Cultur de Europa

La cultur de Europa es fundida en la arte, arciteta, musica, leteratur e filosofia cual es orijinal de la rejion european e on refere frecuente a lo como sua "erita cultural comun"Cf. Berting (2006:51)..

Elementos
Car la grande numero de perspetivas cual pote es elejeda en la sujeto, lo es nonposible formi un conseti singular de la cultur european.Cederman (2001:2) remarks: "Given the absence of an explicit legal definition and the plethora of competing identities, it is indeed hard to avoid the conclusion that Europe is an essentially contested concept." Cf. also Davies (1996:15); Berting (2006:51).. An tal, on ave elementos xef cual on acorda cual formi un funda cultural de la Europa modernaCf. Jordan-Bychkov (2008:13), Davies (1996:15), Berting (2006:51-56).. Un lista de esta elementos donada per K. Bochmann incluiK. Bochmann (1990) L'idée d'Europe jusqu'au XXè siècle, quoted in Berting (2006:52). Cf. Davies (1996:15): "No two lists of the main constituents of European civilization would ever coincide. But many items have always featured prominently: from the roots of the Christian world in Greece, Rome and Judaism to modern phenomena such as the Enlightenment, modernization, romanticism, nationalism, liberalism, imperialism, totalitarianism.":
 Un erita spirital e cultural comun derivada de la anticia elinica-roman, la cristianisme, la Renase e sua umanisme, la pensa political de la Lumina e la Revolui Franses, e la developa de la Modernia, incluinte tota tipos de sosialisme;
 Un cultur material rica e dinamica cual ia estende a otra continentes como resulta de industri e colonialism durante la "Grande Diverje";
 Un conseta spesifada de la individua espresada per la esiste de un legalia cual garantia la diretos umana e la libria de la individuas;
 Un varia de statos con ordes political diferente, cual es condenada a vive juntada en un forma u otra;
 Respeta per la poplas, statos e nasiones estra Europa.

La conseta de cultur european es jeneral liada a la defini clasica de la mundo oeste. En esta defini, la cultur ueste es la colie de prinsipes leteratural, siensal, political, artal e filosofal cual separa Europa de otra sivilias.

La premio Nobel de leteratur Thomas Stearns Eliot en sua libro de 1948 Notes Towards the Definition of Culture, ia reconose la influe cristian sur la cultur europeanSelected T.S. Eliot on Tradition, Poetry, Faith, and Culture:

{{Dise|Me parla sur la tradision comun de cristianisme cual ia fa ce Europa deveni lo cual lo es, e sur la elementos cultural comun cual esta cristianisme comun ia trae. Si Asia ta es convertida oji, lo no ta causa ce lo deveni un parte de Europa. Lo es en cristianisme ce la leges de Europa ia es radisida, a min asta resente. Lo es de la contesto de cristianisme cual tota de nos pensas deriva sua sinifia. Un european individua pota no crede ce la fide de cristianisme es vera, ma ancora tota de lo cual el dise, e crea, e fa, va leva de sua erita de la cultur cristian, e depende de acel cultur per sua sinifia. Sola un cultur cristian ia pote produi un Voltaire o un Nietzsche. Me no crede ce la cultur de Europa ta pote survive la desapare completa de cristianisme.... La mundo ueste ave sua unia en esta erita, en cristianisme, e en la sivilia antica de Elas, Roma, e Israel, de cual, tra du mil anios de cristianisme, nos calcula nosa desende.I am talking about the common tradition of Christianity which has made Europe what it is, and about the common cultural elements which this common Christianity has brought with it. If Asia were converted to Christianity tomorrow, it would not thereby become a part of Europe. It is in Christianity that our arts have developed; it is in Christianity that the laws of Europe have--until recently--been rooted. It is against a background of Christianity that all our thought has significance. An individual European may not believe that the Christian Faith is true, and yet what he says, and makes, and does, will all spring out of his heritage of Christian culture and depend upon that culture for its meaning. Only a Christian culture could have produced a Voltaire or a Nietzsche. I do not believe that the culture of Europe could survive the complete disappearance of the Christian Faith.[. . .] The Western World has its unity in this heritage, in Christianity and in the ancient civilisations of Greece, Rome, and Israel, from which, owing to two thousand years of Christianity, we trace our descent.}}

 Arte 

180px|thumb|right|Leonardo da Vinci. Entre sua obras on trova la Mona Lisa e La Ultima Come de Sera. La sola obra plu famosa es La Crea de Adan par Michelangelo.

 Istoria 
La arte roman ia es influeda par Elas e pote es videda con un desendente de la sculta e la depinta elinica, mas ia es multe influeda par la arte etrusca de Italia. Sculta ia es cisa considerada la forma de arte plu importante par la romanes, ma la depinta de figures ance ia es importante regardada bon.

 Depinta 

La depinta plu vea conoseda es locada en la cava El Castillo (Espania), plu vea ca 40 800 anios. La istoria de la depinta ueste representa un tradision continuante de la Anticia. Asta media la sentenio 19, ia es consernada con la manera de produi e la representa clasica e pos otra formas plu astrata e consetal ia es favoreda.

 Sculta

La prima sculta european representa un fem, e ave 35 000 anios. Vide ance sculta clasica, Sculta de Elas antica, Arte gotica, Renase, Mannerist, Baroca, Neoclassicism, Modernism, Postminimalism, found art, Postmodern art, arte consetal.

 Musica 
Musica clasica : Composores clasica importante de Europa inclui Hildegard von Bingen, J.S. Bach, Handel, Beethoven, Brahms, Schumann, Wagner, Richard Strauss, von Weber, Offenbach, Stockhausen, Mendelssohn (Deutxland), Glinka, Rimsky-Korsakov, Borodin, Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky, Rachmaninov, Scriabin, Prokofiev, Stravinsky, Shostakovich,  (Rusia), Schubert, Haydn, Mozart, Bruckner, Mahler, Schoenberg (Osteraic), Berlioz, Machaut, Pérotin, François Couperin, Lully, Rameau, Saint-Saëns, Bizet, Debussy, Ravel (Frans), Palestrina, Monteverdi, Vivaldi, Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Donizetti, Cavalli, Paganini, Bellini, Verdi, Puccini, Rossini (Italia), Tomás Luis de Victoria, Falla, Granados, Albéniz, Rodrigo (Espania), Smetana, Dvořák, Janáček, Martinů (Txesco), Dufay, des Prez, Lassus (Beljia),  Grieg (Noria), Liszt, Bartók (Magiar), Purcell, Elgar, Britten, Holst (Rena Unida), Nielsen (Danmarc),  Sibelius (Suomi), Chopin, Penderecki (Polsca), George Enescu, Sergiu Celibidache (Romania). Luciano Pavarotti was a contemporary popular opera singer. Orchestras such as the Berliner Philharmoniker, the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, the Amsterdam Concertgebouw Orchestra and the London Symphony Orchestra are considered to be among the finest ensembles in the world. The Salzburg Festival, the Bayreuth Festival, the Edinburgh International Festival and the BBC Proms are major European classical music festivals, and International Chopin Piano Competition is the world's oldest monographic music competition.
Musica de folclor : Europa ave un vasta grupo de musica nonativa, compartinte cualias comun en comunias campanial e maral. La musica de folclor es caxida en un tradision oreal e nonscriveda ma ia es cresente transcriveda de la sentenio 19. Multe composores clasica ia usa melodias de folclor, e la folclor ia influe alga musica popular en Europa.
Musica popular: Europe has also imported many different genres of music, mainly from the United States, ranging from Blues, Jazz, Soul, Pop, Rap, Hip-Hop, R'n'B and Dance. The UK has been most successful in re-exporting this type of music and also creating many of its own genres via notable movements including the British Invasion, the New Wave of British Heavy Metal (that has been compared to Beatlemania.) and Britpop. 
Some major UK acts include Tears for Fears, The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, Queen, Elton John, David Bowie, Deep Purple, Sex Pistols, Eric Clapton, The Clash,  Van Morrison, Dire Straits, The Police, Fleetwood Mac, Genesis, George Michael, Pet Shop Boys, Phil Collins, Rod Stewart, The Who, Eurythmics, Dusty Springfield, The Cure, Black Sabbath, Iron Maiden, Judas Priest, Def Leppard, Duran Duran, Oasis, Radiohead, Coldplay, Mumford & Sons, The Smiths, Muse, Gorillaz, Bonnie Tyler, Seal, Elvis Costello, Bee Gees, Spice Girls, Depeche Mode, The Kinks, The Animals, Motörhead, UB40, One Direction, Cheryl Cole, Adele, Amy Winehouse; 
U2, Thin Lizzy, The Pogues, The Script, The Undertones, Sinéad O'Connor (Ireland),
Kraftwerk, Can, Scorpions, Nina Hagen, Trio, Rammstein, Modern Talking, James Last, Paul Kalkbrenner, Felix Jaehn, Kay One, Alex C, Alle Farben, Eko Fresh, Bausa, Capital Bra, Kitsch krieg, Robin Schulz, Bushido, Namika, Scooter, MoTrip, Zedd, Bonez MC, Gzuz (Germany), 
ABBA, The Cardigans, The Hives, Roxette, Swedish House Mafia, Avicii, Icona Pop, Zara Larsson (Sweden),
 Alan Walker, Madcon, Sigrid, a-ha (Norway),
Björk, Sigur Rós (Iceland),
Lepa Brena, Ceca Ražnatović, Jelena Karleuša, Seka Aleksić, Indira Radić, Dragana Mirković (Serbia),
Giorgio Moroder, Andrea Bocelli, Benny Benassi, The Bloody Beetroots, Mina, Adriano Celentano, Patty Pravo, Toto Cutugno, Laura Pausini, Eros Ramazzotti, Zucchero Fornaciari, Domenico Modugno, Lucio Battisti, Giorgia, Sabrina Salerno, Ivana Spagna, Eiffel 65, Alexia, Francesco Gabbani, J-ax, Gue Pequeno, Sfera Ebbasta (Italy),
Soulwax, dEUS, Absynthe Minded, The Black Box Revelation, Selah Sue, Girls in Hawaii, Stromae, (Belgium), 
Luis Eduardo Aute, Julio Iglesias, The Pinker Tones, Lluis Llach, Enrique Iglesias (Spain),
Édith Piaf, Serge Gainsbourg, Daft Punk, David Guetta, Justice, Bob Sinclar, Martin Solveig, Étienne de Crécy, Yelle, Phoenix, Air, M83, Alizée, C2C, Jean Michel Jarre, Black M, Kenji Girac (France),
Nana Mouskouri, Celine Dion (Greece/France), Helena Paparizou (Greece), 
Preslava, Krisko, Malkata, Tsvetelina Yaneva, Galena, Deni, Suzanitta (Bulgaria),
Kati Wolf (Hungary),
Timati, Feduk, T.A.T.u., Gorky Park, Allj, Algie & Kravtsov (Russia), 
Sitek, Ewelina Lisowska, Sokół, Tede, Margaret, Donatan, C-BooL, Doda (Poland), 
Rasmus Seebach, The Raveonettes, MQ, Agnes Obel, WhoMadeWho (Denmark), 
The Legendary Tigerman, The Gift (Portugal),  
Alexandra Stan, Inna, Edward Maya, Morandi, Sandu Ciorba (Romania), 
HIM, The Rasmus, Nightwish, Alma, Lordi (Finland),
The Nits, Golden Earring, zZz, Nicky Romero, Armin van Buuren, Fedde le Grand, Tiësto, Hardwell, Martin Garrix, Afrojack (Netherlands). 

 Arciteta 

Arciteta neolitica: Naseda en la este, la arciteta de la neolitica ia estende a Europa. La cultures neolitica mediteranean  de Malta ia adora en templos megalitica. En Europa, casas construida de acasia ia es construida e ance tombas detaliosa per la mores. Esta tombas es multe numerosa en Er, do multe tombas esiste oji. La poplas neolitica ia construi grande tumulos.

Vide ance: arciteta de Elas clasica, arciteta de Roma antica, arciteta medieval, arciteta de la Renase, arciteta baroca.

 Leteratur 
180px|right|thumb|Homero
180px|right|thumb|William Shakespeare

Europa ia produi alga de la plu importante scrivores de la istoria:
Homero, Hesiodo, Safo, Escilo, Sofocle, Euripide, Xenofane, Aristofane, Menandro, Polibio, Arriano, Plutarco, Longo (Elas antica)
Plautus, Terentio, Marco Tullio Cicero, Cesar, Salustio, Vergilio, Tito Livio, Ovidio, Tacito, Horatio, Catulo, Plinio la Vea, Quintilian, Seneca, Pliny the Younger (Roma antica) 
Francesco Petrarca, Dante Alighieri, Giovanni Boccaccio, Niccolò Machiavelli, Ludovico Ariosto, Torquato Tasso, Carlo Goldoni, Carlo Gozzi, Giacomo Leopardi, Giosuè Carducci, Italo Svevo, Luigi Pirandello, Italo Calvino, Eugenio Montale, Salvatore Quasimodo, Umberto Eco, Dario Fo (Italia)
Chrétien de Troyes, François Rabelais, Montaigne, Alexandre Dumas, Pierre Corneille, Racine, Molière, Voltaire, Jean de La Fontaine, Rousseau, Jules Verne, Honoré de Balzac, Gustave Flaubert, Stendhal, Marcel Proust, Albert Camus, JMG Le Clézio, Victor Hugo, Charles Baudelaire, Arthur Rimbaud, Stéphane Mallarmé, Anatole France, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, Apollinaire, Simone de Beauvoir, Jean-Paul Sartre, Romain Rolland, Denis Diderot, Michel Foucault, Théophile Gautier, Alain Robbe-Grillet, François Mauriac, André Gide (Frans)
Alexander Pushkin, Nikolai Gogol, Ivan Goncharov, Mikhail Bakunin, Mikhail Lermontov, Ivan Turgenev, Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Peter Kropotkin, Anton Chekhov, Maxim Gorky, Ivan Bunin, Yevgeny Zamyatin, Boris Pasternak, Anna Akhmatova, Mikhail Bulgakov, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Sergei Yesenin, Vladimir Nabokov, Mikhail Sholokhov, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Joseph Brodsky (Rusia)
Jorge Manrique, Garcilaso de la Vega, Miguel de Cervantes, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Lope de Vega, Francisco de Quevedo, Luis de Góngora, Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, Leopoldo Alas, Juan Ramón Jiménez, Pío Baroja, José Echegaray, Miguel de Unamuno, Federico García Lorca, Vicente Aleixandre, Camilo José Cela, Mario Vargas Llosa (Espania) 
Luís de Camões, José Maria de Eça de Queiroz, Fernando Pessoa, José Saramago (Portugal)
William Shakespeare, Charles Dickens, Geoffrey Chaucer, Jane Austen, H. G. Wells, Robert Louis Stevenson, Arthur Conan Doyle, J. R. R. Tolkien, J. K. Rowling, Beatrix Potter,  J. M. Barrie, Walter Scott, D. H. Lawrence, George Orwell, Virginia Woolf, C. S. Lewis, John Milton, Terry Pratchett, Mary Shelley, Roald Dahl, Lewis Carroll, Agatha Christie, Daniel Defoe, Alan Moore, Rudyard Kipling, Aldous Huxley, Harold Pinter (Rena Unida)
Salvador Espriu, Mercè Rodoreda, Joan Salvat-Papasseit, Josep Carner (Lingua catalan)
Laurence Sterne, Bram Stoker, James Joyce, Oscar Wilde, Jonathan Swift, Samuel Beckett, William Butler Yeats, Seamus Heaney (Er)
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Johann Gottfried Herder, Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Heinrich von Kleist, Jacob e Wilhelm Grimm, Heinrich Heine, Gerhart Hauptmann, Thomas Mann, Bertolt Brecht, Rudolf Christoph Eucken,  Anne Frank, Hermann Hesse, Nelly Sachs, Günter Grass, Patrick Süskind (Deutxland)
Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki, Zygmunt Krasiński, Joseph Conrad, Czesław Miłosz, Zbigniew Herbert, Witold Gombrowicz, Jan Kochanowski, Mikołaj Rej, Henryk Sienkiewicz, Wisława Szymborska, Stanisław Lem, Andrzej Sapkowski (Polsca)
Arnaut Daniel, Frédéric Mistral (Ositan)
Lajos Kossuth, Imre Kertész (Magiar)
Franz Kafka, Jaroslav Seifert, Milan Kundera (Czech Republic)
Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Hans Christian Andersen, Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (Denmark)
Georges Simenon, Emile Verhaeren, Maurice Maeterlinck (Belgium)
Sigrid Undset, Henrik Ibsen, Knut Hamsun, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson (Norway)
Ivo Andric (Yugoslavia)
Frans Eemil Sillanpää (Suomi)
Elfriede Jelinek (Osteraic)
Halldór Laxness (Island)
Taras Shevchenko, Ivan Franko (Ucraina)
Verner von Heidenstam, Stieg Larsson, Pär Lagerkvist, August Strindberg, Emanuel Swedenborg, Eyvind Johnson (Sveria)
Eugène Ionesco, Mircea Eliade, Mihai Eminescu, Paul Celan, Emil Cioran, Herta Muller, Elie Wiesel (Romania)
Joost van den Vondel, Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft, Multatuli, Louis Couperus, Gerard Reve, Martinus Nijhoff, Gerard Reve (Nederland)

 Siensa 

CERN: La Organiza European per Rexerca Nucleal es la loca de nase de la WWW (la ueb) e la loca de la macina la plu grande en la mundo: la Colidador Grande de Hadrones. Lo es la laboreria la plu grande de la fisica de particulas, locada en la suburbes norde-ueste de Geneve sur la frontera entre Frans e Suiz, instituida en 1954. En novembre de 2010, la colides otenida ia pote jenera la temperatures e densias la plu alta produida en un esperimenta a cualce ves, creante un "Buma Grande" miniatur plu calda par milion veses ca la sentro de la sol.

Europa ia produi alga de la plu importante siensistes e inteletosas de la istoria.
 Deutxland: Albert Einstein, Johannes Kepler, Johannes Gutenberg, Gottfried Leibniz, Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, Max Planck, Karl Benz.
 Rena Unida: Isaac Newton, Charles K. Kao, Charles Darwin, Robert Hooke, Michael Faraday, James Joule, Edward Jenner, John Dalton, George Stephenson, Florence Nightingale, George Cayley, Frank Whittle, Alan Turing, Stephen Hawking, Tim Berners Lee, James Watt, Alexander Fleming, Alexander Graham Bell, John Logie Baird, James Clerk Maxwell, Adam Smith, John Maynard Keynes.
 Rusia: Dmitri Mendeleev, Ivan Pavlov, Ilya Mechnikov, Nikolai Lobachevsky, Mikhail Lomonosov, Lev Landau, Aleksandr Butlerov, Alexander Stepanovich Popov, Igor Sikorsky, Sergey Korolyov.
 Suomi: Artturi Ilmari Virtanen, Ragnar Granit, Johan Gadolin, Pekka Pyykkö, Gustav Elfving, Arvo Ylppö, Linus Torvalds, Anders Chydenius, Elias Lönnrot, Herman Spöring, Jr..
 Frans: Pierre Abelard, Michel de Montaigne, Louis Pasteur, Antoine Lavoisier, Henri Becquerel, René Descartes, Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, Pierre de Fermat, Blaise Pascal, the Montgolfier brothers, Denis Diderot, Jean le Rond d'Alembert, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Léon Foucault, Auguste and Louis Lumière, Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, Jacques Lacan, Luc Montagnier, Albert Jacquard.
 Italia: Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo Galilei, Evangelista Torricelli, Niccolò Machiavelli, Alessandro Volta, Guglielmo Marconi, Enrico Fermi. 
 Polonia: Sendivogius, Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Hevelius, Ignacy Łukasiewicz, Maria Skłodowska-Curie, Rudolf Weigl.
 Elas: Arcimede, Euclide, Ptolemeo.
 Magiar: Ottó Bláthy, Ányos Jedlik, John von Neumann, Leó Szilárd, Edward Teller. 
 Osteraic: Ludwig Boltzmann, Sigmund Freud, Kurt Gödel. 
 Er: Lord Kelvin, Robert Boyle, William Rowan Hamilton.
 Espania: Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Isaac Peral, Leonardo Torres Quevedo.
 Svedia: Alfred Nobel, Anders Celsius. 
 Denmarc: Niels Bohr.
 Serbia: Nikola Tesla, Mihajlo Pupin, Milutin Milanković, Miomir Vukobratović. 
 Suiz: Carl Jung.
 Nederland: Christiaan Huygens, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, C. H. D. Buys Ballot, Hendrik Lorentz, Jan Oort.

 Linguas 


Elinica
Linguas italica
Linguas indoiranian
Linguas celta
Linguas germanica 
Haieren
Linguas baltica
Linguas slavica
Xcip 
Linguas nonindoeuropean
De la milenio un aec, Europa ia es dominada par poplas indoeuropean, ci ia parla varia linguas ma unida par cualis comun. 

A en la linguas indoeuropean, de la milenio 1 aec on pote distingui la plu parte de la grupos moderna: la linguas italica, germanica, slavica, celta, baltica e elinica e xcip. Entre la poplas moderna de Europa on ave ance parlores de linguas nonindoeuropean como euscara, suomi, esti e magiar ma euscara es la sola lingua preindoeuropean parlada oji.

De la introdui de scrive en Europa, la linguas european ia es scriveda usante alfabetas derivada de la alfabeta fenisia. Esta alfabetas inclui la alfabeta elinca, la latina o la cirilica entre otras. En alga paises, spesial a norde e este de la continente, la varias local de la alfabeta latina ave sinietas per marca la sonas local.

En la limitas este e sude on ave ance la alfabeta jorjian e la alfabeta haieren.

Relijio

La relijios indo-european ia es: mitolojias uralica, politeisme celta, paganisme germanica, relijio elinica antica, relijio etrusca e mitolojia slavica.

La Eurobarometer Poll 2005http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf ia trova ce, per promedia, la 52% de la sitadanes de la Uni European afirma cual crede en Dio'', 27% crede ce on ave un tipo de spirito en cuando 18% no crede en alga spirito o Dio. 3% ia refusa responde.

Seguente sondas nova sur Relijiosia en la Uni European en 2012 para la Eurobarometre, cristianisme es la relijo plu grande en la Uni European con 72% de la sitadanes de la UE. Agnosticas es un 16% e ateistes un 7%. Muslimes es un 2%. The question asked was "Do you consider yourself to be...?" With a card showing: Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Other Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu, Atheist, and Non-believer/Agnostic.  Space was given for Other (SPONTANEOUS) and DK. Jewish, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu did not reach the 1% threshold.

 Cosina 

La cosinas de europa ueste es diversa, an si on ave cualis comun cual distingue la cosina de Europa de la de paises asian. comparada con la cultures asian, carne es plu importante e apare en un cuantia plu grande. Staca es un plato comun tra la Ueste. La fonte xef de amidon es la pan fada con farina blanca , junta a pasta, bales de pasta e pastas dulse, an si la patata ia deveni un amidon xef en la dieta de la europeanes e sua diaspora pos la colini european de America.

 Notas 

Referes

 Lias esterna 
 Eurolinguistix.com
 Europe.org.uk - online European culture magazine (EU London Office)
 Europeana.eu European Digital Library
 Europa.eu, EU Culture Portal (archived)

Category:Cultur de Europa