ട്രെബ്ലിങ്ക ഉന്മൂലനത്താവളം

രണ്ടാംലോകമഹായുദ്ധകാലത്ത് അധിനിവേശപോളണ്ടിൽ നാസിജർമനി നിർമ്മിച്ച് പ്രവർത്തിപ്പിച്ച ഒരു ഉന്മൂലനകേന്ദ്രമാണ് ട്രെബ്ലിങ്ക (Treblinka). ()  വാഴ്സയ്ക്ക് വടക്കുകിഴക്കുമാറി ട്രെബ്ലിങ്ക തീവണ്ടിനിലയത്തിൽ (ഇന്നത്തെ Masovian Voivodeship) നിന്നും  തെക്കായിട്ടായിരുന്നു ഈ ക്യാമ്പ് സ്ഥിതിചെയ്തിരുന്നത്. 1942 ജൂലൈ 23 മുതൽ 1943 ഒക്ടോബർ 19 വരെ ഓപറേഷൻ റീൻഹാർഡിന്റെ ഭാഗമായി അന്തിമപരിഹാരത്തിന്റെ ഏറ്റവും ക്രൂരമായ കാലഘട്ടത്തിലാണ് ഈ ക്യാമ്പ് നിലനിന്നിരുന്നത്. ഇക്കാലത്ത് ഇവിടെ ഏതാണ്ട് 700,000 മുതൽ 900,000 വരെ ജൂതന്മാർ ഇവിടത്തെ ഗ്യാസ് ചേമ്പറിൽ കൊല്ലപ്പെട്ടു. അതോടൊപ്പം  2,000 റോമാനി ജനതയ്ക്കും ജീവൻ നഷ്ടമായി. ഓഷ്‌വിറ്റ്‌സിനുശേഷം ഏറ്റവുമധികം  ജൂതരെ കൂട്ടക്കൊല ചെയ്തത് ട്രെബ്ലിങ്കയിലാണ്.

 പിന്നാമ്പുറം 
ലഘുചിത്രം|The Wannsee Conference, where the plans for Operation Reinhard and the Treblinka extermination camp were outlined, took place at this villa.

 സ്ഥാനം 
ലഘുചിത്രം|296x296ബിന്ദു|Treblinka on the map of occupied Poland with Nazi extermination camps marked with black and white skulls. General Government territory: centre. Distrikt Galizien: lower–right. Provinz Oberschlesien with Auschwitz: lower–left. The Nazi-Soviet demarcation line splitting the Second Republic in two is marked in red – starting point for Operation Barbarossa of 1941.

 ട്രെബ്ലിങ്ക 1 
ലഘുചിത്രം|Official announcement of the founding of Treblinka I, the forced-labour camp

 ട്രെബ്ലിങ്ക 2 
ഇടത്ത്‌|ലഘുചിത്രം|Memorial at Treblinka II, with 17,000 quarry stones symbolising gravestones. Inscriptions indicate places of Holocaust train departures with at least 5,000 victims and selected ghettos from across Poland.
ലഘുചിത്രം|The 1944 aerial photo of Treblinka II after "clean-up". The new farmhouse and livestock building are visible to the lower left. The photograph is overlaid with outlines of already-dismantled structures (marked in red/orange). On the left are the SS and Hiwi guards living quarters (1) with barracks defined by the surrounding walkways. At the bottom (2) are the railway ramp and unloading platform (centre), marked with the red arrow. The "road to heaven" is marked with a dashed line. The undressing barracks for men and women, surrounded by a solid fence with no view of the outside, are marked with two rectangles. The location of the new, big gas chambers (3) is marked with a cross. The burial pits, dug with a crawler excavator, are in light yellow.

 കൂട്ടക്കൊലയുടെ രീതി 

 പോളണ്ടുകാരായ ജൂതന്മാർ 
ലഘുചിത്രം|Jews being loaded onto trains to Treblinka at the Warsaw Ghetto's Umschlagplatz, 1942

 വിദേശികളായ ജൂതന്മാരും റൊമാനി ജനതയും 
ഇടത്ത്‌|ലഘുചിത്രം|Standard Holocaust locomotive, DRB Class 52

 ഗ്യാസ് ചേമ്പറുകൾ 
ലഘുചിത്രം|Telegram to Berlin from the deputy commander of Aktion Reinhard, Hermann Höfle, 15 January 1943 listing the number of arrivals in the extermination camps, 1942 total. Camp Treblinka (T): 713,555 Jews
ലഘുചിത്രം|Deportation of 10,000 Polish Jews to Treblinka during the liquidation of the ghetto in Siedlce beginning 23 August 1942Statistical data: "Glossary of 2,077 Jewish towns in Poland"  by Virtual Shtetl of the Museum of the History of the Polish Jews , as well as "Getta Żydowskie," by Gedeon, (പോളിഷ്) and "Ghetto List" by Michael Peters of ARC. Accessed 

 സംസ്കരിച്ച കുഴികൾ 
ലഘുചിത്രം|Stone memorial resembling one of the original cremation pits where the bodies were burned. It is a flat grave marker constructed of crushed and cemented black basalt symbolising burnt charcoal. The actual human ashes were mixed with sand and spread over 22,000 square metres (237,000 square feet).

 ക്യാമ്പിന്റെ പ്രവർത്തനരീതി 
ലഘുചിത്രം|Members of SS-Totenkopfverbände from Treblinka (from left): Paul Bredow, Willi Mentz, Max Möller and Josef Hirtreiter
ലഘുചിത്രം|Sketch plan of Treblinka II produced during Stangl's 1967 trial in Germany. Missing from it are the swathes of land around cremation pits with burial trenches excavated by a mechanical digger (see aerial photo).

 ട്രെബ്ലിങ്കയിലെ തടവുകാരുടെ കലാപം 
ലഘുചിത്രം|Burning Treblinka II perimeter during the prisoner uprising, 2 August 1943. Barracks were set ablaze, including a tank of petrol which exploded setting fire to the surrounding structures. This clandestine photograph was taken by Franciszek Ząbecki.

 കലാപത്തിന്റെ ദിനവും രക്ഷപ്പെട്ടവരും 
ലഘുചിത്രം|Survivor Samuel Willenberg presenting his drawings of Treblinka II in the Museum of Struggle and Martyrdom at the site of the camp. On the right, the "Lazaret" killing station.

 കലാപത്തിനുശേഷം 

 ട്രെബ്ലിങ്ക 2 -ന്റെ പ്രവർത്തന നേതൃത്വം 

 ഇംഫ്രീഡ് എബറൽ 
ലഘുചിത്രം|Irmfried Eberl, the first commandant of Treblinka II, removed because of his alleged incompetence in running the camp

 ഫ്രാൻസ് സ്റ്റാംഗൾ 
ലഘുചിത്രം|Franz Stangl, the second and longest-serving commandant of Treblinka II

 ട്രെബ്ലിങ്ക ഗാനം 
ലഘുചിത്രം|Kurt Franz, deputy commandant under Eberl and Stangl and the last commandant of Treblinka II

 കുർട്ട് ഫ്രാൻസ് 

 സോവിയറ്റുകളുടെ വരവ് 

 സംരക്ഷിക്കാനുള്ള ആദ്യശ്രമങ്ങൾ 
ലഘുചിത്രം|Treblinka memorial (2005)

 സ്മാരകത്തിന്റെ നിർമ്മാണം 

 മരണസംഖ്യ 
വലത്ത്‌|ലഘുചിത്രം|The Holocaust "Güterwagen" wagon holding an average of 100 victims, occupied Poland

 ആദ്യ കണക്കുകൾ 

 കോടതികളിൽ പ്രദർശിപ്പിച്ചതും സത്യവാങ്‌മൂലങ്ങളും 
ലഘുചിത്രം|Timeline of deportations to Treblinka during Grossaktion Warsaw, July 1942 to September 1942 (graph) 

 ഹോഫ്‌ൾ ടെലഗ്രാം 

 കണക്കുകളുടെ പട്ടിക 

 {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; border: 1px solid gray; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="100%"
! style="text-align: center; background: rgb(176, 196, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" |Estimate
! style="text-align: center; background: rgb(176, 196, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" |Source
! style="text-align: center; background: rgb(176, 196, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" |Notes
! style="text-align: center; background: rgb(176, 196, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" |Year
! style="text-align: center; background: rgb(176, 196, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" |Work
|-
|at least 700,000
|Helmut Krausnick
|first West German estimate; used during trial of Kurt Franz
|1965
|
|-
|at least 700,000
|Adalbert Rückerl
|Director of the Central Authority for Investigation into Nazi Crime in Ludwigsburg
|N/A
|-
|at least 700,000
|Joseph Billig
|French historian
|1973
|-
|700,000–800,000
|Czesław Madajczyk
|Polish historian
|1970
|-
|700,000–900,000
|Robin O’Neil
|from Belzec: Stepping Stone to Genocide; Hitler's answer to the Jewish Question, published by JewishGen Yizkor Books Project 
|2008
|
|-
|713,555
|Höfle Telegram
|discovered in 2001; official Nazi estimate up to the end of 1942
|1942
|
|-
|at least 750,000
|Michael Berenbaum
|from his encyclopedia entry on Treblinka
|2012
|Encyclopædia Britannica
|-
|at least 750,000
|Raul Hilberg
|American Holocaust historian
|1985
|The Destruction of European Jews
|-
|780,000
|Zdzisław Łukaszkiewicz
|Polish historian responsible for the first estimate of the death count based on 156 transports with 5,000 prisoners each, published in his monograph Obóz zagłady w Treblince
|1947
|-
|780,863
|Jacek Andrzej Młynarczyk
|cited by Timothy Snyder; combines Hölfe Telegram with undated German evidence from 1943
|2004
|
|-
|at least 800,000
|Treblinka camp museum
|uses Franciszek Ząbecki's evidence and evidence from the ghettos
|N/A
|-
|850,000
|Yitzhak Arad
|Israeli historian who estimates 763,000 deaths between July 1942 and April 1943 alone
|1983
|Treblinka, Hell and Revolt
|-
|at least 850,000
|Martin Gilbert
|British historian
|1993
|-
|870,000
|Yad Vashem
|Israel's Holocaust museum
|N/A
|
|-
|870,000 to 925,000
|United States Holocaust Museum
|from "Treblinka: Chronology" article; excludes the deaths from forced labour in Treblinka I
|N/A
|
|-
|876,000
|Simon Wiesenthal Center
|738,000 Jews from the General Government; 107,000 from Bialystok; 29,000 Jews from elsewhere in Europe; and 2,000 Gypsies
|N/A
|
|-
|at least 900,000
|Wolfgang Scheffler
|second West German estimate; used during trial of Franz Stangl
|1970
|-
|912,000
|Manfred Burba
|German historian
|2000
|-
|at least 1,200,000
|Franciszek Ząbecki
|Polish eyewitness
|1977
|Old and New Memories
|-
|1,297,000
|Piotr Ząbecki
|revision of Franciszek Ząbecki's estimate by his son Piotr
|2013
|He was a humble man
|-
|1,582,000
|Ryszard Czarkowski
|Polish historian
|1989
|-
|3,000,000
|Vasily Grossman
|Soviet reporter
|1946
|The Hell of Treblinka
|}

 Treblinka trials 
ലഘുചിത്രം|Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal, pictured here in 1982, was responsible for hunting down Franz Stangl in Brazil.

 Material gain 

 Archaeological studies 
ലഘുചിത്രം|One of the tiles found during the archaeological dig, providing the first physical evidence for the existence of the gas chambers at Treblinka

 March of the Living 

 Operation Reinhard leadership and Treblinka commandants 

 For a more comprehensive list, see List of individuals responsible for Treblinka extermination camp.

 {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; border: 1px solid gray; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="98%"
! style="text-align: center; background: rgb(176, 196, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" |Name
! style="text-align: center; background: rgb(176, 196, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" |Rank
! style="text-align: center; background: rgb(176, 196, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" |Function and Notes
! style="text-align: center; background: rgb(176, 196, 222) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" |Citation
|-
| colspan="4" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 248) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" |Operation Reinhard leadership
|-
|Odilo Globocnik
|SS-Hauptsturmführer and SS-Polizeiführer at the time (captain and SS Police Chief)
|head of Operation Reinhard
|
|-
|Hermann Höfle
|SS-Hauptsturmführer (captain)
|coordinator of Operation Reinhard
|
|-
|Christian Wirth
|SS-Hauptsturmführer at the time (captain)
|inspector for Operation Reinhard
|
|-
|
|SS-Obersturmführer at the time (first lieutenant)
| head of death camp construction during Operation Reinhard
|
|-
|Erwin Lambert
|SS-Unterscharführer (corporal)
|head of gas chamber construction during Operation Reinhard (large gas chambers)
|
|-
| colspan="4" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 248) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" |Treblinka commandants
|-
|
|SS-Sturmbannführer (major), Commandant of Treblinka I Arbeitslager, 15 November 1941 – July 1944 (cleanup) 
|head of the forced-labour camp
|
|-
|Irmfried Eberl
|SS-Obersturmführer (first lieutenant), Commandant of , 11 July 1942 – 26 August 1942
|transferred to Berlin due to incompetence
|
|-
|Franz Stangl
|SS-Obersturmführer (first lieutenant), 2nd Commandant of , 1 September 1942 – August 1943 
|transferred to Treblinka from Sobibor extermination camp
|
|-
|Kurt Franz
|SS-Untersturmführer (second lieutenant), last Commandant of , August (gassing) – November 1943 
|promoted from deputy commandant in August 1943 following camp prisoner revolt
|
|-
| colspan="4" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 248) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" |Deputy commandants
|-
|Karl Pötzinger
|SS-Oberscharführer (staff sergeant), Deputy commandant of 
|head of cremation
|
|-
|Heinrich Matthes
|SS-Scharführer (sergeant), Deputy commandant
|chief of the extermination area
|
|}

 കുറിപ്പുകൾ 

 നോട്ടുകൾ 

 അവലംബങ്ങൾ 

 അവലംബം