Embryophyta

EmbryophytaEngler, A. (1892) Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik: Eine Uebersicht über das ganze Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen. Berolini: Gebr. Borntraeger. sunt subdivisio plantarum muscos, hepaticas, anthocerotes, Horneophytopsida et plantas vasculares (seu Tracheophyta) continens.Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (1998) A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biological Reviews, 73 (3): 203–266. Cum maxima pars Embryophytorum in terris vivat, reliquarum plantarum vero, e contra, in aquis, in multis linguis pro Embryophytis nomen plantarum terrestrium (Anglice: land plants, Francogallice: plantes terrestres) simpliciter, etiamsi minus accurate usurpatur.Kenrick, Paulus & Crane, Petrus R. (1997) The origin and early diversification of land plants. A cladistic study. Vasingtoniae et Londini: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-56098-729-4 Apud nonnullos auctores autem nomen plantarum ad sola Embryophyta restringitur.Margulis, Lynn (1971) Whittaker's Five Kingdoms of Organisms: Minor Revisions Suggested by Considerations of the Origin of Mitosis. Evolution, 25 (1): 242–245. Textus apud JSTOR

 Locus in systemate plantarum 
Embryophyta saepius tamquam infraregnumAubert, Damianus (2017) Classer le vivant : Les perspectives de la systématique évolutionniste moderne. Ellipses. ISBN 9782340017733 habentur, pars subregni Viridiplantarum, quarum altera pars, inter algas connumerata, Chlorophyta nuncupatur. Appellatio antiquissima harum plantarum est CormophytaEndlicher, Stephanus (1836–1840) Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita. Vindobonae: Fr. Beck. (a Graeco κορμός, truncus), sed nomen Embryophytorum frequentius in usu est. Est et aliud synonymum, Telomophyta nempe, ad theoriam Zimmermannianam evolutionis plantarum se referens.Zimmermann, Walterus (1965) Die Telomtheorie (= Fortschritte der Evolutionsforschung 1). Stuttgartiae: G. Fischer. 

In aliis autem systematibus Embryophyta et Charophyceae partes Streptophytorum sunt,Adl, S.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Lane, C.E., Lukeš, J., Bass, D., Bowser, S.S., Brown, M.W., Burki, F., Dunthorn, M., Hampl, V., Heiss, A., Hoppenrath, M., Lara, E., le Gall, L., Lynn, D.H., McManus, H., Mitchell, E.A.D., Mozley-Stanridge, S.E., Parfrey, L.W., Pawlowski, J., Rueckert, S., Shadwick, L., Schoch, C.L., Smirnov, A. & Spiegel, F.W. (2012). The revised classification of Eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 (5): 429–514. vel Embryophyta (Embryobionta) et Charophyta omnia Streptobiontorum.

 Descriptio 
Embryophyta a reliquis plantis differunt praesertim:

 sporophytis multicellularibus per meiosin sporas cum parietibus sporopollenino incrustatis producentibus;
 gametangiis (structuris ubi gametae originem ducuntur) multicellularibus, archegoniis nempe et antheridiis;
 zygoto retento nutritoque (tamquam embryo, unde et nomen) in archegonio.Niklas, Carolus J. & Kutschera, Ulricus (2009) The evolution of the land plant life cycle. New Phytologist, 185: 27–41.

 Evolutio 
Fossilia corporum Embryophytorum antiquissimorum desunt, unde et origo eorum de sporis agnoscitur. A palynologis monstratur spores periodo Ordovicii medii mutatas esse, maiores nempe factas esse, formasque earum magis regulares, quod pro testimonio originis Embryophytorum illo tempore habetur.Strother, Paulus K. & Taylor, Wilson A. (2018) The evolutionary origin of the plant spore in relation to the antithetic origin of the plant sporophyte. In: Krings, Michael, Harper, Carla J., Cuneo, Nestor Ruban & Rothwell, Gar R. (editores), Transformative Paleobotany. Papers to commemorate the life and legacy of Thomas N. Taylor, pp. 3–20. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-813012-4 Embryophytum vero antiquissimum bene cognitum (cuius scilicet corpus bene recognoscitur), Cooksonia, Silurio vixit.Edwards, D. & Feehan, J. (1980) Records of Cooksonia-type sporangia from late Wenlock strata in Ireland. Nature, 287 (5777): 41–42.

Embryophyta dividi possunt in Bryophyta sensu lato, quorum sporophytum sporangium unicum semper habet, atque Polysporangiophyta, sporophytis ramificatis. Polysporangiophyta Silurio apparuisse putantur.Harrison C.J. & Morris J.L. (2017) The origin and early evolution of vascular plantshoots and leaves. Philosophical Transanctions of the Royal Society, B, 373: 20160496. Textus apud ResearchGate

Numerus hodiernarum specierum Embryophytorum circiter 330 000 est, e quibus 308 000 angiospermarum.Christenhusz, Martinus & Byng, Iacobus W. (2016) The number of known plant species in the world and its annual increase. Phytotaxa, 261 (3): 201–217. Textus apud ResearchGate

 Notae 

Categoria:Plantae
Categoria:Taxinomia plantarum