ക്രറ്റോ ഫോർമേഷൻ

തുടക്ക ക്രിറ്റേഷ്യസ് കാലഘട്ടത്തിൽ ബ്രസീലിലെ അരാരിപ്പ ബേസിനിൽ രൂപംകൊണ്ട ഭൗമ പാളികളാണ് ക്രറ്റോ ഫോർമേഷൻ (Crato Formation). ഇത് പാലിയെന്റോളജി വിദക്തർക്കു വളരെ ഉപകാരപ്രദമായ ഒരു ജീവാശ്മ ശേഖരമാണ്. 113 മില്യൺ വർഷങ്ങൾക്കു മുൻപാണ് ഇതിന്റെ അടുക്കുകൾ രൂപപ്പെട്ടതെന്നു കരുതുന്നു. 


 ചരിത്രം 
1823-ൽ ആണ് ആദ്യമായി മൽസ്യങ്ങളുടെ ജീവാശ്മങ്ങൾ ഇവിടെനിന്നും ലഭിക്കുന്നത്.  1993-ൽ ആണ് ശാസ്ത്രീയമായ പഠനങ്ങൾ പ്രസിദ്ധീകരിക്കപ്പെട്ടത്. ചുണ്ണാമ്പുകല്ലിൽ നന്നായി പരിപാലിക്കപ്പെട്ട ടെറാസോറസ്, പലയിനം പ്രാണികൾ, മൽസ്യങ്ങൾ എന്നിവയുടെ ജീവാശ്മങ്ങൾ അവിടെനിന്നും ലഭിച്ചു. തുമ്പികളുടെ ലാർവകൾ, ഇമാഗോ എന്നിവ ഉൾപ്പെടെ 384 ജീവാശ്മങ്ങൾ ഇതുവരെ ലഭിച്ചു. ഹെമിപ്റ്റെറ, ഓർത്തപ്റ്റെറ, സസ്യങ്ങൾ എന്നിവയുടെ ജീവാശ്മങ്ങളും  ധാരാളമായി ഇവിടെ കണ്ടെത്തി.    

 ജീവാശ്മങ്ങൾ  

 പ്രാണികൾ 
Insects of the Crato Formation Genus Species Presence Description ImagesAraripenymphesMyskowiak, 2016A. seldoniNova Olinda MemberA Nymphid lacewingGracilepteryxG. pulchraA Eolepidopterigidae mothMakarkiniaBechly et al., 2016M. adamsi
M. kerneriA Kalligrammatid lacewingMickoleitiaM. longimanusA Coxoplectopteran insectcenter|150px|Mickoleitia longimanusNetoxenaN. nanaA Eolepidopterigidae mothPrincipialaMakarkin & Menon, 2007P. incertaAn Ithonidae lacewing, type species of PrincipialaPsamateiaP. calipsaA Eolepidopterigidae moth 
RafaeliaR. maxima  
Neuropterida incertae sedisUndopterixU. cariensisAn Eolepidopterigidae moth

 ആർത്രോപോഡ
Arthropods of the Crato Formation Genus Species Presence Description Images Protoischnurus P. axelrodorum  Scorpion

 മൽസ്യങ്ങൾ 
 Fish of the Crato Formation Genus Species Presence Description Images Notes Araripelepidotes  Araripelepidotes temnurus      Belonostomus  Belonostomus sp.      Calamopleurus  Calamopleurus cylindricus      Cladocyclus  Cladocyclus gardneri   An Ichthyodectidae fish  center|150px   Cratoamia  Cratoamia gondwanica      Dastilbe  Dastilbe crandalli    center|150px   Lepidotes  Lepidotes wenzae      Placidichthys  Placidichthys bidorsalis      Santanichthys  Santanichthys diasii     

 ആംഫിബിയൻസ് 
 Amphibians of the Crato Formation Genus Species Presence Description Images 
ArariphrynusBáez et al., 2009Arariphrynus placidoi    
CratiaCratia gracilis    
EurycephalellaEurycephalella alcinae   
PipoideaPossible indeterminate pipoid remains.  

  സ്‌ക്വമാറ്റ 
 Squamatans of the Crato Formation Genus Species Presence Description ImagesCalangubanC. alamoi A non-iguana lizardTetrapodophisT. amplectusA stem group snake with limbs center|150px

 ദിനോസറുകൾ
 Dinosaurs and birds of the Crato Formation Genus Species Presence Notes Images 
?Avialae?Avialan species   
Numerous isolated feathers center|150px 
CratoavisC. cearensis  
Enantiornithine center|150px|thumb|Reconstruction of Cratoavis and Mirischia 
?Spinosauroidea?Spinosaur species  
Isolated tooth  

 ക്രൂരോടാർസൻസ് 
 Crocodylomorphs of the Crato Formation Genus Species Presence Description ImagesSusisuchus 
Susisuchus anatocepsSalisbury et al., 2003   center|150pxcf. Susisuchus sp.Figueiredo & Kellner, 2009  
Undescribed species 

 Pterosaurs 
 Pterosaurs of the Crato Formation Genus Species Presence Description Images 
ArthurdactylusA. conandoylei   
AymberedactylusA. cearensis  A basal member of the Tapejarinae.  center|150px|Holotype 
BrasileodactylusB. sp.   
LacusovagusL. magnificens 
Nova Olinda Member  center|150px 
LudodactylusL. sibbicki  
An ornithocheirid center|150px|Ludodactylus sp. 
TupandactylusT. imperator
T. navigans  center|150px|Tupandactylus navigans 
?Tupuxuara?T. sp.  

 ഫ്ലോറ 
 Flora of the Crato Formation Species Notes Araucaria cartellei, Brachyphyllum obesum, B. castilhoi, B. insigne, Iara iguassu, Caytoniales sp., Ephedra sp., Araripia florifera, Araucarites vulcanoi, Cariria orbiculiconiformis, Cearania heterophylla, Cratonia cotyledon, Endressinia brasiliana,Klitzchophyllites flabellatus, Novaolindia dubia, Pluricarpellatia peltata, Podozamites lanceolatus, Protananas lucenae, Ruffordia goeppertii, Tomaxellia biforme, Welwitschiaprisca austroamericana, Welwitschiophyllum brasiliense, Welwitschiostrobus murili, Araucariostrobus sp., Frenelopsis sp., Isoetites sp., Lindleycladus sp., Schizoneura sp.  

 മറ്റു ജീവാശ്മങ്ങൾ  

 Araripenaeus timidusPinheiro, 2014, p.4
 † Cratoalloneura – type locality for genus
 † Cratoalloneura acuminata – type locality for species
 † Cratoalloneura verdandia – type locality for species
 † Cratoatractocerus – type locality for genus
 † Cratoatractocerus grimaldii – type locality for species
 † Cratoborellia – type locality for genus
 † Cratoborellia gorbi – type locality for species
 † Cratochrysa – type locality for genus
 † Cratochrysa martinsnetoi – type locality for species
 † Cratochrysa sublapsa – type locality for species
 † Cratochrysa willmanni – type locality for species
 † Cratocora – type locality for genus
 † Cratocora crassa – type locality for species
 † Cratocordulia – type locality for genus
 † Cratocordulia borschukewitzi – type locality for species
 † Cratocoris – type locality for genus
 † Cratocoris shevchenkoae – type locality for species
 † Cratocorydalopsis – type locality for genus
 † Cratocorydalopsis brasiliensis – type locality for species
 † Cratocossus – type locality for genus
 † Cratocossus magnus – type locality for species
 † Cratodactylus – type locality for genus
 † Cratodactylus ferreirai – type locality for species
 † Cratodactylus kellneri – type locality for species
 † Cratoelcana – type locality for genus
 † Cratoelcana damianii – type locality for species
 † Cratoelcana zessini – type locality for species
 † Cratoenigma – type locality for genus
 † Cratoenigma articulata – type locality for species
 † Cratogomphus – type locality for genus
 † Cratogomphus erraticus – type locality for species
 † Cratogryllus – type locality for genus
 † Cratogryllus cigueli – type locality for species
 † Cratogryllus guimaraesae – type locality for species
 † Cratogryllus pentagonalis – type locality for species
 † Cratohagenius – type locality for genus
 † Cratohagenius erichweberi – type locality for species
 † Cratohaglopsis – type locality for genus
 † Cratohaglopsis santanaensis – type locality for species
 † Cratohexagenites – type locality for genus
 † Cratohexagenites longicercus – type locality for species
 † Cratohexagenites minor – type locality for species
 † Cratokalotermes – type locality for genus
 † Cratokalotermes santanensis – type locality for species
 † Cratolindenia – type locality for genus
 † Cratolindenia knuepfae – type locality for species
 † Cratolocustopsis
 † Cratolocustopsis araripensis – type locality for species
 † Cratolocustopsis contumax’ – type locality for species
 † Cratolocustopsis cretacea – type locality for species
 † Cratomacer – type locality for genus
 † Cratomacer ephippiger – type locality for species
 † Cratomacer immersus – type locality for species
 † Cratomastotermes – type locality for genus
 † Cratomastotermes wolfschwenningeri – type locality for species
 † Cratomyia – type locality for genus
 † Cratomyia cretacica – type locality for species
 † Cratomyia macrorrhyncha – type locality for species
 † Cratonemonyx – type locality for genus
 † Cratonemonyx martinsnetoi – type locality for species
 † Cratonemopteryx – type locality for genus
 † Cratonemopteryx audax – type locality for species
 † Cratonemopteryx robusta – type locality for species
 † Cratonemopteryx speciosa – type locality for species
 † Cratonepa – type locality for genus
 † Cratonepa enigmatica – type locality for species
 † Cratonerthra – type locality for genus
 † Cratonerthra corinthiana – type locality for species
 † Cratonerthra estevezae – type locality for species
 † Cratoneura – type locality for genus
 † Cratoneura dividens – type locality for species
 † Cratoneura longissima – type locality for species
 † Cratoneura pulchella – type locality for species
 † Cratonympha – type locality for genus
 † Cratonympha microcelata – type locality for species
 † Cratopelocoris – type locality for genus
 † Cratopelocoris carpinteroi – type locality for species
 † Cratopetalia – type locality for genus
 † Cratopetalia whiteheadi – type locality for species
 † Cratopetalura – type locality for genus
 † Cratopetalura
 † Cratopetalura petruleviciusi – type locality for species
 † Cratopetalura petruleviciusi
 † Cratopsychopsis – type locality for genus
 † Cratopsychopsis maiseyi – type locality for species
 † Cratopteryx – type locality for genus
 † Cratopteryx
 † Cratopteryx nemopteroides – type locality for species
 † Cratopteryx robertosantosi – type locality for species
 † Cratoraricrus – type locality for genus
 † Cratoraricrus oberlii – type locality for species
 † Cratoscalapha – type locality for genus
 † Cratoscalapha electroneura – type locality for species
 † Cratosisyrops – type locality for genus
 † Cratosisyrops gonzagai – type locality for species
 † Cratosmylus – type locality for genus
 † Cratosmylus magnificus – type locality for species
 † Cratosolpuga
 † Cratosolpuga wunderlichi – type locality for species
 † Cratostenophlebia – type locality for genus
 † Cratostenophlebia schwickerti – type locality for species
 † Cratotabanus – type locality for genus
 † Cratotabanus stonemyomorphus – type locality for species
 † Cratotetraspinus – type locality for genus
 † Cratotetraspinus fossorius – type locality for species
 † Cratotipula – type locality for genus
 † Cratotipula latialata – type locality for species
 † Cratovitisma – type locality for genus
 † Cratovitisma oldreadi – type locality for species
 † Cratovoluptia – type locality for genus
 † Cratovoluptia criptoneura – type locality for species
 † Cratozeunerella – type locality for genus
 † Cratozeunerella amedegnatoi – type locality for species
 † Cratozeunerella godoii – type locality for species
 † Cratozeunerella neotropica – type locality for species
 † Cratozeunerella nervosa – type locality for species
 † Cratozeunerella soaresi – type locality for species
 † Cratozeunerella titanella – type locality for species

 അവലംബം 

 ഗ്രന്ഥസൂചിക 

















വർഗ്ഗം:ബ്രസീലിലെ പാലിയന്റോളജി