ꯑꯦꯃꯤꯜ ꯚꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯍꯔꯤꯡ

ꯑꯦꯃꯤꯜ ꯚꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯍꯔꯤꯡ  (꯱꯸꯵꯴ ꯃꯥꯔꯆ ꯱꯵ -꯱꯹꯱꯷ ꯃꯥꯔꯆ ꯳꯱) ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯑꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯁꯤꯟꯗ ꯱꯹꯰꯱ꯒꯤ ꯅꯣꯕꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯖ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯕ  ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯑꯣꯂꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯗꯤꯐꯊꯤꯔꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯤꯇꯣꯛꯁꯤꯟ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯅꯥ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯛ ꯁꯟꯅ "ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯀꯟꯕ" ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯈꯡꯅꯔꯝꯃꯤ, ꯃꯔꯝꯗꯤ ꯃꯇꯝꯗꯨꯗ ꯗꯤꯐꯊꯤꯔꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯑꯁꯤꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯇꯦꯇꯥꯅꯁꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯀꯥꯏꯈꯨꯝꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯄꯨꯔꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯰꯱ꯗ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯨꯁ꯭ꯌꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯂꯨꯕꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯏꯀꯥꯏ ꯈꯨꯝꯅꯕ ꯎꯠꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ "ꯚꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯍꯔꯤꯡ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯈꯡꯅꯔꯛꯈꯤ ꯫

 ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ 
ꯕꯦꯍꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯨꯁ꯭ꯌꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯕꯤꯟꯁꯀꯤ (ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯥꯎꯏꯁ, ꯏꯂꯥꯋꯥ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯇꯤ, ꯄꯣꯂꯦꯟ꯭ꯗ) ꯍꯥꯟꯁꯗꯣꯔꯐ, ꯀ꯭ꯔꯦꯏꯁ ꯔꯣꯁꯦꯟꯕꯔꯒꯇ ꯄꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯨꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯃꯨꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯱꯳ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯫

꯱꯸꯷꯴ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯱꯸꯷꯸ꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯕꯔꯂꯤꯟ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯂꯥꯟꯃꯤꯒꯤ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯗꯦꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯀꯥꯏꯁꯔ-ꯋꯤꯜꯍꯦꯜꯝ-ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯗꯦꯃꯤꯗ ꯍꯤꯗꯥꯛ-ꯂꯥꯡꯊꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯍꯩ ꯇꯝꯈꯤ, ꯃꯔꯝꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯏꯃꯨꯡ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯅ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯉꯝꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯂꯥꯟꯃꯤꯒꯤ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯥꯏꯌꯣꯗꯣꯐꯣꯔꯝ ꯊꯕꯛ-ꯊꯧꯔꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯇꯝꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯇꯣꯃꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯀꯣꯁꯤꯂꯤꯌꯥꯔꯤꯁ (ꯑꯣꯔ ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯣꯁꯤꯂꯤꯌꯔꯤ ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯇꯣꯝꯥꯏ) ꯗ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅ ꯕꯦꯍꯔꯤꯡꯅ ꯏꯟꯁꯇꯤꯇ꯭ꯌꯨꯠ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯒꯤ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯔꯕꯔꯒꯀꯤ ꯃꯐꯝꯗ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯦꯟꯁ ꯐꯪꯂꯕ ꯊꯕꯛꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯥꯁ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯉꯝꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯷꯸ꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯇ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯄꯣꯂꯦꯟꯗ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯈꯤ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯁꯦꯞꯇꯤꯛ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯥꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡ ꯊꯝꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯌꯥꯃꯨꯛꯅ ꯐꯖꯅ ꯈꯡꯅꯔꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯔꯣꯕꯔꯠ ꯀꯣꯆꯀ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯇꯝꯅꯕ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯨꯁ꯭ꯌꯥꯗ ꯍꯜꯂꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯊꯪ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯨꯁ꯭ꯌꯟꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯟꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯕꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯂꯥꯟꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯩ-ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯃꯦꯁꯇꯔ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯤꯂꯤꯇꯔꯤ ꯁꯔꯖꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯝꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯅꯤꯗ ꯍꯦꯟꯒꯠꯂꯛꯈꯤ, ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯸꯱ꯗꯒꯤ ꯱꯸꯸꯳ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯍꯨꯁꯥꯔ ꯔꯦꯖꯤꯃꯦꯟꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕꯅꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯇꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯈꯡꯅꯗꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯞꯊꯥꯜꯃꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯥꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯈꯪꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄꯣꯖꯅꯥꯟꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯋꯤꯆꯔꯀꯤꯚꯤꯖꯁ ꯍꯣꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯇꯥꯜꯗ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯸꯱ꯗꯒꯤ ꯱꯸꯸꯳ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯂꯤꯎꯀꯦꯝ꯭ꯌꯥꯅ ꯅꯥꯔꯕ ꯑꯅꯥꯕ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯇꯤꯜꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯦ ꯑꯃ ꯏꯈꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯤꯠꯀꯤ ꯂꯥꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯔꯖꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯅꯕ ꯂꯝꯕꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯗꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯊꯤꯖꯟ ꯍꯨꯝꯖꯟꯕꯗ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯀꯥꯔꯜ ꯑꯦꯔꯟꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯁ꯭ꯋꯦꯒꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯤꯜꯍꯦꯜꯝ ꯎꯍꯊꯣꯐꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯊꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯞꯊꯥꯜꯃꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯇꯝꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯍꯤꯔꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯄꯨꯛꯅꯤꯡ ꯆꯪꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔꯦꯜ ꯗꯤꯁꯔꯇꯦꯁꯟ ꯏꯈꯤ ꯫

꯱꯸꯹꯰ꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯀꯤꯇꯥꯁꯥꯇꯣ ꯁꯤꯕꯥꯁꯥꯕꯨꯔꯣ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯗꯤꯐꯊꯤꯔꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯦꯇꯥꯅꯁ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ "ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯤꯇꯣꯛꯁꯤꯟꯁꯤꯡ" ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄꯥꯎꯗꯝꯗꯨꯅ ꯑꯥꯔꯇꯤꯀꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯐꯣꯡꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯁꯥꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯉꯥꯛꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯉꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯍꯦꯟꯒꯠꯂꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯒꯤꯅꯤ-ꯁꯨꯒ, ꯁꯥꯃꯨ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯒꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯗꯤꯐꯊꯤꯔꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯦꯇꯥꯅꯁꯀꯤ ꯇꯣꯛꯁꯤꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯏꯟꯖꯦꯛꯠ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯤꯇꯣꯛꯁꯤꯟꯁꯤꯡ (ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯔꯝ ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯤꯕꯣꯗꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯋꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯡꯅꯔꯛꯂꯤ) ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯁꯦꯔꯝ ꯊꯦꯔꯥꯄꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯃꯔꯝꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯆꯨꯞꯄꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯉꯥꯛꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯉꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯍꯦꯟꯒꯠꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ "ꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯇꯤꯜ-ꯀꯥꯡ ꯀꯣꯛꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯊꯧꯒꯠꯅꯕ" ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯤꯇꯣꯛꯁꯤꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯇꯤꯀꯥ ꯊꯥꯗꯕ ꯁꯥꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯥꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯉꯥꯛꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯍꯟꯕ ꯉꯝꯒꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯹꯲ꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯗꯤꯐꯊꯤꯔꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯤꯇꯣꯛꯁꯤꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕꯗ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯧꯈꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯗꯤ ꯃꯥꯏ ꯄꯥꯛꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯤꯇꯣꯛꯁꯤꯟ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯐꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯹꯴ꯗ ꯃꯥꯏ ꯄꯥꯛꯅ ꯂꯥꯌꯦꯡꯕ ꯍꯧꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯹꯴ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯕꯦꯍꯔꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯦꯗꯤꯅꯕꯔꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯃꯦꯔꯣꯟ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯖ ꯐꯣꯔ ꯊꯦꯔꯥꯄ꯭ꯌꯨꯇꯤꯛ꯭ꯁꯁꯨ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯹꯵ꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯥꯔꯕꯔꯒ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯐꯦꯛꯇꯂꯤ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯁꯤꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯤꯅꯤꯛꯁꯀꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯐꯦꯁꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ ꯆꯨꯞꯄ ꯆꯠꯊꯈꯤꯕ ꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯔꯃꯥꯀꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯍꯦꯟꯁ ꯍꯣꯔꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯃꯦꯌꯔꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯂꯦꯕꯔꯦꯇꯣꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯃꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯦꯍ꯭ꯔꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯦꯌꯔꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯇꯥꯅꯁ ꯇꯣꯁꯤꯟ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯄꯨꯛꯅꯤꯡ ꯊꯧꯒꯠꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯗꯤꯐꯊꯤꯔꯤꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯁꯦꯔꯝ ꯊꯦꯔꯥꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯄꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯕꯦꯍꯔꯤꯡꯅ ꯏꯪ 1901ꯗ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯑꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯁꯤꯟꯗ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯅꯣꯕꯦꯜ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯏꯖ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯚꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯍꯔꯤꯡꯒ ꯄꯨꯟꯅ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯹꯰ꯗ ꯊꯦꯔꯥꯄꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯤꯖꯟ ꯍꯨꯝꯖꯟꯕꯗ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯃꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯀꯤꯇꯥꯁꯥꯇꯣ ꯁꯤꯕꯥꯁꯥꯕꯨꯔꯣ ꯅꯣꯕꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯖ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯫

ꯏꯃꯤꯜ ꯚꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯍꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯰꯲ꯗ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯟ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯗꯦꯃꯤ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯥꯔ꯭ꯠꯁ ꯑꯦꯟ ꯁꯥꯏꯟꯁꯁꯀꯤ ꯐꯣꯔꯦꯟ ꯑꯣꯅꯔꯦꯔꯤ ꯃꯦꯝꯕꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯈꯟꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯰꯴ꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯥꯔꯕꯔꯒꯇ ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯤꯇꯣꯛꯁꯤꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯀꯝꯄꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯕꯦꯍꯔꯤꯡꯋꯔꯀꯦ ꯂꯤꯡꯈꯠꯈꯤ ꯫

꯱꯹꯰꯵ꯗ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇ꯭ꯌꯨꯕꯔꯀ꯭ꯌꯨꯂꯣꯁꯤꯁ ꯀꯪꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯇ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ "ꯇ꯭ꯌꯨꯕꯔꯀꯨꯂꯣꯁꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯚꯥꯏꯔꯁꯇꯒꯤ ꯊꯣꯛꯂꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯆꯥꯛ ꯑꯃ" ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ "ꯇꯤ. ꯁꯤ." ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯤꯡꯊꯣꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯆꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ "ꯕꯣꯕꯤꯚꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟ" ꯒꯤ ꯇꯤꯀꯥ ꯊꯥꯗꯕ ꯊꯤꯡꯕ ꯉꯝꯕ ꯇꯤꯀꯥ ꯊꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯇꯤꯀꯥ ꯊꯥꯍꯟꯕꯗ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯂꯧꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕꯗ ꯉꯥꯛ-ꯁꯦꯟꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯥꯏꯌꯦꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯑꯃ ꯐꯪꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯕꯗ ꯃꯥꯏ ꯄꯥꯛꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯫Emil von Behring Serum Therapy in Therapeutics and Medical Science. Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1901. nobelprize.org
ꯕꯦꯍꯔꯤꯡ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯱꯷ꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯔꯆ ꯳꯱ꯗ ꯃꯥꯔꯕꯔꯒ, ꯍꯦꯁꯦꯟ-ꯅꯥꯁꯥꯎ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯦꯗ ꯕꯦꯍꯔꯤꯡ ꯂꯨꯞ (ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯁꯤ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯑꯦꯜ. ꯕꯦꯍꯔꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯃꯦꯟ꯭ꯁ ꯍꯦꯊꯇꯤꯅꯤꯌꯔ꯭ꯁꯀꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ, ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯁꯃꯥꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯔꯛꯄ ꯕꯥꯏꯑꯣꯊꯦꯔꯥꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ, ꯅꯣꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯁ ꯕꯦꯍꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤꯗ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯡꯕ ꯃꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯂꯕ ꯍꯤꯗꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ, ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯃꯥꯔꯕꯔꯒ ꯑꯦꯝꯦꯜ ꯚꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯍꯔꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯖꯇ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯅꯣꯕꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯖ ꯃꯦꯗꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯖꯤꯅꯦꯋꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯗ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯣꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯦꯗ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯦꯟꯠ ꯃ꯭ꯌꯨꯖꯤꯌꯝꯗ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ ꯫

 ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ-ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ 
ꯚꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯍꯔꯤꯡꯅ ꯗꯤꯐꯊꯤꯔꯤꯌꯥꯗ ꯄꯨꯟꯅ ꯊꯤꯖꯟ ꯍꯨꯝꯖꯟꯕꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯅ ꯄꯣꯜ ꯑꯦꯍ꯭ꯔꯤꯆꯄꯨ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯜ-ꯊꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯅꯥ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯇꯧꯔꯝꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯥꯖꯅꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯍꯣꯔ꯭ꯁ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯥꯡꯅꯤꯡꯉꯥꯏ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯇꯣꯛꯁꯤꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯏꯟꯖꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯒ ꯗꯤꯐꯊꯤꯔꯤꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤꯗ ꯂꯥꯏꯆꯠ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯁꯦꯔꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯖꯅ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯗꯤꯐꯊꯤꯔꯤꯌꯥ ꯁꯦꯔꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯣꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯁꯦꯝ ꯁꯥꯔꯤꯕ ꯀꯦꯃꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯀꯝꯄꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯇ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯚꯣꯟ ꯕꯦꯍ꯭ꯔꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ-ꯊꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯅꯥ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯁꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯏꯀꯥꯏꯈꯨꯝꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯞꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ, ꯕꯦꯍꯔꯤꯡ ꯈꯛꯇꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯰꯱ꯗ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯁꯤꯟꯗ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯅꯣꯕꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯖ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ, ꯑꯦꯍꯔꯂꯤꯆꯅ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯰꯸ꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯁꯤꯟꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯏꯝꯃ꯭ꯌꯨꯅꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤꯗ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯅꯣꯕꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯖ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ ꯫

 ꯂꯅꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ 
ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯹꯶ꯀꯤ ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ 29ꯗ ꯕꯦꯍ꯭ꯔꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯀꯨꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯜꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯅꯣꯂꯥ (꯱꯸꯷꯶-꯱꯹꯳꯶) ꯒ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯈꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯕꯔꯂꯤꯟꯒꯤ ꯆꯦꯔꯤꯇꯦ ꯍꯣꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯇꯥꯜꯒꯤ ꯗꯤꯔꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯕꯔꯅꯥꯔ꯭ꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯅꯣꯜ  ꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯤꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯖ꯭ꯌꯨꯏꯁꯇ ꯄꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯃꯥ-ꯕꯦꯟꯗꯤꯛꯁ ꯄꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯏꯂꯤꯖ ꯁ ꯭ ꯄꯤꯅꯥꯂꯣ-ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯈ꯭ꯔꯤꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡꯗ ꯍꯣꯡꯈꯤ ꯫ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯗ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯇꯔꯨꯛ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯍꯅꯤꯃꯨꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯦꯄ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯱꯸꯹꯷ꯗ ꯚꯤꯂꯥ "ꯕꯦꯍꯔꯤꯡ" ꯗ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ, ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯕꯦꯍꯔꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯨꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ ꯱꯹꯰꯱-꯱꯹꯱꯱ ꯗ, ꯔꯁ꯭ꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯃꯦꯛ꯭ꯁ꯭ꯃꯤ ꯒꯣꯔꯀꯤꯅ ꯚꯤꯂꯥ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ ꯫

 ꯐꯣꯡꯕꯁꯤꯡ 

 ꯗꯤ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯠꯁꯔꯦꯝꯊꯦꯔꯥꯄꯤ (꯱꯸꯹꯲) 
 ꯒꯦꯁꯆꯤꯆꯇꯦ ꯗꯔ ꯗꯤꯐꯊꯦꯔꯤ (꯱꯸꯹꯳) 
 ꯕꯦꯀꯝꯐꯪ ꯗꯔ ꯏꯟꯐꯦꯛꯁꯟꯁ꯭ꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯈꯤꯇꯦꯟ (꯱꯸꯹꯴) 
 ꯕꯦꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯖ ꯖꯨꯔ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯃꯦꯅ꯭ꯇꯦꯟ ꯊꯦꯔꯥꯄꯤ (꯱꯹꯰꯶) 
 ꯏ. ꯚꯤ. ꯕꯦꯍꯔꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯒꯦꯁꯃꯦꯜꯇꯦ ꯑꯚꯥꯟꯂꯨꯡꯒꯦꯟ (꯱꯹꯱꯵) ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯠ ꯂꯥꯏꯕ꯭ꯔꯦꯔꯤ ꯗꯨꯁꯦꯜꯗꯣꯔꯐ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯏꯗꯤꯁꯟ

 ꯑꯁꯤꯁꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯤꯌꯨ 

 ꯖꯔꯃꯟꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟꯕꯁꯤꯡ

 ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯂꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ 

ꯃꯆꯥꯈꯥꯏꯕ:ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯑꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯁꯤꯅꯗꯥ ꯅꯣꯕꯦꯜ ꯃꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯂꯕ