ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥꯄꯣꯔ

ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥꯄꯣꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯌꯥ ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯅꯤꯡ ꯇꯝꯕ ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯂꯧꯐꯝ

Category:ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ

 ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯇꯤꯃꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤ 

"ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥꯄꯨꯔ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁ ꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯂꯦꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯡ, ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥꯄꯨꯔꯥ () ꯒꯤ ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯟꯂꯅ ꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫ꯃꯥꯂꯦ ꯈꯣꯟꯊꯣꯛ: [siŋapura] (i)), ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯊꯪꯗ ꯁꯪꯁ꯭ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯠ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ 'ꯅꯣꯡꯁꯥ ꯁꯍꯔ' (ꯁꯪꯁ꯭ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯠ: sinhpuar; romanized: Siṃhapura; ꯕ꯭ꯔꯍꯃꯤ: 𑀲𑀺𑀁𑀳𑀧𑀼𑀭; ꯇꯁꯦꯡꯅ "ꯅꯣꯡꯁꯥ ꯁꯍꯔ"; ꯁꯤꯝꯍ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ 'ꯅꯣꯡꯁꯥ' ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯅꯤ, ꯄꯨꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯤ 'ꯁꯍꯔ' ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ 'ꯂꯥꯟꯕꯟ')꯫ [꯱]  ꯄꯨꯂꯥꯎ ꯎꯖꯣꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥꯄꯨꯔ ꯏꯊꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯉꯟꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯍꯨꯝꯁꯨꯕ ꯆꯍꯤꯆꯥꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯅꯔꯝꯃꯤ Pú Luó Zhōng (Chinese: 蒲 羅 中), ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯥꯂꯦ ꯃꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏ 'ꯏꯊꯠ ꯑꯦꯠ ꯗ ꯗ ꯗ ꯑꯦꯟꯗ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑ ꯄꯦꯅꯤꯟꯁꯨꯂꯥ' ꯫ [꯲]  ꯇꯦꯃꯥꯁꯦꯛ (ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯇꯨꯃꯥꯁꯤꯛ) ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯉꯟꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯳꯶꯵ꯗ ꯏꯕ ꯖꯥꯚꯥꯅꯤꯖ ꯊꯥꯒꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯅꯥꯒꯥꯔꯥꯀ꯭ꯔꯦꯇꯒꯥꯃꯥꯗ ꯐꯪꯉꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯃꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯚꯤꯌꯦꯠꯅꯥꯃꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯍꯟꯊꯣꯛꯇꯤ ꯁꯤ ꯇꯥꯎꯟ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯥꯂꯦ ꯇꯥꯁꯦꯛꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯍꯟꯊꯣꯛꯇꯤ 'ꯁꯃꯨꯗ꯭ꯔ' ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ 'ꯄꯥꯠ' ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯅꯤ꯫ [꯳ ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯂꯝꯀꯣꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯡ ꯗꯥꯌꯨꯑꯥꯟꯅ ꯗꯥꯟꯃꯛꯁꯤ (ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯤꯁ: 淡馬錫; pinyin: Dànmǎxí; ꯋꯦꯗ–ꯒꯥꯏꯜꯁ: ꯇꯥꯟ ꯃꯥ ꯍꯁꯤ) ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯇꯥꯝ ꯃꯥ ꯁꯤꯌꯥꯛ, ꯈꯣꯟꯊꯣꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ; ꯃꯁꯤ ꯇꯦꯃꯥꯁꯦꯛꯀꯤ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁ꯭ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯞꯁꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯏꯊꯠ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯝꯕ ꯃꯥꯂꯦ ꯇꯥꯅꯥꯍ ꯋꯥꯍꯟꯊꯣꯛꯇꯤ 'ꯂꯝ' ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯤꯁ ꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯍꯟꯊꯣꯛꯇꯤ 'ꯇꯤꯟ'ꯒꯤ ꯑꯄꯨꯟꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫ [꯴][꯳]

ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥꯄꯨꯔꯥꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯂꯤꯡꯈꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯉꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯝꯗꯝ ꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯊꯨꯡꯅ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯁꯍꯔ ꯀꯌꯥꯗ ꯁꯤꯍꯄꯨꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯝꯃꯤ꯫   ꯍꯤꯟꯗꯨ–ꯕꯨꯙꯤꯁ꯭ꯠꯀꯤ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤꯗ ꯅꯣꯡꯁꯥꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯛꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯉꯥꯛ-ꯁꯦꯟꯕꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯛꯅꯤꯡ ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯤꯟꯅꯤꯡꯉꯥꯏ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ [13][꯱] ꯱꯵ꯁꯨꯕ ꯆꯍꯤꯆꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯥꯂꯦꯝꯕꯥꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯦꯜꯂꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯁꯨꯃꯥꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟ ꯔꯥꯖꯥ (ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯃꯆꯥ) ꯑꯃꯅ ꯏꯊꯠ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥꯄꯨꯔꯥꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯂꯤꯡꯈꯠꯈ꯭ꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥꯄꯨꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯇꯦꯃꯥꯁꯦꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯍꯨꯠ ꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ꯫  ꯑꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ, ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯆꯞ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯈꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯕ ꯃꯂꯦ ꯑꯦꯅꯥꯜꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯇꯦꯃꯥꯁꯦꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯂꯦꯝꯕꯥꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯱꯳ꯁꯨꯕ ꯆꯍꯤꯆꯥꯒꯤ ꯁꯨꯃꯥꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟ ꯔꯥꯖꯥ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯁꯥꯡ ꯅꯤꯂꯥ ꯎꯇꯥꯃꯥꯅ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥꯄꯨꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯤꯡꯊꯣꯟꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ꯫ ꯗ ꯑꯦꯟꯅꯜꯁꯅ ꯁꯡ ꯅꯤꯂꯥ ꯎꯇꯥꯃꯥꯅ ꯏꯊꯠꯇ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯇꯣꯞ ꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯁꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯐꯠꯇꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯎꯕꯗꯒꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯁꯥ-ꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯨꯒ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥꯄꯨꯔꯥ ꯁꯍꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯤꯡꯈꯠꯈꯤ꯫ [꯲꯳꯷, ꯸꯸–꯹꯲ [꯳]: ꯳꯰–꯳꯱ ꯄꯣꯔꯇꯨꯒꯤꯖ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯄꯣꯊꯦꯁꯤꯁ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯊꯥꯏꯅꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯂꯦꯝꯕꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ ꯄꯔꯃꯦꯁ꯭ꯋꯔꯗ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯅꯩ ꯫ ꯄꯔꯃꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯋꯔꯅ ꯃꯖꯥꯄꯥꯍꯤꯠ ꯅꯤꯡꯇꯝꯕ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯣꯡꯁꯥ ꯐꯝꯕꯥꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯀꯥꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯖꯥꯚꯥꯅꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯆꯠꯍꯜꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯇꯦꯃꯥꯁꯦꯛ ꯈꯨꯗꯨꯝ ꯆꯟꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥꯄꯨꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯃꯤꯡꯊꯣꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯐꯝꯕꯥꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯈꯤ ꯫Turnbull, C.M. (2009). 

ꯖꯥꯄꯥꯅꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ, ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥꯄꯨꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯤꯌꯣꯅꯟ-ꯇꯨ (ꯖꯥꯄꯥꯅꯤꯖ: ¥ ¥, ꯍꯦꯞꯕꯔꯟ: ꯁꯣꯅꯟ) ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯊꯗꯤ 'ꯈꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯩ "ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥꯄꯨꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯎ-ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯂꯝꯕꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ "ꯒꯥꯔꯗꯦꯟ ꯁꯤꯇꯤ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯈꯪꯅꯩ ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯏꯆꯝ ꯆꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯡ, "ꯂꯤꯇꯜ ꯔꯦꯗ ꯗꯣꯠ" ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯹꯸ꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯒꯁꯠ ꯴ꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯌꯟ ꯋꯥꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯠ ꯖꯔꯅꯦꯜꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯕ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯡ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯏꯟꯗꯣꯅꯦꯁꯤꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯔꯥꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯄꯇꯤ ꯕꯤ.ꯖꯦ. ꯍꯕꯤꯕꯤꯅ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥꯄꯨꯔꯕꯨ ꯃꯦꯞ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕ ꯗꯣꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯛꯄꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ꯫ [꯴][꯵][꯶][꯷]