ꯑꯂꯤꯚꯥꯔꯗꯤ ꯈꯥꯟ

ꯑꯂꯤꯕꯔꯗꯤ ꯈꯥꯟ (꯱꯶꯷꯱ – ꯹ ꯑꯦꯞꯔꯤꯜ ꯱꯷꯵꯶) ꯑꯁꯤ ꯱꯷꯴꯰ꯗꯒꯤ ꯱꯷꯵꯶ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ ꯕꯦꯡꯒꯂꯒꯤ ꯅꯋꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯱꯷꯴꯰ꯗꯥ ꯁꯔꯐꯔꯥꯖ ꯈꯥꯅꯕꯨ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕꯥ ꯄꯤꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯅꯋꯥꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯅꯥꯁꯤꯔꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯅꯥ ꯁꯛꯇꯤ ꯂꯧꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯗꯥ ꯑꯂꯤꯕꯔꯗꯤꯅꯥ ꯔꯘꯨꯖꯤ ꯚꯣꯟꯁꯂꯦꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯃꯔꯥꯊꯥ ꯔꯦꯏꯗ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯱꯷꯵꯱ꯗꯥ ꯁꯥꯟꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯏꯁꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯤꯁꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯕꯤꯟꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯔꯦꯟꯗꯔ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯕꯤꯍꯥꯔꯗꯥ ꯁꯦꯄꯥꯔꯦꯇꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯅꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯨ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯅꯈꯤꯕꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯁꯤꯔꯥꯖ ꯎꯗ-ꯗꯧꯂꯥꯍꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯅꯊꯦꯡꯅꯕꯁꯨ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯈꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯊꯤꯡꯖꯤꯟꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯑꯂꯤꯕꯔꯗꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯕꯦꯡꯒꯜ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯒꯠꯄꯗꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯀꯂꯥꯒꯤ ꯄꯦꯠꯔꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯨꯔꯁꯤꯗ ꯀꯨꯂꯤ ꯈꯥꯅꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯍꯧꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯁꯕꯀꯟꯇꯤꯅꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ ꯄꯥꯋꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯔꯥꯖꯅꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨꯠꯔꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯝꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯗꯣꯃꯤꯅꯤꯌꯟꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯥꯟꯊꯦꯡꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯊꯤꯡꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯱꯷꯵꯶ꯇꯥ ꯁꯤꯔꯥꯖ ꯎꯗ-ꯗꯧꯂꯥꯅꯥ ꯊꯧ ꯄꯨꯈꯤ ꯫

 ꯉꯜꯂꯤꯉꯩꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ 
꯱꯶꯷꯶ꯇꯥ ꯗꯦꯛꯀꯥꯅꯒꯤ ꯁꯍꯔ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯄꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯀꯄꯨ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯗꯥ ꯃꯤꯔꯖꯥ ꯃꯨꯍꯝꯃꯗ ꯑꯂꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯃꯤꯡꯊꯣꯟꯈꯤ ꯫   ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯥ ꯃꯤꯔꯖꯥ ꯃꯨꯍꯝꯃꯗ ꯃꯗꯥꯅꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯑꯔꯕ ꯅꯠꯇꯔꯒꯥ ꯇꯨꯔꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯡꯊꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯃꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯨꯘꯜ ꯁꯝꯔꯥꯠ ꯑꯧꯔꯥꯡꯖꯦꯕꯀꯤ ꯄꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯤ ; ꯃꯗꯅꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯅꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯀꯦꯔꯤꯌꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯥꯛꯀꯗꯕꯥ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯥꯖꯝ ꯁꯥꯍꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯀꯞ ꯂꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯍꯧꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯫   ꯃꯨꯍꯝꯃꯗ ꯑꯂꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯣꯔꯥꯁꯥꯅꯒꯤ ꯇꯨꯔꯀꯤ ꯑꯐꯁꯥꯔ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯕꯀꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯁꯨꯖꯥ-ꯎꯗ-ꯗꯤꯟ ꯃꯨꯍꯝꯃꯗ ꯈꯥꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯫  [note 1]

ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯒꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯍꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯞ ꯃꯤꯔꯖꯥ ꯑꯍꯃꯗ (ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯍꯥꯖꯤ ꯑꯍꯃꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯈꯉꯅꯔꯝꯕꯥ)ꯅꯥ ꯑꯥꯖꯝ ꯁꯥꯍꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯃꯤꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯨꯍꯝꯃꯗ ꯑꯂꯤꯕꯨ ꯐꯤꯂꯈꯥꯅꯥ (ꯑꯦꯂꯤꯐꯦꯟꯇ-ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯕꯂꯁꯤꯡ)ꯒꯤ ꯁꯨꯄꯔꯤꯟꯇꯦꯟꯗꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯈꯟꯕꯇꯥ ꯅꯠꯇꯅꯥ ꯖꯥꯔꯗꯣꯖꯈꯥꯅꯥ (ꯑꯦꯃꯕ꯭ꯔꯣꯏꯗ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯐꯤꯔꯣꯜ ꯕꯤꯚꯥꯒ)ꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡꯁꯨ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯱꯷꯰꯷ꯇꯥ ꯑꯥꯖꯝ ꯁꯥꯍꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯏꯃꯨꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯕꯗꯥ ꯁꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯤꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯀꯠꯇꯀꯇꯥ ꯃꯥꯏꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯨꯖꯥ-ꯎꯗ-ꯗꯤꯅꯒꯤ ꯗꯤꯄꯨꯇꯤ-ꯒꯕꯔꯅꯔꯁꯤꯞꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯥꯛꯄꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯐꯪꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯨꯍꯝꯃꯗ ꯑꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯔꯖꯥ ꯑꯍꯃꯗꯅꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯕꯨ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯕꯗꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯃꯁꯥꯕꯨ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯈꯤ, ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯁꯨꯖꯥ-ꯎꯗ-ꯗꯤꯅꯕꯨ ꯕꯦꯉ꯭ꯒꯂꯒꯤ ꯅꯋꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯟꯕꯗꯥ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯈꯤ ꯫

 ꯁꯛꯇꯤꯗꯥ ꯂꯥꯛꯄꯥ 
link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%27ALIVARDI_KHAN_AND_A_COURTIER.jpg/150px-%27ALIVARDI_KHAN_AND_A_COURTIER.jpg|left|thumb|213x213px| ꯑꯂꯤꯕꯔꯗꯤ ꯈꯥꯟ ꯀꯣꯔꯇꯤꯌꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅꯥ, ꯃꯨꯔꯁꯤꯗꯥꯕꯥꯗ, ꯁꯤ. ꯱꯷꯴꯵ꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ ꯫
꯱꯷꯲꯸ꯗꯥ ꯁꯨꯖꯥ-ꯎꯗ-ꯗꯤꯅꯅꯥ ꯃꯨꯍꯝꯃꯗ ꯑꯂꯤꯕꯨ ꯔꯥꯖꯃꯍꯂꯒꯤ ꯐꯧꯖꯗꯥꯔ (ꯖꯦꯅꯦꯔꯦꯜ) ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯃꯣꯠ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯀꯄꯨ ꯑꯂꯤꯕꯔꯗꯤ ꯈꯥꯟ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯃꯤꯡꯊꯣꯟꯈꯤ ꯫  ꯱꯷꯳꯳ꯗꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯕꯤꯍꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯅꯥꯏꯕ ꯅꯥꯖꯤꯝ (ꯗꯤꯄꯨꯇꯤ ꯁꯨꯕꯥꯍꯗꯥꯔ ) ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯀꯄꯨ ꯁꯨꯖꯥ ꯎꯜ- ꯃꯨꯜꯛ (ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯍꯤꯔꯣ), ꯍꯥꯁꯦꯝ ꯎꯗ-ꯗꯧꯂꯥ (ꯔꯥꯖ꯭ꯌ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯇꯔꯦꯡ) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯕꯠ ꯖꯪ (ꯋꯥꯔꯗꯥ ꯍꯣꯔꯔ) ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯃꯤꯡꯊꯣꯟꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯆ ꯍꯥꯖꯥꯔꯤ ꯃꯅꯁꯕꯗꯔ (꯵꯰꯰꯰ꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯉ꯭ꯛ ꯍꯣꯜꯗꯔ) ꯔꯦꯉ꯭ꯛ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯅꯋꯥꯕ ꯁꯨꯖꯥ ꯎꯗ-ꯗꯤꯅꯅꯥ ꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯑꯖꯤꯃꯥꯕꯥꯗꯇꯥ ꯍꯜꯂꯛꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯑꯂꯤꯕꯔꯗꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯊꯣꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯐꯪꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯄꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯱꯷꯴꯰ ꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯞꯔꯤꯜ ꯱꯰ ꯗꯥ ꯒꯤꯔꯤꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯅꯗꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯁꯨꯖꯥ ꯎꯗ-ꯗꯤꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯥꯛꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯐꯔꯥꯖ ꯈꯥꯅꯕꯨ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕꯥ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯥꯠꯈꯤ ꯫ Shah, Mohammad (2012).  ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯕꯦꯡꯒꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯤꯍꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯠꯔꯣꯜ ꯂꯧꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯔꯆ ꯳, ꯱꯷꯴꯱ ꯗꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯤꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯗꯤꯄꯨꯇꯤ ꯒꯕꯔꯅꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯔꯐꯔꯥꯖ ꯈꯥꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯔꯨꯁ꯭ꯇꯝ ꯖꯪꯕꯨ ꯐꯨꯂꯋꯥꯔꯤꯌꯅꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯟꯗꯥ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕꯥ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ ꯫  ꯑꯣꯔꯤꯁꯥꯁꯨ ꯑꯂꯤꯕꯔꯗꯤꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯠꯔꯣꯜ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯂꯥꯛꯈꯤ ꯫
ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯂꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ