Ctenopharyngodon idella

Ctenopharyngodon idella est magna species piscium herbivororum aquae dulcis familae Cyprinidarum, qui in Asia Orientali endemici sunt, primum ab Vietnamia septentrionali ad Amurem flumen in finibus Siberiae et Sinae inventus.Mandrak et Cudmore (2004), Biological Synopsis of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) . Quae cyprinida Asiana est sola species generis Ctenopharyngodontis.

In cultura Sinica, cibo hominum colitur, sed in Europam et Civitatibus Foederatis ad herbas malas aquaticas continendas introducta est, unde species piscium maxime in productione pisciculturali per orbem terrarum facta est, plus quam quinque milliones tonnarum per annum generans.World aquaculture production of fish, crustaceans, mollusks, etc., by principal species in 2013  FAO Yearbook of Fisheries Statistics 2014.

Ctenopharyngodon idella est piscis magnorum turbidorumque fluminum et lacuum consociatorum in planitiebus inundationum, qui latas temperaturarum variationes tolerare potest. Se parat ad proles propagandos inter temperaturas a 20 ad 30 gradus Celsius.Shireman et Smith 1983.

Oecologia
Haec species in lacubus, stagnis, aquisque retrofluentibus magnorum fluminum habitat, ubi magna corpora aquae lente fluentis vel stantis vegetatione praedita petit.Fishbase.org. Specimina fera in fluminibus rapide fluentibus ova pariunt, quae, aquá aliquantulum graviora, sese evolvunt cum secundum flumen fluitent, agitatione aquae continenter suspensa. Nonnulli auctoritates credunt ova mori, si in alveum desidunt et ibi manent.Krykhtin et Gorbach 1981.

Adulti plerumque plantis aquaticis pascuntur. Talibus plantis altioribus plantisque terrestribus summersis vescuntur, sed etiam detritum, insecta, et parva invertebrata capiunt.Mandrak et Cudmore 2004.Fishbase.org.

Species introducta
Ctenopharyngodon idella in multas orbis terrarum civitates  introducta est. Inter quas in hemisphaerio septentrionali, Bosnia et Herzegovina, Britanniarum Regnum, Cechia, Civitates Foederatae, Croatia, Dania, Francia, Germania, Helvetia, Iaponia, India, Israel, Italia, Macedonia, Malaesia, Mexicum, Mons Niger,  Nederlandia, Philippinae, Polonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovacia,  Slovenia, Suecia, et Taivania; in hemisphaerio australi, Africa Australis.Argentina, Australia, Nova Zelandia,  et Venetiola,Rowe, D. K., & Schipper, C. M. (1985). An assessment of the impact of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon Idella) in New Zealand waters (Rotorua N.Z.: Fisheries Research Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries).

Notae

Bibliographia
 Fontes antiquiores
 1796 : Yuan Mei, Suiyuan shidan (Sean J. S. Chen, ed. et interpr., 魚鬆 = Fish Floss, 瓠子,黃瓜 = Calabash and Cucumbers)

 Eruditio
Billard, R. 1997. Les poissons d'eau douce des rivières de France: Identification, inventaire et répartition des 83 espèces. Lausannae: Delachaux & Niestlé.
Canover, G., R. Simmonds, et M. Whalen, eds. 2007. Management and Control Plan for Bighead, Black, Grass, and Silver Carps in the United States, 21–27. Vasingtoniae: Asian Carp Working Group, Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force. PDF.
Chapman, Duane C., Jeremiah J. Davis, Jill A. Jenkins, Patrick M.Kocovsky, Jeffrey G. Miner, John Farver, et P. Ryan Jackson. 2013. "First evidence of grass carp recruitment in the Great Lakes Basin." Journal of Great Lakes Research 39 (4): 547–54. ISSN 0380-1330. doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2013.09.019.
Gerstmeier, Roland, et Thomas Romig. 1998. Die Süßwasserfische Europas. Stutgardiae: Kosmos-Verlag. ISBN 3-440-07068-9.
Krykhtin, M. L., et E. I. Gorbach. 1981. Reproductive ecology of the grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, and the silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, in the Amur Basin. Journal of Ichthyology 21 (2): 109-23.
Nico, L.G., P. L. Fuller, P. J. Schofield, et M. E. Neilson. 2012. "Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)." Nonindigenous Aquatic Species database. Gainesville Floridae: United States Geological Survey Editio interretialis.
Page, L. M., et B. M. Burr. 1991. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Bostoniae: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Rowe, D. K., et C. M. Schipper. 1985. An assessment of the impact of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon Idella) in New Zealand waters. Rotorua Novae Zelandiae: Fisheries Research Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries.
Shireman, J. V., et C. R. Smith. 1983. Synopsis of biological data on the grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1884). FAO Fish. Synop. 135.
Skelton, P. H. 1993. A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Southern Book Publishers.
Terofal, Fritz. 1996. Süßwasserfische in europäischen Gewässern. Monaci: Mosaik-Verlag. ISBN 3-576-10564-6.

Nexus externi

Species Profile - Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library.

Categoria:Alimenta Sinensia
Categoria:Fauna Asiae Orientalis
Categoria:Vertebrata herbivora
Categoria:Pisces culti
Categoria:Pisces Sinarum
Categoria:Species animalium
Categoria:Squaliobarbinae
Categoria:Taxa Valenciennes
Categoria:Taxa 1844