ ꯲ꯗꯥ ꯀꯣ-ꯁꯤ.ꯏ.ꯑꯣ . ꯐꯣꯔꯖꯤꯌꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯕꯦꯝꯕꯔ ꯲꯰꯰꯵ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯥꯔꯆ ꯲꯰꯰꯶ꯇꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯛ ꯑꯣꯄꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯖꯤꯟ-ꯄꯣꯜ ꯒꯠ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯀꯖꯤꯛꯌꯨꯇꯤꯕ ꯀꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯑꯦꯀꯖꯤꯛꯌꯨꯇꯤꯕ ꯇꯔꯥꯅꯤꯄꯥꯂꯅꯥ...  ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯕꯁꯇꯥ ꯊꯦꯡꯊꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯈꯉꯂꯕꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤ꯫ ꯑꯦ꯳꯸꯰ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯃꯗꯥ ꯈꯉꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯏ.ꯑꯦ.ꯗꯤ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯀꯤ ꯁꯦꯌꯔꯗꯥ ꯲꯶% ꯍꯟꯊꯈꯤ꯫ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯀꯁꯤꯡꯁꯨ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤ; ꯔꯥꯖ꯭ꯌꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯕꯦꯉ꯭ꯛ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯗꯦꯁ ꯗꯦꯄꯣꯠꯁ ꯑꯦꯠ ꯀꯟꯁꯤꯒꯅꯦꯁꯟ (ꯁꯤ.ꯗꯤ.ꯁꯤ.)ꯅꯥ ꯲꯰꯰꯶ꯀꯤ ꯑꯦꯞꯔꯤꯂꯗꯥ ꯏ.ꯑꯦ.ꯗꯤ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯇꯥ ꯂꯥꯒꯥꯔꯗꯦꯔꯒꯤ ꯷.꯵%ꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯧꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯖꯨꯟ ꯲꯰꯰꯶ꯀꯤ ꯑꯃꯥꯡ-ꯑꯇꯥꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯈꯔꯗꯤ ꯅꯥꯟꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯍꯅꯈꯤ꯫ 

 ꯃ꯭ꯌꯥꯅꯃꯥꯔ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯇꯔꯤ ꯁꯞꯂꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯐꯔꯃꯗꯥ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯊꯥꯗꯕꯥ 
꯲꯰꯲꯴ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯞꯇꯦꯝꯕꯔꯗꯥ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯕꯁꯅꯥ ꯃ꯭ꯌꯥꯅꯃꯥꯔ ꯖꯨꯟꯇꯥꯗꯥ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯛꯔꯥꯐꯠ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯀꯝꯄꯦꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯚꯤꯑꯦꯁꯟ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤ ꯀꯣꯔꯄꯣꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥ (ꯑꯦ.ꯚꯤ.ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯁꯤ.)ꯒꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯅꯦꯒꯦꯇꯤꯕ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡ ꯆꯪꯈꯤ ꯫  ​​ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯕꯁꯇꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯏꯅꯐ꯭ꯂꯨꯑꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯐꯔꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃ꯭ꯌꯥꯅꯃꯥꯔ ꯖꯨꯟꯇꯥꯗꯥ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯌ ꯌꯣꯅꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯔ ꯄꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ꯫ 

ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯕꯁꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯈꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯅꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯃꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜ ꯗꯣꯃꯦꯟ ꯈꯛꯇꯗꯥ ꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯠꯅ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯉꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯆꯠꯂꯤ꯫  ꯖꯨꯟ ꯲꯰꯲꯵ꯗꯥ ꯖꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯁ ꯐꯣꯔ ꯃ꯭ꯌꯥꯅꯃꯥꯔꯅꯥ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯀꯈꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯕꯁꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯚꯤꯑꯥꯏꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ  ꯑꯦꯚꯤꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥꯗꯒꯤ ꯲꯰꯲꯵ꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯞꯔꯤꯜ ꯱ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯗꯤꯕꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯅꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ꯫

 ꯁꯦꯟꯖꯥ-ꯊꯨꯃꯖꯥꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ 

 ꯈꯥ ꯑꯐ꯭ꯔꯤꯀꯥꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯌꯨ.ꯑꯦꯁ 
꯲꯰꯰꯳ꯗꯥ ꯈꯥ ꯑꯐ꯭ꯔꯤꯀꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯐ꯭ꯔꯤꯀꯥꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯪꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯀꯤ ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯒꯤ ꯆꯤꯐ ꯋꯤꯞ ꯇꯣꯅꯤ ꯌꯦꯉ꯭ꯒꯦꯅꯤ, ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯌꯨ.ꯑꯦꯁ ꯕꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯈꯥ ꯑꯐ꯭ꯔꯤꯀꯥꯒꯥ ꯈꯨꯠꯁꯝꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯕꯁ (ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯅꯥ ꯏ.ꯑꯦ.ꯗꯤ.ꯑꯦꯁ.)ꯅꯥ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯂꯧꯈꯤ꯫  ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯕꯁꯅꯥ ꯗꯤꯐꯦꯟꯁ ꯐꯣꯔꯁꯀꯤ ꯆꯤꯐ ꯖꯦꯅꯦꯔꯦꯜ ꯁꯤꯐꯤꯋꯦ ꯅ꯭ꯌꯥꯟꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯃꯀꯣꯛ ꯊꯣꯡꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯇꯔꯥꯗꯥ ꯂꯛꯁꯥꯔꯤ ꯒꯥꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯪꯅꯕꯥ “ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ” ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯑꯣꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫   [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">ꯁꯥꯏꯇꯦꯁꯟ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ</span> ]

 ꯁꯥꯎꯗꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯕꯤꯌꯥꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯌꯨ.ꯑꯦꯁ 
꯲꯰꯱꯲ꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯒꯁ꯭ꯇꯇꯥ ꯌꯨ.ꯀꯦ.ꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯔꯤꯌꯁ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯣꯗ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯅꯥ ꯏ.ꯑꯦ.ꯗꯤ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯀꯤ ꯁꯕꯁꯤꯗꯤꯌꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯖꯤ.ꯄꯤ.ꯇꯤ.ꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯛꯇ ꯃꯦꯅꯦꯖꯃꯦꯟꯇꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯏꯅꯚꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯒꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯥꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯦꯗꯅꯥ ꯖꯤ.ꯄꯤ.ꯇꯤ.ꯒꯤ ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯝ ꯗꯤꯔꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯏꯌꯥꯟ ꯐꯣꯛꯁꯂꯦꯅꯥ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯁꯦꯟꯖꯥ-ꯊꯨꯃꯖꯥꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯋꯥ ꯉꯥꯡꯈꯤ꯫ ꯐꯣꯛꯁꯂꯦꯅꯥ ꯂꯛꯁꯥꯔꯤ ꯀꯥꯔꯒꯣꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯅꯤꯌꯔ ꯁꯥꯎꯗꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯧꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯊꯥꯖꯕꯥ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯉꯀꯄꯥ ꯀꯦꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯥꯏꯂꯦꯟꯗꯒꯤ ꯀꯝꯄꯦꯅꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯄꯥꯎꯟꯗ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯎꯟꯗ ꯲ ꯁꯣꯏꯗꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯁꯥꯎꯗꯤ ꯑꯔꯕꯀꯤ ꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯒꯥꯔꯗꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯇꯔꯤ ꯇꯦꯂꯤꯀꯝꯌꯨꯅꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯅꯦꯇꯋꯥꯔꯛ ꯔꯤꯟꯌꯨ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯥ ꯕꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ ꯀꯟꯠꯔꯦꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤ꯫  ꯐꯣꯛꯁꯂꯦꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯖꯤ.ꯄꯤ.ꯇꯤ.  ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯲꯰꯲꯰ꯒꯤ ꯖꯅꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯳꯱ꯗꯥ ꯕꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯑꯦꯐ.ꯑꯣ.ꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯌꯥꯅꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯅꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫ 

 ꯕ꯭ꯔꯤꯇꯤꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯏꯅꯚꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯒꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ 
ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯐꯥꯏꯅꯥꯟꯁꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯛꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁ (ꯄꯤ.ꯑꯦꯟ.ꯑꯦꯐ.), ꯌꯨ.ꯀꯦ.ꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯔꯤꯌꯁ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯣꯗ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁ (ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯑꯦꯐ.ꯑꯣ.) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯨ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯀꯤ ꯗꯤꯄꯥꯔꯇꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯖꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯁ (ꯗꯤ.ꯑꯣ.ꯖꯦ.)ꯅꯥ ꯲꯰꯱꯶ꯇꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯕꯁ ꯃꯥꯔꯀꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯛꯇꯤꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯁꯣꯏ-ꯑꯉꯥꯝ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯗꯕꯥ, ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯥꯎꯗꯤ ꯑꯔꯕ, ꯀꯖꯥꯈꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯟ, ꯐꯤꯂꯤꯄꯤꯟꯁ, ꯏꯟꯗꯣꯅꯦꯁꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯊꯧꯔꯃꯁꯤꯡ, [ h ] ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥ, ꯌꯨꯅꯥꯏꯇꯦꯗ ꯑꯔꯕ ꯏꯃꯤꯔꯦꯇꯁ, ꯈꯥ ꯀꯣꯔꯤꯌꯥ, ꯖꯄꯥꯟ, ꯇꯥꯏꯕꯪ, ꯀꯨꯋꯦꯠ, ꯇꯨꯔꯀꯤ, ꯔꯨꯁꯤꯌꯥ, ꯃꯦꯛꯁꯤꯀꯣ, ꯕ꯭ꯔꯥꯖꯤꯜ, ꯚꯤꯌꯦꯠꯅꯥꯝ, ꯚꯥꯔꯠ, ꯀꯣꯂꯝꯕꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯦꯄꯥꯜ꯫ 

ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯕꯁꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯛꯔꯥꯐꯠ ꯌꯣꯅꯕꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯊꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯃꯦꯗꯤꯑꯦꯔꯤ ꯈꯔꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯉꯃꯗꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯤꯇꯤꯁ ꯑꯣꯊꯣꯔꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯈꯉꯍꯅꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯲꯰꯱꯶ꯒꯤ ꯖꯨꯂꯥꯏꯗꯥ ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯑꯦꯐ.ꯑꯣ.ꯅꯥ “ꯐ꯭ꯔꯣꯗ, ꯁꯦꯟꯖꯥ-ꯊꯨꯃꯖꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯟꯖꯥ-ꯊꯨꯃꯖꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯤꯕꯥ”ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯏꯅꯚꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯒꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯥꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯤꯇꯤꯁ, ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯊꯤꯡꯖꯤꯅꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯐꯪꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯕꯁꯅꯥ ꯏꯅꯐꯣꯔꯃꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯲꯰꯱꯷ꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯔꯆꯇꯥ ꯄꯤ.ꯑꯦꯟ.ꯑꯦꯐ.ꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯑꯦꯐ.ꯑꯣ.ꯒꯥ ꯈꯨꯠꯁꯝꯅꯗꯨꯅꯥ “ꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜ ꯑꯦꯚꯤꯑꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯊꯧꯔꯃꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯊꯥꯗꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯟꯖꯥ-ꯊꯨꯃꯖꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯤꯕꯥ”ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯏꯅꯚꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯒꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯥꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫ 

ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯲꯰꯱꯲ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯕꯁꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯇꯔꯤ ꯀꯟꯠꯔꯦꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯕꯗꯥ ꯏꯊꯤꯜ ꯄꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯃꯦꯗꯤꯑꯦꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯂꯧꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯈꯤ꯫ ꯌꯨꯔꯣ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯄꯦꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯊꯥꯖꯅꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯒꯣꯄꯟ ꯀꯃꯤꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯥꯎꯗꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯕꯤꯌꯥ, ꯀꯖꯥꯈꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯟ, ꯐꯤꯂꯤꯄꯤꯟꯁ, ꯏꯟꯗꯣꯅꯦꯁꯤꯌꯥ, ꯑꯣꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯌꯥ, ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯣꯔꯤꯁꯁ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯅꯥ ꯌꯣꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯊꯥꯗꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕꯥ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ꯫  [ <span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (May 2020)">ꯚꯦꯔꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ</span> ] 

ꯏꯅꯚꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯒꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯂꯁ ꯀꯟꯠꯔꯦꯛꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯗꯥꯌꯠꯕ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯗꯤꯄꯥꯔꯇꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯕꯁ, ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯦꯇꯦꯖꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯥꯔꯀꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯔꯒꯅꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁꯟ (ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯑꯦꯝ.ꯑꯣ.)ꯗꯥ ꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡ ꯊꯃꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ, ꯂꯥ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯅꯅꯥ “ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝ ꯁꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯊꯨꯡꯅꯥ ꯅꯦꯇꯋꯔꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯥꯖꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯗꯕꯥ ꯏꯅꯐ꯭ꯂꯨꯑꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯥ” ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ꯫ ꯖꯤꯟ-ꯄꯣꯜ ꯒꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯥꯔꯋꯥꯟ ꯂꯥꯍꯧꯗꯅꯥ ꯊꯪꯟ-ꯊꯪꯅꯅꯥ ꯂꯃꯖꯤꯡꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯑꯦꯝ.ꯑꯣ.ꯅꯥ ꯲꯰꯱꯶ꯇꯥ ꯑꯅꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯀꯖꯤꯛꯌꯨꯇꯤꯕ ꯗꯥꯏꯔꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯊꯣꯃꯥꯁ ꯑꯦꯟꯗꯔꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ “ꯀ꯭ꯂꯤꯟ ꯍꯦꯟꯗꯁ” ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤ꯫ 

꯲꯰꯱꯴ꯗꯥ ꯀꯖꯥꯈꯒꯦꯠ ꯑꯦꯐꯦꯌꯔ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯈꯉꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯊꯣꯔꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯕꯁ ꯍꯦꯂꯤꯀꯣꯞꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯕꯁꯅꯥ ꯍꯦꯂꯤꯀꯣꯞꯇꯔ ꯌꯣꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯖꯥꯈꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯅꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯙꯥꯟ ꯃꯟꯠꯔꯤꯗꯥ ꯌꯨꯔꯣ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ ꯱꯲ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯟꯁꯤꯄꯂꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯅꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯏꯃꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯁꯦꯟꯠꯔꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯤ-ꯀꯣꯔꯄꯁꯟ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁ (ꯑꯣ.ꯁꯤ.ꯑꯦꯜ.ꯁꯤ.ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯑꯦꯐ.ꯑꯦꯐ.)ꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯲꯰꯱꯶ꯒꯤ ꯐꯦꯕ꯭ꯔꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯸ꯗꯥ ꯃꯥꯔꯋꯥꯟ ꯂꯥꯍꯧꯗꯀꯤ ꯌꯨꯃꯗꯥ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯅꯈꯤ [ i ] ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯇꯨꯔꯀꯤ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯃꯦꯗꯤꯑꯦꯔꯤ ꯑꯅꯤꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥꯗꯥ ꯌꯨ.ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯂꯥꯍꯧꯗꯅꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯀꯄꯥ ꯄꯥꯎꯖꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯀꯝꯃꯤꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯨ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯗꯣꯂꯔ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ ꯲꯵꯰ ꯌꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯃꯈꯤ꯫ ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯑꯦꯝ.ꯑꯣ.ꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯀꯃꯤꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯀꯦꯁꯄꯤꯌꯟ ꯄꯥꯏꯄꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯏꯅꯚꯣꯏꯁ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯣꯠꯁꯤꯅꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫ [ j ] ꯗꯥ꯫

ꯖꯅꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯲꯰꯲꯰ꯗꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁ, ꯕ꯭ꯔꯤꯇꯤꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯔꯇꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯕꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯤ.ꯑꯦꯟ.ꯑꯦꯐ.      ꯄꯦꯅꯥꯜꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯤꯇꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯕꯣꯗꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯄꯦꯅꯥꯜꯇꯤꯅꯤ꯫   

ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯁꯦꯇꯂꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯖꯥꯈꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯅꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯁꯀꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯕꯁꯀꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯛꯌꯨꯁꯟ ꯊꯤꯡꯖꯤꯜꯂꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯁꯥꯎꯗꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯕꯤꯌꯥ, ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯨꯔꯀꯤꯗꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯠ-ꯃꯤꯅꯩ ꯆꯠꯊꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯃꯈꯤꯗꯦ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯕꯁꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯗ꯭ꯔꯤ꯫  ꯑꯦꯌꯔꯕꯁ ꯃꯦꯅꯦꯖꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯀꯁꯨ ꯂꯅꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ [ k ] ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯥ꯫

 ꯃꯁꯤꯁꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯤꯌꯨ 


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