ꯍꯣꯔꯁ

ꯍꯣꯔꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯏꯖꯤꯞ ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯅꯣꯡꯊꯛ, ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ, ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧꯔꯣꯜ, ꯑꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯢꯌꯦꯡꯒ ꯂꯣꯢꯅꯕ ꯂꯥꯢ ꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯍꯣꯔꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯏꯖꯤꯞꯇꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤꯃꯆꯥꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯏꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯑꯅꯤꯕꯨ ꯈꯉꯅꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯇꯤꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯏꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡꯅꯤ: ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯏꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯃꯉꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯄꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯍꯣꯔꯁ ꯑꯍꯜ (ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯍꯣꯔꯁ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯁꯤꯔꯤꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯥꯏꯁꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯍꯣꯔꯁ ꯅꯍꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕꯥ꯫
ꯏꯇꯤꯍꯥꯁꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯖꯤꯃꯤ ꯗꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯥ, "ꯍꯣꯔꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯚꯤꯌꯟ ꯗꯦꯏꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯅꯤ" ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯧꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯂꯤꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯁꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯅꯥ ꯇꯥꯀꯏ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ "'ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯥ' ꯍꯣꯔꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯅꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯏ꯫ ꯍꯣꯔꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯅꯥ ꯑꯦ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯂꯕꯥ ꯐꯥꯂꯀꯣꯟ ꯗꯦꯏꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯖꯦꯅꯔꯦꯜ ꯇꯔꯝ" (꯲)꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯣꯌꯗꯅꯥ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ ‘ꯍꯣꯔꯁ’ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯉꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯍꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯥ ꯏꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯃꯥ ꯁꯦꯇꯄꯨ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕꯥ ꯄꯤꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯄꯨꯔꯀꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯥꯏꯁꯤꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯁꯤꯔꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯈꯉꯅꯔꯀꯄꯥ ꯎꯕꯥ ꯐꯪꯒꯅꯤ꯫Shaw, I. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press, 2004.Wilkinson, R. H. The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson, 2017.Gibson, C. The Hidden Life of Ancient Egypt. Saraband, 2009.
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ꯍꯣꯔꯁ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯖꯤꯞꯇꯀꯤ ꯍꯣꯔꯒꯤ ꯂꯦꯇꯤꯟ ꯚꯔꯖꯅꯅꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯊꯗꯤ "ꯂꯥꯞꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ" ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯥꯏ ꯒꯣꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯄꯅꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯣꯁꯤꯔꯤꯁ, ꯑꯥꯏꯁꯤꯁ, ꯁꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯦꯐꯇꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯞ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯍꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯥ ꯍꯣꯔꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁꯇꯥ ꯍꯣꯔꯁ ꯗꯤ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯏꯖꯤꯞꯇꯀꯤ ꯂꯣꯟꯗꯥ ꯍꯥꯔꯋꯦꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯔꯣꯏꯔꯤꯁ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯈꯉꯅꯩ꯫ ꯑꯣꯁꯤꯔꯤꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯥꯏꯁꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯔ꯭ꯏꯁ꯭ꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡ ꯳꯳꯱ꯗꯥ ꯑꯂꯦꯀꯖꯥꯟꯗꯔꯅꯥ ꯏꯖꯤꯞꯇꯄꯨ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯕꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯛ ꯏꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯍꯥꯔꯄꯣꯛꯔꯦꯠꯇꯥ ꯑꯣꯟꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯍꯣꯔꯁ ꯗ ꯆꯥꯏꯜꯗ (Hor pa khered) ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯈꯉꯅꯩ꯫ ‘ꯍꯥꯔꯄꯣꯛꯔꯦꯠꯁ’ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤꯁꯨ ‘ꯍꯣꯔꯁ ꯗ ꯆꯥꯏꯜꯗ’ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯅꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯗꯦꯕꯇꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯖꯤꯞꯇꯀꯤ ꯍꯣꯔꯁꯇꯒꯤ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯔꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯍꯥꯔꯄꯣꯛꯔꯦꯇꯤꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯀꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯤꯖꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯒꯣꯄꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯏꯁ꯭ꯕꯔꯅꯤ, ꯊꯣꯏꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯋꯥꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯉꯥꯀꯄꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯁꯛ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯨꯔꯇꯤꯗꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯀꯄꯨ ꯈꯣꯉꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯎꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯨꯠꯇꯥ ꯆꯦꯅꯁꯤꯜꯂꯀꯏ꯫
ꯃꯥꯌꯀꯩ ꯑꯃꯔꯣꯃꯗꯥ ꯍꯣꯔꯁ ꯗ ꯌꯪꯒꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠꯀꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯛꯇꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯥꯏ ꯒꯣꯗ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯊꯥꯒꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕꯁꯨ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯏ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯏꯖꯤꯞꯇꯀꯤ ꯔꯥꯖꯅꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯉꯥꯀꯁꯦꯜ ꯂꯥꯟꯃꯤ, ꯑꯔꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯀꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯨꯠ ꯁꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯁꯛ, ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔꯒꯤ ꯉꯥꯀꯁꯦꯜ ꯂꯥꯟꯃꯤ, ꯂꯝ ꯑꯅꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯁꯛ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯇꯀꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯥꯅꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯒꯥ, ꯂꯥꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯏꯖꯤꯞꯇꯀꯤ ꯁꯥꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯀꯧꯔꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯊꯥꯒꯠꯄꯥ ꯂꯥꯅꯒꯤ ꯏꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯃꯇꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠꯀꯤ ꯏꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯔꯥꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯑꯅꯧꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯕꯇꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤ, ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯗꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯇꯤꯌꯥꯗꯥ ꯆꯦꯜꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠꯀꯤ ꯏꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯔꯥ-ꯍꯥꯔꯥꯍꯈꯇꯦ, ꯃꯍꯥꯀꯄꯨ ꯑꯋꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯀꯣꯛ ꯑꯅꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯀꯣꯛ ꯊꯣꯡꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯎꯠꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠꯀꯤ ꯗꯤꯁ꯭ꯛ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯏꯖꯤꯞꯇ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯁꯀꯁꯤꯡꯗꯤ ꯑꯥꯏ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯍꯣꯔꯁ (ꯏꯖꯤꯞꯇꯀꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯆꯠꯄꯥ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯂꯀꯣꯅꯅꯤ꯫Shaw, I. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press, 2004.Wilkinson, R. H. The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson, 2017.Gibson, C. The Hidden Life of Ancient Egypt. Saraband, 2009.

 ꯍꯣꯔꯁꯄꯨ ꯈꯨꯔꯨꯃꯖꯕ 
ꯍꯣꯔꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯖꯤꯞꯇꯀꯤ ꯑꯇꯩ ꯏꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯅꯥ ꯈꯨꯔꯨꯃꯖꯔꯝꯃꯤ: ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯉꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯁ꯭ꯕꯔꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯨꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯁꯦꯡꯂꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯊꯃꯈꯤ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯃꯀꯣꯛ ꯊꯣꯡꯕꯥ ꯄꯨꯔꯣꯍꯤꯠ ꯈꯛꯇꯅꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯀꯄꯨ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯍꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯍꯣꯔꯁ ꯀꯂꯆꯔꯒꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯄꯨꯝꯕꯗꯥ ꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯍꯣꯔꯁꯀꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ `ꯃꯃꯥ’ ꯑꯥꯏꯁꯤꯁꯇꯒꯤ ꯉꯥꯀꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯉꯃꯂꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯑꯦꯇꯦꯟꯗꯦꯟꯇ ꯄꯨꯔꯣꯍꯤꯠꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯉ ꯀꯃꯞꯂꯦꯛꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯅꯈꯤ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯨꯝ ꯐꯤꯜꯗ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯔꯤꯗꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤ꯫ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯉ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯛꯇꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯤꯂꯤ ꯂꯦꯛ (The Lake of Flowers ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯈꯉꯅꯕꯥ)ꯅꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯆꯨꯃꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯊꯋꯥꯌꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯗꯤꯚꯥꯏꯟ ꯐꯦꯔꯤꯃꯦꯟ ꯍ꯭ꯔꯥꯐ-ꯍꯦꯐ (`He-Who-Looks-Behind-Himself')ꯅꯥ ꯂꯃꯖꯤꯡꯕꯤꯈꯤ꯫ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯉ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯔꯥꯖꯃꯍꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯁ꯭ꯕꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯌꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯨꯂꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯖꯤꯟ ꯁꯥꯖꯤꯅꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯀꯣꯔꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯕꯥꯒꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯃꯤ꯫
ꯏꯖꯤꯞꯇꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯅꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯗꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯥ, ꯗꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯃꯪꯂꯥꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯋꯥꯍꯟꯊꯣꯛ ꯄꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯣꯔꯠꯇꯥ ꯂꯥꯛꯂꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯎꯇꯥꯛ ꯂꯧꯅꯕꯥ, ꯑꯄꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯟꯊꯣꯛ ꯄꯤꯅꯕꯥ, ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯀꯦꯂꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯅꯕꯥ, ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯇꯥꯛ ꯂꯧꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯠꯇꯕꯥ ꯊꯋꯥꯌ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯊꯋꯥꯌꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯉꯥꯀꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯉꯗꯥ ꯆꯠꯂꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ ꯋꯤꯂꯀꯤꯟꯁꯅꯅꯥ ꯅꯣꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯀꯄꯒꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯍꯣꯔꯁꯀꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ ꯂꯝꯕꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ ꯀꯂꯆꯔꯦꯜ ꯁꯦꯟꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗꯤ ꯈꯦꯃꯅꯤ, ꯗꯦꯜꯇꯥ ꯂꯃꯗꯃꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ, ꯍꯣꯔꯁꯅꯥ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗꯥ ꯂꯣꯠꯇꯨꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯕꯥ, ꯄꯦ, ꯍꯣꯔꯁꯅꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯠ ꯇꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯤ꯫ ꯁꯦꯠ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯦꯍꯗꯦꯠ (ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛ ꯗꯦꯜꯇꯥꯗꯁꯨ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ)ꯒꯥ ꯂꯥꯟꯊꯦꯡꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯑꯋꯥꯡ ꯏꯖꯤꯞꯇꯇꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯀꯄꯨ ꯍꯥꯊꯣꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯍꯥꯔꯁꯣꯝꯄꯇꯁꯀꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯗꯐꯨ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯣꯝ ꯑꯣꯝꯕꯣꯁꯇꯥ ꯈꯨꯔꯨꯃꯖꯈꯤ꯫ ꯑꯦꯗꯐꯨꯅꯥ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯔꯦꯇꯔꯤ ꯐꯥꯂꯀꯣꯅꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯔꯣꯅꯦꯁꯟ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤ "ꯃꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯏꯖꯤꯞꯇ ꯄꯨꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯏꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯑꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯔꯤꯞꯔꯖꯦꯟꯇ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯥ ꯇꯁꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯐꯥꯂꯀꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯈꯅꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯑꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯐꯥꯂꯀꯣꯟ ꯏꯁ꯭ꯕꯔꯕꯨ ꯑꯣꯁꯤꯔꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯆꯥ ꯍꯣꯔꯁ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯒꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧꯒꯥ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯄꯨꯅꯁꯤꯅꯈꯤ" (ꯋꯤꯂꯀꯤꯟꯁꯟ, ꯲꯰꯲꯫ ). ꯊꯧꯔꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯔꯥꯖ꯭ꯌꯒꯤ ꯀꯨꯝꯃꯩꯁꯤꯡꯒꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧꯕꯨ ꯁꯛꯇꯤ ꯄꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛ ꯅꯧꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯒꯠꯄꯒꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯍꯦꯕ ꯁꯦꯗ ꯀꯨꯝꯃꯩꯒꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫ ꯍꯣꯔꯁ ꯑꯁꯤꯁꯨ ꯑꯕꯨ ꯁꯤꯝꯕꯦꯂꯗꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯆꯨꯌꯦꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯏꯀꯥꯌꯈꯨꯝꯅꯕꯥ ꯎꯠꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯉꯥꯀꯁꯦꯜ ꯊꯤꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯤꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯃꯨꯂꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯝꯃꯤ꯫Shaw, I. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press, 2004.Wilkinson, R. H. The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson, 2017.Gibson, C. The Hidden Life of Ancient Egypt. Saraband, 2009.

 ꯔꯤꯗꯤꯃꯔ 
ꯍꯥꯔꯄꯨꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯨꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯣꯂꯥꯔꯁꯤꯞ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯥꯖꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯗꯕꯥ ꯁꯣꯔꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯊꯥꯖꯕꯥ ꯊꯝꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯅꯥ ꯂꯦꯞꯄꯥ ꯉꯃꯗꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯍꯣꯔꯁ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯌꯤꯁꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯨꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯐꯪꯗꯦ꯫ ꯍꯣꯔꯁꯄꯨ ꯔꯤꯗꯤꯃꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯖꯤꯞꯇꯇꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯤꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯇꯥꯀꯄꯗꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯗꯤ ꯈꯛꯇꯃꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯍꯣꯔꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯝꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈ꯭ꯔ꯭ꯏꯁ꯭ꯠꯌꯥꯅꯒꯤ ꯊꯥꯖꯕꯥ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯀꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ `ꯔꯤꯗꯤꯃꯔ' ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯃꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ꯫ ꯍꯣꯔꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯀꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔ꯭ꯏꯊꯤꯕꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯔꯤꯗꯤꯃꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯃꯤ; ꯄꯥꯞ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯣꯝꯕꯥ ꯅꯥꯏꯗꯕꯥ ꯆꯩꯔꯥꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯀꯅꯕꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯥ ꯊꯋꯥꯌꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ ꯍꯣꯔꯁ ꯗ ꯆꯥꯏꯜꯗ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯏꯖꯤꯞꯇꯀꯤ ‘ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯏꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ’ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯀꯧꯕꯥ ꯀꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯁꯦꯗ (ꯁꯦꯚꯤꯌꯔ) ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯈꯉꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯊꯣꯔꯀꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯂꯣꯝꯕꯥ ꯅꯥꯏꯗꯕꯥ ꯑꯋꯥꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ, ꯄ꯭ꯔ꯭ꯏꯊꯤꯕꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯋꯥꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯀꯅꯕꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯁꯛ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫Shaw, I. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press, 2004.Wilkinson, R. H. The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson, 2017.Gibson, C. The Hidden Life of Ancient Egypt. Saraband, 2009.

ꯃꯇꯦꯡ

ꯃꯆꯥꯈꯥꯏꯕ:ꯂꯥꯏ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ