കാനിഡേ

നായകളും, ചെന്നായകളും, കൊയോട്ടികളും, കുറുക്കനും, കുറുനരിയും, ഡിങ്കോകളും കൂടാതെ നിരവധി നിലവിലുള്ളതും വംശനാശം സംഭവിച്ചതുമായ, നായകളെപ്പോലെയിരിക്കുന്ന സസ്തനികൾ അടങ്ങിയ ഒരു കുടുംബമാണ് കാനിഡേ (Canidae) 
Canidae. Dictionary.com. The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Canidae (accessed: February 16, 2009). (ലാറ്റിനിൽ കാനിസ് എന്നാൽ നായ എന്നർത്ഥം). ഈ കുടുംബത്തിലെ അംഗങ്ങളെ കാനിഡ് (canid) (, ) എന്നു വിളിക്കുന്നു.Canid Merriam-Webster.com. Canid definition Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2014-05-27

 നാമകരണം 

 ഫൈലോജനിൿ ബന്ധങ്ങൾ 
ലഘുചിത്രം|Indian wolf at Velavadar (Blackbuck National Park, Gujarat)
കാനിഡേയ്ക്കുള്ളിൽ, അലോസൈം, ക്രോമസോം വിശകലനങ്ങളുടെ ഫലങ്ങൾ മുമ്പ് നിരവധി ഫൈലോജെനെറ്റിക് ഡിവിഷനുകൾ നിർദ്ദേശിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ട്:

 The wolf-like canids (genus Canis, Cuon, and Lycaon) include the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris), gray wolf (Canis lupus), red wolf (Canis rufus), eastern wolf (Canis lycaon), coyote (Canis latrans), Eurasian golden jackal (Canis aureus), African golden wolf (Canis anthus), Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas), side-striped jackal (Canis adustus), dhole (Cuon alpinus), and African wild dog (Lycaon pictus).
 The fox-like canids include the kit fox (Vulpes velox), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), Cape fox (Vulpes chama), Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), and fennec fox (Vulpes zerda).
 The South American canids include the bush dog (Speothos venaticus), hoary fox (Lycalopex uetulus), crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous), and maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus).
 Various monotypic taxa include the bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis), gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), and raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides).

DNA analysis shows that the first three form monophyletic clades. The wolf-like canids and the South American canids together form the tribe Canini. Molecular data imply a North American origin of living Canidae some 10 Mya and an African origin of wolf-like canines (Canis, Cuon, and Lycaon), with the jackals being the most basal of this group. The South American clade is rooted by the maned wolf and bush dog, and the fox-like canids by the fennec fox and Blanford's fox. The gray fox and island fox are basal to the other clades; however, this topological difference is not strongly supported.

The cladogram below is based on the phylogeny of Lindblad-Toh et al. (2005), modified to incorporate recent findings on Canis, Vulpes, Lycalopex, and Dusicyon species.

 പരിണാമം 
ലഘുചിത്രം|300x300ബിന്ദു|Diagram of a wolf skull with key features labelled
കണ്ണി=Special:FilePath/Lupocranio.jpg|വലത്ത്‌|ലഘുചിത്രം|Eurasian wolf skull

 Life history 

വലത്ത്‌|ലഘുചിത്രം|A feral dog from Sri Lanka nursing her puppies
ലഘുചിത്രം|Traditional English fox hunt

 നിലവിലുള്ളതും സമീപകാലത്ത് വംശനാശം സംഭവിച്ച സ്പീഷിസുകളും 
വലത്ത്‌|ലഘുചിത്രം|The genus Canis: gray wolf, coyote, African golden wolf, Ethiopian wolf, golden jackal, black-backed jackal and side-striped jackal
വലത്ത്‌|ലഘുചിത്രം|The genus Lycalopex: culpeo, pampas fox, chilla and Darwin's fox
വലത്ത്‌|ലഘുചിത്രം|The genus Vulpes: red fox, Rüppell's fox, corsac fox, Bengal fox, Arctic fox, Blanford's fox, Cape fox and fennec fox

വലത്ത്‌|ലഘുചിത്രം|Dhole
വലത്ത്‌|ലഘുചിത്രം|African wild dog
വലത്ത്‌|ലഘുചിത്രം|Short-eared dog
വലത്ത്‌|ലഘുചിത്രം|Maned wolf
വലത്ത്‌|ലഘുചിത്രം|Bush dog
വലത്ത്‌|ലഘുചിത്രം|Gray fox
വലത്ത്‌|ലഘുചിത്രം|Bat-eared fox
വലത്ത്‌|ലഘുചിത്രം|Raccoon dog

All extant species of family Canidae are in subfamily Caninae.

 Subfamily Caninae 

 True dogs – Tribe Canini
 Genus Canis (see also List of Canis species and subspecies which also includes some varieties)
 Gray wolf, Canis lupus (2.723 Mya to present)
 Domestic dog, Canis lupus familiaris
 Dingo, most often classified as Canis lupus dingo
 Many other subspecies
 Red wolf, Canis rufus (sometimes considered a subspecies of the gray wolf, but including several subtaxa of its own, including the Florida black wolf)
 Eastern wolf, Canis lycaon
 Coyote, Canis latrans (also called prairie wolf and brush wolf)
 Dire wolf, Canis dirus () †
 African golden wolf, Canis anthus
 Golden jackal, Canis aureus
 Ethiopian wolf, Canis simensis (also called Abyssinian red jackal, Simien fox and Simien jackal)
 Side-striped jackal, Canis adustus
 Black-backed jackal, Canis mesomelas (also called silver-backed jackal)
 Genus Cuon
 Dhole, Cuon alpinus or Canis alpinus (also called Asiatic wild dog)
 Genus Cynotherium †
 Sardinian dhole, Cynotherium sardous †
 Genus Lycaon
 African wild dog, Lycaon pictus (also called African hunting dog)
 Genus Atelocynus
 Short-eared dog, Atelocynus microtis
 Genus Cerdocyon
 Crab-eating fox, Cerdocyon thous
 Genus Dusicyon †
 Falkland Islands wolf, Dusicyon australis †
 Dusicyon avus †
 Genus Lycalopex (Pseudalopex)
 Culpeo, Lycalopex culpaeus 
 Fuegian dog, Lycalopex culpaeus domesticus †
 Darwin's fox, Lycalopex fulvipes
 South American gray fox, Lycalopex griseus
 Pampas fox, Lycalopex gymnocercus
 Sechuran fox, Lycalopex sechurae
 Hoary fox, Lycalopex vetulus
 Genus Chrysocyon
 Maned wolf, Chrysocyon brachyurus
 Genus Speothos
 Bush dog, Speothos venaticus
 True foxes – Tribe 
 Genus Vulpes
 Arctic fox, Vulpes lagopus
 Red fox, Vulpes vulpes (1 Mya to present)
 Domesticated red fox, Vulpes vulpes amicus
 Swift fox, Vulpes velox
 Kit fox, Vulpes macrotis
 Corsac fox, Vulpes corsac
 Cape fox, Vulpes chama
 Pale fox, Vulpes pallida
 Bengal fox, Vulpes bengalensis
 Tibetan sand fox, Vulpes ferrilata
 Blanford's fox, Vulpes cana
 Rüppell's fox, Vulpes rueppelli
 Fennec fox, Vulpes zerda
 Genus Nyctereutes
 Raccoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides
 Genus Otocyon
 Bat-eared fox, Otocyon megalotis

 Genus Urocyon (2 Mya to present)
 Gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus
 Island fox, Urocyon littoralis
 Cozumel fox, Urocyon sp.

വലത്ത്‌|ലഘുചിത്രം|320x320ബിന്ദു|Fluctuation of species within Canidae over 40 million years

 Prehistoric Canidae 
Except where otherwise stated, the following classification is based on a 1994 paper by Xiaoming Wang, curator of terrestrial mammals at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County on the systematics of the subfamily Hesperocyoninae, a 1999 paper by Wang, together with the zoologists Richard H. Tedford and Beryl E. Taylor on the subfamily Borophaginae, and a 2009 paper by Tedford, Wang and Taylor on the North American fossil Caninae.

 Subfamily Caninae 
ലഘുചിത്രം|Restoration of C. arnensis
ലഘുചിത്രം|Restoration of C. etruscus
ലഘുചിത്രം|Restoration of C. othmani

 Genus Cynodictis
 Genus Gobicyon
 Genus Protemnocyon
 Tribe Canini
 Genus Canis
 Canis adoxus †
 Canis ameghinoi †
 Canis apolloniensis () †
 Canis armbrusteri () †
 Canis arnensis (1.9-1.6 Mya) †
 Canis cautleyi  †
 Canis cedazoensis () †
 Canis dirus （0.125-0.009 Mya）†
 Canis donnezani (4.0–3.1 Mya) †
 Canis edwardii () †
 Canis (Eucyon) cipio (8.2 Mya) †
 Canis etruscus (1.9-1.6 Mya) †
 Canis ferox () †
 Canis gezi †
 Canis lepophagus ()†
 Canis michauxi  †
 Canis othmani †
 Canis mosbachensis (0.5 Mya) †
 Canis nehringi †
 Canis variabilis (0.5 Mya) †
 Genus Theriodictis ()†
 Theriodictis platensis (1.8 Mya) †
 Theriodictis tarijensis (1.8 Mya) †
 Theriodictis (Canis) proplatensis (2.1 Mya) †
 Genus Protocyon †
 Protocyon orcesi †
 Protocyon scagliarum †
 Protocyon troglodytes †
 Genus Cerdocyon
 Cerdocyon avius †
 Cerdocyon ensenadensis †
 Genus Speothos
 Speothos pacivorus †
 Genus Nurocyon †
 Nurocyon chonokhariensis †
 Genus Xenocyon †
 Xenocyon falconeri (1.9-1.6 Mya) †
 Xenocyon lycaonoides () †
 Tribe Vulpini
 Genus Vulpes (7 Mya to present)
 Vulpes alopecoides (2.6 Mya) †
 Vulpes cf. alopecoides (2.6 Mya) †
 Vulpes cf. vulpes (0.1275 Mya) †
 Vulpes galaticus (4.2 Mya) †
 Vulpes riffautae (7 Mya) †
 Basal Caninae
 Genus Nyctereutes (7.1 Mya to present)
 Nyctereutes cf. donnezani (7.1 Mya) †
 Nyctereutes cf. megamastoides (3.158 Mya) †
 Nyctereutes donnezani (3.4 Mya) †
 Nyctereutes megamostoides (2.6 Mya) †
 Nyctereutes sinensis (3.4 Mya) †
 First Caninae
 Genus Eucyon (8 Mya) †
 Eucyon davisi (8.3 Mya †, probably the ancestor of Canis)
 Eucyon minor (8 Mya †)
 Eucyon zhoui (8 Mya †)
 Eucyon monticinensis (8 Mya †)
 Eucyon odessanus †
 Genus Leptocyon (24–16 Mya) †
 Leptocyon vafer (16 Mya †)
 Leptocyon vulpinus (24 Mya †)

 Subfamily Borophaginae 

 Genus Archaeocyon () †
 Archaeocyon falkenbachi () †
 Archaeocyon leptodus () †
 Archaeocyon pavidus () †
 Genus Otarocyon () †
 Otarocyon cooki () †
 Otarocyon macdonaldi () †
 Genus Oxetocyon () †
 Oxetocyon cuspidatus () †
 Genus Rhizocyon (30 Mya)
 Rhizocyon oregonensis (30 Mya)
 Tribe Phlaocyonini () †
 Genus Cynarctoides () †
 Cynarctoides acridens () †
 Cynarctoides emryi () †
 Cynarctoides gawnae () †
 Cynarctoides harlowi () †
 Cynarctoides lemur (30 Mya) †
 Cynarctoides luskensis () †
 Cynarctoides roii () †
 Genus Phlaocyon (30–19 Mya)
 Phlaocyon achoros
 Phlaocyon annectens (22 Mya)
 Phlaocyon latidens (30 Mya)
 Phlaocyon leucosteus (22 Mya)
 Phlaocyon mariae
 Phlaocyon marslandensis (19 Mya)
 Phlaocyon minor (30 Mya)
 Phlaocyon multicuspus
 Phlaocyon taylori
 Phlaocyon yakolai (19 Mya)
 Tribe Borophagini () †
 Genus Cormocyon () †
 Cormocyon copei () †
 Cormocyon haydeni () †
 Genus Desmocyon () †
 Desmocyon matthewi () †
 Desmocyon thompsoni †
 Genus Metatomarctus () †
 Metatomarctus canavus () †
 Metatomarctus sp. A (16 Mya)
 Metatomarctus sp. B (16 Mya)
 Genus Euoplocyon (18–16 Mya)
 Euoplocyon brachygnathus (16 Mya)
 Euoplocyon spissidens (18 Mya)
 Genus Psalidocyon (16 Mya)
 Psalidocyon marianae (16 Mya)
 Genus Microtomarctus () †
 Microtomarctus conferta () †
 Genus Protomarctus (18 Mya)
 Protomarctus optatus (18 Mya)
 Genus Tephrocyon (16 Mya)
 Tephrocyon rurestris (16 Mya)
 Subtribe Cynarctina †
 Genus Paracynarctus () †
 Paracynarctus kelloggi () †
 Paracynarctus sinclairi () †
 Genus Cynarctus () †
 Cynarctus crucidens () †
 Cynarctus galushai () †
 Cynarctus marylandica () †
 Cynarctus saxatilis () †
 Cynarctus voorhiesi () †
 Cynarctus wangi () †
 Subtribe Aelurodontina () †
 Genus Tomarctus () †
 Tomarctus brevirostris () †
 Tomarctus hippophaga () †
 Genus Aelurodon () †
 Aelurodon asthenostylus () †
 Aelurodon ferox () †
 Aelurodon mcgrewi () †
 Aelurodon montanensis () †
 Aelurodon stirtoni () †
 Aelurodon taxoides () †
 Subtribe Borophagina () †
 Genus Paratomarctus () †
 Paratomarctus euthos (13 Mya)
 Paratomarctus temerarius (16 Mya)
 Genus Carpocyon () †
 Carpocyon compressus () †
 Carpocyon limosus () †
 Carpocyon robustus () †
 Carpocyon webbi () †
 Genus Protepicyon (16 Mya)
 Protepicyon raki (16 Mya)
 Genus Epicyon () †
 Epicyon aelurodontoides () †
 Epicyon haydeni () †
 Epicyon saevus () †
 Genus Borophagus () †
 Borophagus diversidens (5 Mya) †
 Borophagus dudleyi () †
 Borophagus hilli () †
 Borophagus littoralis () †
 Borophagus orc () †
 Borophagus parvus () †
 Borophagus pugnator () †
 Borophagus secundus () †

 Subfamily Hesperocyoninae 
† (Mya = million years ago)

 Genus Cynodesmus (32–29 Mya)
 Cynodesmus martini (29 Mya)
 Cynodesmus thooides (32 Mya)
 ?Genus Caedocyon
 Caedocyon tedfordi
 Genus Ectopocynus (32–19 Mya)
 Ectopocynus antiquus (32 Mya)
 Ectopocynus intermedius (29 Mya)
 Ectopocynus siplicidens (19 Mya)
 Genus Enhydrocyon (29–25 Mya)
 Enhydrocyon basilatus (25 Mya)
 Enhydrocyon crassidens (25 Mya)
 Enhydrocyon pahinsintewkpa (29 Mya)
 Enhydrocyon stenocephalus (29 Mya)
 Genus Hesperocyon (39.74–34 Mya)
 Hesperocyon coloradensis
 Hesperocyon gregarius (37 Mya)
 Genus Mesocyon (34–29 Mya)
 Mesocyon brachyops (29 Mya)
 Mesocyon coryphaeus (29 Mya)
 Mesocyn temnodon
 Genus Osbornodon (32–18 Mya)
 Osbornodon brachypus
 Osbornodon fricki (18 Mya)
 Osbornodon iamonensis (21 Mya)
 Osbornodon renjiei (33 Mya)
 Osbornodon scitulus
 Osbornodon sesnoni (32 Mya)
 Osbornodon wangi
 Genus Paraenhydrocyon (30–25 Mya)
 Paraenhydrocyon josephi (30 Mya)
 Paraenhydrocyon robustus (25 Mya)
 Genus Philotrox (29 Mya)
 Philotrox condoni (29 Mya)
 Genus Prohesperocyon (36 Mya)
 Prohesperocyon wilsoni (36 Mya)
 Genus Sunkahetanka (29 Mya)
 Sunkahetanka geringensis (29 Mya)

 ഇവയും കാണുക 

 Canid hybrid
 Free-ranging dog

 അവലംബം 

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