Pycnonotidae

Pycnonotidae sunt familiae oscenum magnitudinis mediae subordinis Passerorum, et Pycnonotidas Africanas insigniter comprehendit. Omnis familia trans plurimam Africam usque ad regiones Levantis, ab Asia tropica in Indonesiam, atque in septentriones usque ad Iaponiam distribuitur. Nonnullae species insulares in tropicis Oceani Indici insulis endemicae sunt. Omni familiae sunt plus quam centum quinquaginta species in viginti septem genera digestae. Variae species in variissimis habitationibus inveniuntur, sed species Africanae plerumque in silvis pluvialibus, speciesque Asianae plerumque in agris apertioribus habitant.

Systematica
Familiae hodie sunt viginti septem genera descripta.. 
 Genus Nok
 Genus Spizixos (2 species)
 Genus Pycnonotus (49 species)
 Genus Arizelocichla (12 species)
 Genus Stelgidillas
 Genus Eurillas (5 species)
 Genus Andropadus
 Genus Calyptocichla
 Genus Baeopogon (2 species)
 Genus Ixonotus 
 Genus Chlorocichla (5 species)
 Genus Atimastillas
 Genus Thescelocichla
 Genus Phyllastrephus (21 species)
 Genus Bleda (4 species)
 Genus Criniger (5 species)
 Genus Alophoixus (7 species)
 Genus Acritillas
 Genus Setornis
 Genus Tricholestes
 Genus Iole (6 species)
 Genus Ixos (4 species)
 Genus Thapsinillas (3 species)
 Genus Hemixos (3 species)
 Genus Hypsipetes (15 species exstantes et 1 species exstincta)
 Genus Cerasophila
 Genus Neolestes

Cladogramma

Descriptio
Pycnonotidae sunt passeri tenues collisque brevibus. Caudae sunt longae, alae breves et rotundae. Rostrum in paene omnibus speciebus est aliquantulum praelongum et in apice aliquantulum hamatum. Species longitudine a 13 centimetris in Phyllastrepho albigula ad 29 centimetra in Pycnonoto zeylanico variant. Sexus plerumque sunt similes, sed feminae aliquantulum breviores crescere solent; in aliquot autem speciebus, variationes sunt tam magnae ut efficienter aliae species descriptae sunt. Molles nonnullarum specierum pinnae sunt coloratae, cloacis, genis, aut superciliis flavis, rubris, aut auranitis, sed plurimae sunt cinereae, pinnis fuscis olivaceis ad nigras. Specibus quibus sunt oculi hebites saepe sunt anuli oculares oppositi. Nonnullae sunt cristae distinctissimae. Pycnonotidae sunt vehementer vocales, et vocationes plurimarum specierum describuntur sicut de naribus loquentes, vel glareae similes. Unus auctor dixit carmen Hypsipetis amaurotis esse "invenustissimum stridorem ab ulla ave factum."Anglice "the most unattractive noises made by any bird."Fishpool et Tobias 2005.

Notae

Bibliographia
Beresford, P., F. K. Barker, P. G. Ryan, et T. M. Crowe. 2005. "African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeri): molecular systematics of several evolutionary 'enigmas.'" Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 272 (1565): 849–58. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2997. PMC 1599865. PMID 15888418.
Cibois, Alice. 2001. "Am Endemic Radiation of Malagasy Songbirds Is Revealed by Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Data." Evolution. 55 (6): 1198. doi:10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1198:AEROMS]2.0.CO;2. PMID 11475055.
Delacour, J. 1943. "A revision of the genera and species of the family Pycnonotidae (bulbuls)." Zoologica 28 (1): 17–28.
Fishpool L., et J. Tobias. 2005. "Family Pycnonotidae (Bulbuls)." In Handbook of the Birds of the World: Volume 10: Cuckoo-Shrikes to Thrushes, ed. J.  del Hoyo, A. Elliot, et D. Christie. Barcinonae: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-72-5.
Moyle, Robert G. 2006. "Phylogenetic relationships of the bulbuls (Aves: Pycnonotidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (3): 687–95. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.04.015. PMID 16750401.
Pasquet, Éric, Lian-Xian Han, Obhas Khobkhet, et Alice Cibois. 2001. "Towards a molecular systematics of the genus Criniger, and a preliminary phylogeny of the bulbuls (Aves, Passeriformes, Pycnonotidae)." Zoosystema 23 (4): 857–63. PDF, archivum.

Nexus externi

Categoria:Familiae animalium
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Categoria:Taxa Gray
Categoria:Taxa 1840