Taalpolitiek

Kiek taolplanning vör 'n a-politieke benadering van 't oonderwaerp.
Väöl leng veure 'ne taalpolitiek dae 't gebroek van 'n bepaalde taal of mieë tale aan- of oontmoedigd. In 't verlaeje loog 't accaent van d'r taalpolitiek van vriewal alle leng óp 't promote van de èng officieel taal en 't oetsjlete van alle ander tale. Allewiel haant väöl leng 'ne politiek of beleid oontwikkeld dat bedreigde minderheedstale besjermd en promoot.

Taalpolitiek is dat wat de regering deet mèt wetgaeving en jurisdictie c.q. jurisprudentie of mèt e taalbeleid dat bepaalt wie tale werre gebroekd, dat tale kaanse gèft zich te oontwikkele öm d'r sjtatus va nationaal prioriteet te kriege of dör 't vassjtèlle van de rechte van individueel gebroekers of groepe wat 't gebroek en 't behoud van de taal aageet.
Situatiesjets
De diversiteet óp cultureel en talig vlak in de waelt van allewiel is 'n major zörg van väöl wetensjappers, keunstenaers, sjrievers, politici, leiders van taalgemeensjappe en verdedigers van de miensjerechte. 

Types va taalpolitiek
Assimilatiepolitiek
Non-interventiepolitiek
Politiek óp basis van oondersjeed in lagaal sjtatuut
Valorisatie officieel taal politiek
Twieë- of driejtalige politiek
Gebaseerd óp neet-territoriaal individueel rechte
Gebaseerd óp territoriaal individueel rechte
Gebaseerd óp territoriaal rechte
Internationalisering van taalpolitiek
Strategische multilinguistische taalpolitiek

<!-- Up to one half of the 6000 languages currently spoken in the world are estimated to be in danger of disappearing during the 21st century. Many factors affect the existence and usage of any given human language, including the size of the native speaking population, its use in formal communication, and the geographical dispersion and the socio-economic weight of its speakers.  National language policies can either mitigate or exacerbate the effects of some of these factors.

 Types of language policies 
What follows below is one of many ways in which language policies can be categorized. It was elaborated by Université Laval sociolinguist Jacques Leclerc for the French-language Web site L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde put on line by the CIRAL in 1999. The collecting, translating and classifying of language policies started in 1988 and culminated in the publishing of Recueil des législations linguistiques dans le monde (vol. I to VI) at Presses de l'Université Laval in 1994. The work, containing some 470 language laws, and the research leading to publication, were subsidized by the Office québécois de la langue française.Leclerc, Jacques. "Historique du site du CIRAL au TLFQ" in L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde, Québec, TLFQ, Université Laval, August 16, 2007 (in French). In April 2008, the Web site presented the linguistic portrait and language policies in 354 States or autonomous territories in 194 recognized countries. Leclerc, Jacques. "Page d'accueil" in L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde, Québec, TLFQ, Université Laval, 2007 (in French).

Assimilation policies
A policy of assimilation is one that uses strong measures to accelerate the downsizing of one or more linguistic minority group(s).The ultimate goal of such policies is to foster national unity inside a state (based on the idea that a single language in the country will favor that end). The measures taken by States enforcing such policies may include banning the social use of a given language, the exclusion and social devalorization of a language group and in extreme cases repression by force and even genocide. Leclerc, Jacques. "Politiques d'assimiation" in L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde, Québec, TLFQ, Université Laval, retrieved on April 29, 2008 (in French).

These policies are to be distinguished from all other policies which it could be argued favor or lead to assimilation of members of minority groups as a result of non-intervention or insufficient measures of protection. In practice, all States enforce, implicitly, policies leading to assimilation with regards to immigrant groups and in numerous cases aboriginal groups and other national minorities.Leclerc, Jacques. "Politiques d'assimiation" in L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde, Québec, TLFQ, Université Laval, retrieved on April 29, 2008 (in French).

Jurisdictions having such a policy:

Afghanistan - Burma - Brazil - Greece - Indonesia - Iran - Iraq - Pakistan - Syria - Turkey - Thailand - Vietnam

Non-intervention policies
A policy of non-intervention consists in choosing to allow the normal rapport between the main linguistic group and the minorities evolve on its own. This almost invariably favours the dominant group. Sometimes, such policies are accompanied by administrative measures protecting certain minorities.

Jurisdictions having such a policy:

Angola - Argentina - Australia - Austria - Bangladesh - Benin - Burkina Faso - Chile - Democratic Republic of the Congo - Côte d'Ivoire - Cuba - Czech Republic - Dominica - Dominican Republic - Ecuador - Gabon - Ghana - Germany - Gibraltar - Guinea - Guyana - Iran- Jamaica - Japan - Liechtenstein - Mali - Nebraska - Nicaragua - Saint Kitts and Nevis - Saint Lucia - Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - El Salvador - San Marino - Saudi Arabia - Senegal - United Kingdom - Uruguay - Venezuela - Vermont

Differentiated legal statute policies
A policy that recognizes a different legal statute for a given language usually aims at allowing the coexistence of multiple linguistic groups inside a state. Typically, the majority has all its linguistic rights secured and sometimes promoted while the minority or minorities are given special protection for their language.

Jurisdictions having such a policy:

Albania - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Bulgaria - California - China - Croatia - Estonia - European Council -Republic of Macedonia - Guatemala - Latvia - Lithuania -  Manitoba - Ontario - Netherlands - New Mexico - Paraguay - Quebec - Portugal - Romania - Slovakia - Spain - Sweden - Wales - Yukon

Valorisation of the official language policies
A policy favouring the official language is a policy of unilingualism. Sometimes, it favours the (or a) national language, sometimes it favours a colonial language with a strong influence internationally. In some cases, such policies are accompanied by measures recognizing and protecting minority languages or indigenous languages. This approach may be considered in two broadly different types of situations: where the official language is also the first language of the majority of the population, and where it is not. 

Jurisdictions having such a policy:

Åland - Albania - Algeria - Andorra - Azerbaijan  - Brazil - California - Cambodia - Colombia - Cyprus - Croatia - East Timor - Egypt - Estonia - France - India - Iran - Iceland - Israel - Italy - Japan - Kuwait - Latvia - Lebanon - Lithuania - Republic of Macedonia - Madagascar - Morocco - Mexico - Moldova - Montenegro - North Korea - Nepal - Peru - - Philippines - Poland - Quebec - Saint-Pierre and Miquelon - Slovakia - Slovenia - Somalia - South Korea - Sri Lanka - Tunisia - Ukraine - Uzbekistan - Vietnam - Voivodina

Sectoral policies
A language policy is said to be sectoral when it concerns only a subset of the possible sectors generally considered by global language policies. Examples of common sectoral policies are those which only deal with matters of education, or corpus planning, or the status of a language in the civil government and justice system, etc.

Bilingualism or trilingualism policies
A policy favouring the two official languages is a policy of bilingualism. There are many different ways in which these policies can be applied.

Based on non-territorialized individual rights
A policy of bilingualism based on non-territorialised individual rights recognizes the same rights to all members of a community whatever their location on the national territory.

Belarus - Burundi - Canada - Central African Republic - Chad - Djibouti - Guam - Hong Kong - Republic of Ireland - Kenya - Kiribati - Malta - Nauru - New Brunswick - New Zealand - Northwest Territories - Norway - Nunavut - Rwanda - Samoa - South Africa - Tanzania - Tonga - Tuvalu

Based on territorialised individual rights
A language policy based on territorialised individual rights recognizes the same rights to all members of a community within a specific region.

Aosta Valley - Balearic Islands - Basque Country - Brandenburg - Brittany - Catalonia - Channel Islands - Corsica - Faroe - Finland - Friuli Venezia Giulia - Galicia - Hawaii - Isle of Man - Micronesia - Navarre - Northern Ireland - Nicaragua - Philippines - Sardinia - Scotland - Sicily - Sind - Slovenia (Istria and Prekmurje)- Sweden - Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol - Wales

Based on territorial rights
Belgium - Cameroon - Fribourg - Grisons - Switzerland - Ticino - Valais

Linguistic internationalization policies
An internationalization policy is one whereby a State exercises supremacy on the linguistic code beyond its borders.

Germany - United States - France - Portugal

Strategic multilingualism policies
South Africa - Netherlands Antilles - Aruba - Australia - Federal Belgium - Belize - Comoros - Ethiopia - Fidji - Gagauzia - Hungary - India - Lebanon - Luxembourg - Malaysia - Maurice - Mauritania - Moldova - Namibia - Niger - Nigeria - Pakistan - Papua New Guinea - Philippines - Seychelles - Singapore - Slovenia - Sudan - Suriname - Vatican City - Vojvodina - Zimbabwe

Mixed linguistic policies
Mixed policies are possible when a State enforces different types of language policies at the same time.

 Non-intervention (official language) and sectoral policies for minorities 
Austria - Czech Republic - Germany - Panama - Tajikistan - United States

 Non-intervention (official language) and assimilation policy for minorities 
Northern Ireland - Botswana

 Valorisation of the official language and differentiated for minorities 
Albania - California - Chile - Croatia - Estonia - Kirghistan - Latvia - Lithuania - Guatemala - Macedonia - Montenegro - Romania - Slovakia - Quebec

 Valorisation of the official language and sectoral policies for minorities 
Armenia - Australia - Cyprus  - Costa Rica - Greece  - French Polynesia - Serbia - Tajikistan - Togo - Zambia

 Valorisation of the official language and non-intervention for other languages 
Lesotho - São Tomé and Príncipe - Oman - Swaziland - Yemen

 Valorisation of the official language, assimilation policy and territorial bilingualism for minorities 
Bosnia - Hong-Kong - Kosovo - Pakistan - Turkmenistan - Transnistria - Vietnam -   (Serbia)

Language boards
List of language regulators
Bòrd na Gàidhlig
Dutch Language Union
Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino
Foras na Gaeilge
Office québécois de la langue française
Welsh Language Board
Pan South African Language Board

See also
Cultural hegemony
Economics of language
Language Movement
Language planning
Language politics
Language reform
Language revival
Language tax
Linguicide
List of states with language politics
Official script
Regional language
International Mother Language Day
International Year of Languages (2008)

Directions of language policies:
Linguistic imperialism
Linguistic protectionism and Linguistic purism
Linguistic separatism

Some case studies:
Europe: European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
Belgium: Language legislation in Belgium
Croatia: Croatian linguistic purism
Finland: Finland's language strife
France: Language policy in France
Germany: Germanization
Latvia: Language policy in Latvia
Poland: Polonization
Spain: Language politics in Francoist Spain
Former Soviet Union: Russification, Ukrainianization, Education in the Soviet Union
United Kingdom: Welsh Not
Canada: Bilingualism in Canada, Official Language Act
Pakistan: Bengali Language Movement
Arab world: Arabisation

 Notes 

References
 Leclerc, Jacques. "Index par politiques linguistiques" in L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde, Québec, TLFQ, Université Laval, December 2003 (in French).

Further reading
 Shohamy, Elana (2006). Language Policy: Hidden Agendas and New Approaches. London: Routledge.
 Crawford, James. Language Policy Website.
 Bastardas-Boada, Albert (2002). "World language policy in the era of globalization: Diversity and intercommunication from the 'complexity' perspective", Noves SL. Revista de sociolingüística (Barcelona)
 Bastardas-Boada, Albert (2007). "Linguistic sustainability for a multilingual humanity" Glossa. An Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol. 2 N. 2.
 Kenan Malik "Let them die". Prospect, 2000.
Plonka Arkadiusz, L’idée de langue libanaise d’après Sa‘īd ‘Aql, Paris, Geuthner, 2004 (French), ISBN 2-7053-3739-3.
Plonka Arkadiusz, "Le nationalisme linguistique au Liban autour de Sa‘īd ‘Aql et l’idée de langue libanaise dans la revue «Lebnaan» en nouvel alphabet", Arabica, 53 (4), 2006, pp. 423-471. (French).--!>

Categorie:politiek