ക്രോകസ്

ഭൂകാണ്ഡത്തിൽ നിന്ന് വളരുന്ന  ഐറിസ് കുടുംബത്തിലെ 90 ഇനം വാർഷികസസ്യങ്ങളിലെ പൂക്കുന്ന സസ്യങ്ങളുടെ ഒരു ജനുസ്സാണ് ക്രോകസ്. ശൈത്യകാലത്തും ശരത്‌കാലത്തും വസന്തകാലത്തും പൂക്കൾ ധാരാളം കാണപ്പെടുന്നു. ക്രോക്കസ് സാറ്റിവസ് സ്പീഷീസിലെ ശരത്കാല പൂക്കളിൽ നിന്നുമുള്ള തന്തുകത്തിൽ നിന്നും സുഗന്ധദ്രവ്യമായ കുങ്കുമം ലഭിക്കുന്നു. ഉത്തരാഫ്രിക്കയിലെ ആൽപൈൻ തുണ്ട്രയിലെ സമുദ്രനിരപ്പിൽ സ്ഥിതിചെയ്യുന്ന വനപ്രദേശങ്ങൾ, കുറ്റിക്കാടുകൾ, പുൽമേടുകൾ എന്നിവിടങ്ങളിൽ തദ്ദേശീയമായും മിഡിൽ ഈസ്റ്റ്, മധ്യ, തെക്കൻ യൂറോപ്പ്, പ്രത്യേകിച്ച് ഗ്രീസ്,  ക്രൊക്കോസ്, എന്നിവിടങ്ങളിലെ ഈജിയൻ ദ്വീപുകളിലും മധ്യേഷ്യയിൽ പടിഞ്ഞാറൻ ചൈനയിലെ സിൻജിയാങ്ങ് പ്രവിശ്യയിലും കാണപ്പെടുന്നു.Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Crocus includes photos plus European distribution mapsInnes, C. (1985). The World of Iridaceae: 1–407. Holly Gare International Ltd., Ashington

 ചിത്രശാല 

 സ്പീഷീസ്

മേൽപ്പറഞ്ഞ കണ്ടെത്തലുകൾക്ക് അനുസൃതമായി 1982 ൽ ബ്രയാൻ മാത്യു നിർദ്ദേശിച്ച വർഗ്ഗീകരണം ചുവടെ:

A. Section Crocus : species with a basal prophyll

Series Verni: corms with reticulated fibers, spring-flowering (apart from Crocus longiflorus), flowers for the most part without conspicuous outer striping, bracts absent
 Crocus etruscus Parl.
 Crocus ilvensis Peruzzi & CartaPeruzzi Lorenzo, Carta Angelino. 2011 "Crocus ilvensis sp. nov. (sect. Crocus, Iridaceae), endemic to Elba Island (Tuscan Archipelago, Italy)", Nordic Journal of Botany, 29(1): 6–13. 
 Crocus kosaninii Pulevic
 Crocus longiflorus Raf. – Italian crocus (formerly in Series Longiflori)
 Crocus tommasinianus Herb. – Woodland crocus, Tommasini's crocus
 Crocus vernus (L.) Hill – Spring crocus, Dutch crocus
Crocus vernus subsp. albiflorus (Kit. ex Schult.) Asch. & Graebn.
Crocus vernus subsp. vernus

Series Baytopi (new Series): corms with strongly reticulated fibers; leaves numerous, narrowly linear; spring-flowering, bracts absent; anthers extrorsely dehiscent
 Crocus baytopiorum Mathew (formerly in Series Verni)

Series Scardici: spring-flowering, leaves have no pale stripe on the upper surface
 Crocus pelistericus Pulevic
 Crocus scardicus Kos.

Series Versicolores: spring-flowering, corms with tunics, which for the most part have parallel fibers, flowers with conspicuous exterior striping
 Crocus cambessedesii J. Gay
 Crocus versicolor Ker Gawl. – cloth-of-silver crocus
 Crocus corsicus Vanucchi ex Maw
 Crocus imperati Ten.
Crocus imperati subsp. imperati
Crocus imperati subsp. suaveolens (Bertol.) B.Mathew
 Crocus minimus DC.

Series Longiflori: autumn-flowering, yellow anthers, styles much divided
 Crocus goulimyi Turrill (see also Constantine Goulimis)
 Crocus ligusticus M.G. Mariotti (Syn. Crocus medius Balb.)
 Crocus niveus Bowles
 Crocus nudiflorus Smith.
 Crocus serotinus Salisb. – late crocus
Crocus serotinus subsp. clusii (J.Gay) B.Mathew
Crocus serotinus subsp. salzmannii (J.Gay) B.Mathew
Crocus serotinus subsp. serotinus

Series Kotschyani: autumn-flowering, anthers white, styles for the most part three-forked
 Crocus autranii Albov.
 Crocus gilanicus B. Matthew (discovered in 1973 and named after Gilan province in Iran where it was first found)
 Crocus karduchorum Kotschy ex Maw
 Crocus kotschyanus K. Koch – Kotschy's crocus (syn. C. zonatus)
Crocus kotschyanus subsp. cappadocicus B.Mathew
Crocus kotschyanus subsp. hakkariensis B.Mathew
Crocus kotschyanus subsp. kotschyanus
Crocus kotschyanus subsp. suworowianus (K.Koch) B.Mathew
 Crocus ochroleucus Boiss. & Gaill.
 Crocus scharojanii Ruprecht
 Crocus scharojanii subsp. scharojanii
 Crocus scharojanii subsp. lazicus (Boiss.) B.Mathew
 Crocus vallicola Herb.

Series Crocus: autumn-flowering, anthers yellow, style distinctly three-branched
 Crocus asumaniae B. Mathew & T. Baytop
 Crocus cartwrightianus Herb.
 Crocus sativus L. – saffron crocus (a sterile triploid mutant or hybrid), presumably derived from Crocus cartwrightianus
 Crocus hadriaticus Herb.
 Crocus hadriaticus subsp. hadriaticus
 Crocus hadriaticus subsp. parnassicus (B.Mathew) B.Mathew
 Crocus hadriaticus subsp. parnonicus B.Mathew
 Crocus moabiticus Bornm. & Dinsmore ex Bornm.
 Crocus mathewii H. Kemdorff & E. Pasche (1994)
 Crocus naqabensis Al-Eisawi (2001)
 Crocus oreocreticus B.L. Burtt
 Crocus pallasii Goldb.
Crocus pallasii subsp. dispathaceus (Bowles) B.Mathew
Crocus pallasii subsp. haussknechtii (Boiss. & Reut. ex Maw) B.Mathew
Crocus pallasii subsp. pallasii
Crocus pallasii subsp. turcicus B.Mathew
Crocus thomasii Ten.

 Position unclear
 Crocus malyi Vis. (formerly in Series Versicolores)
 Crocus banaticus Heuff. (formerly in obsolete Subgenus Crociris)

B. Section Nudiscapus: species without a basal prophyll

Series Reticulati: corm tunic for the most part decidedly covered with reticulated fibers, flower produced in winter or spring, style three-forked or much divided
 Crocus abantensis T.Baytop & B.Mathew
 Crocus ancyrensis (Herb.) Maw – Ankara crocus
 Crocus angustifolius Weston – cloth-of-gold crocus
 Crocus cancellatus Herb.
Crocus cancellatus subsp. cancellatus
Crocus cancellatus subsp. damascenus (Herb.) B.Mathew
Crocus cancellatus subsp. lycius B.Mathew
Crocus cancellatus subsp. mazziaricus (Herb.) B.Mathew
Crocus cancellatus subsp. pamphylicus B.Mathew
 Crocus cvijicii Kos.
 Crocus dalmaticus Vis.
 Crocus gargaricus Herb.
 Crocus herbertii B. Mathew (became a "true" species)
 Crocus hermoneus Kotschy ex Maw
 Crocus jablanicensis N. Randj. & V. Randj.
 Crocus reticulatus Steven ex Adams
Crocus reticulatus subsp. hittiticus (T.Baytop & B.Mathew) B.Mathew
Crocus reticulatus subsp. reticulatus
 Crocus robertianus C.D. Brickell
 Crocus rujanensis Randjel. & D.A. Hill (1990)
 Crocus sieberi J. Gay – Sieber's crocus, Cretan crocus
Crocus sieberi subsp. atticus (Boiss. & Orph.) B.Mathew
Crocus sieberi subsp. nivalis (Bory & Chaub.) B.Mathew
Crocus sieberi subsp. sieberi
Crocus sieberi subsp. sublimis (Herb.) B.Mathew
 Crocus sieheanus Barr ex B.L. Burtt
 Crocus veluchensis Herb.

 Series Biflori: tunics of corms split into rings at the base, either entire or with toothlike projections, leathery in texture, spring- or late-winter flowering, style three-forked
 Crocus aerius Herb.
 Crocus almehensis C.D. Brickell & B. Mathew
 Crocus biflorus Mill. – silvery crocus, Scotch crocus
 Crocus biflorus subsp. biflorus 
 Crocus biflorus subsp.  adamii (J.Gay) K.Richt.
 Crocus biflorus subsp. alexandri (Nicic ex Velen.) B. Mathew 
 Crocus biflorus subsp. artvinensis (J.Philippow) B. Mathew 
 Crocus biflorus subsp. atrospermus Kernd. & Pasche
 Crocus biflorus subsp. caelestis Kernd. & Pasche
 Crocus biflorus subsp. caricus Kernd. & Pasche
 Crocus biflorus subsp. crewei (Hook.f.) B. Mathew 
 Crocus biflorus subsp. fibroannulatus Kernd. & Pasche
 Crocus biflorus subsp. ionopharynx Kernd. & Pasche
 Crocus biflorus subsp. isauricus (Siehe ex Bowles) B.Mathew 
 Crocus biflorus subsp. leucostylosus Kernd. & Pasche 
 Crocus biflorus subsp. melantherus B. Mathew 
 Crocus biflorus subsp. nubigena (Herb.) B. Mathew 
 Crocus biflorus subsp. pseudonubigena B. Mathew 
 Crocus biflorus subsp. pulchricolor (Herb.) B. Mathew 
 Crocus biflorus subsp. punctatus B.Mathew 
 Crocus biflorus subsp. stridii (Papan. & Zacharof) B.Mathew 
 Crocus biflorus subsp. tauri (Maw) B. Mathew 
 Crocus biflorus subsp. weldenii (Hoppe & Fuernr.) B. Mathew 
 Crocus biflorus subsp. yataganensis Kernd. & Pasche
 Crocus chrysanthus Herb. – Golden crocus, Snow crocus
 Crocus chrysanthus subsp. chrysanthus
 Crocus chrysanthus subsp. multifolius Papan. & Zacharof
 Crocus cyprius Boiss. & Kotschy
 Crocus danfordiae Maw
 Crocus danfordiae subsp. danfordiae
 Crocus danfordiae subsp. kurdistanicus Maroofi & Assadi
 Crocus hartmannianus Holmboe
 Crocus kerndorffiorum Pasche (1993)
 Crocus leichtlinii (Dewar) Bowles
 Crocus nerimaniae Yüzbasioglu & Varol (2004)
 Crocus pestalozzae Boiss.
 Crocus wattiorum (B. Mathew, 1995) B. Mathew (2000)
 Crocus demirizianus O.Erol & L.Can (2012)
 Crocus yakarianus Yıldırım & O.Erol (2013)

Series Speciosi: corm tunic splits into rings at the base, leathery or membranous, foliage after the flowers, autumn-flowering, style much divided
 Crocus pulchellus Herb. – hairy crocus
 Crocus speciosus M. Bieb. – Bieberstein's crocus, large purple crocus
Crocus speciosus subsp. ilgazensis B.Mathew
Crocus speciosus subsp. speciosus
Crocus speciosus subsp. xantholaimos B.Mathew

Series Orientales: corm with parallel fibers or lightly reticulated, numerous leaves, spring-flowering, style three-forked
 Crocus alatavicus Semenova & Reg.
 Crocus caspius Fischer & Meyer (formerly in Series Biflori)
 Crocus korolkowii Regel ex Maw – celandine crocus
 Crocus michelsonii B. Fedtsch.Series Flavi: tunics of the corms membranous, split into parallel fibers, spring-flowering, styles much divided
 Crocus adanensis T. Baytop & B. Mathew (formerly in Series Biflori)
 Crocus antalyensis Mathew
 Crocus antalyensis subsp. antalyensis
 Crocus antalyensis subsp. striatus O.Erol & M.Koçyiğit (2010) Crocus antalyensis subsp. gemicii L.Sik & O.Erol (2011) Crocus candidus E.D. Clarke
 Crocus flavus Weston – Yellow crocus
 Crocus flavus subsp. flavus
 Crocus flavus subsp. dissectus T.Baytop & B.Mathew
 Crocus flavus subsp. sarichinarensis Rukšans
 Crocus graveolens Boiss. &Reut.
 Crocus hyemalis Boiss.
 Crocus olivieri Gray
 Crocus olivieri subsp. olivieri – Balkan and Turkey
 Crocus olivieri subsp. balansae (J.Gay ex Baker) B. Mathew – endemic round İzmir, West-Turkey
 Crocus olivieri subsp. istanbulensis B. Mathew, Istanbul, Turkey.
 Crocus paschei H. Kerndorff
 Crocus vitellinus Wahl.Series Aleppici: tunics of the corms membranous, with split, parallel fibers, foliage produced at the same time as the flowers, fall- or winter-flowering
 Crocus aleppicus Baker
 Crocus boulosii Greuter
 Crocus veneris Tappein ex PoechSeries Carpetani: undersurface of the leaves rounded with grooves, upper surface channeled, spring-flowering, style whitish, obscurely divided
 Crocus carpetanus Boiss. & Reut.
 Crocus nevadensis Amo & CampoSeries Intertexti: corm tunic fibrous with fibers interwoven, spring-flowering
 Crocus fleischeri J.Gay.Series Laevigatae''': corm tunic membranous or splitting into parallel fibers, sometimes leathery, foliage produced at the same time as flowers, autumn-flowering, anthers white, style much divided
 Crocus boryi J.Gay
 Crocus laevigatus Bory & Chaub.
 Crocus tournefortii J.Gay.

ശരത്കാല ക്രോക്കസ് 
Some species, known as "autumn crocus", flower in late summer and autumn, often before their leaves appear. They should not be confused with a different genus of autumn-flowering plants, Colchicum. Autumn-flowering species of crocus include:

C. banaticus (syn. C. iridiflorus) 
C. cancellatus 
C. goulimyi 
C. hadriaticus 
C. kotschyanus (syn. C. zonatus)C. laevigatus 
C. ligusticus (syn. C. medius ) 
C. niveus 
C. nudiflorus 
C. ochroleucus 
C. pulchellus 
C. sativus (saffron crocus) 
C. serotinus 
C. speciosus 
C. tournefortii C. laevigatus has a long flowering period which starts in late autumn or early winter and may continue into February.

അവലംബം

Bibliography
 E.A. Bowles, A Handbook of Crocus and Colchicum for Gardeners, Martin Hopkinson 1924
 Brian Mathew, Christopher Grey-Wilson, Bulbs, (ill. Marjorie Blamey), Collins, 1981
 Brian Mathew, Crocus: A Revision of the Genus Crocus, Timber Press, 1983. 
 Brian Mathew, Flowering Bulbs for the Garden, Collingridge/Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1987. 
 Novica Randjelovic, David A. Hill, Vladimir Randjelovic, 'The Genus Crocus L. in Serbia'. Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, 1990 (in English)
 Maw, George. A Monograph of the Genus Crocus. London, Dulau and Co., 1886
 Rix, Alison. "George Maw, Joseph Hooker and the genus Crocus", Curtis's Botanical Magazine, Volume 25 Issue 2, Pages 176–187, 2008  
 The Pleasures of Crocus, Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture 1996
 Walters, S. M., et al., editor,  The European Garden Flora: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, both Out-of-Doors and Under Glass, Volume 1'', Cambridge University Press, 1984

 ബാഹ്യ ലിങ്കുകൾ 

 Crocus photos of International Bulb Society 
 Crocus photos of Pacific Bulb Society
 Sorting Crocus Names
 E A Bowles Society 
 The Alpine House – Crocus Group 
 Todd Boland. Crocus to Brighten the Spring Garden. Dave's Garden, September 28, 2013
 The Alpine Garden: Crocus

വർഗ്ഗം:സസ്യജനുസുകൾ
വർഗ്ഗം:ഔഷധസസ്യങ്ങൾ
വർഗ്ഗം:സപുഷ്പികൾ
വർഗ്ഗം:ഉദ്യാന സസ്യങ്ങൾ
വർഗ്ഗം:ഇറിഡേസീ