Glycolysis

Summarium glycolysis 100px  150px + 150px Ex una molecula glucosi decem reactionibus biochemicis et duae moleculae acidi pyruvici et duae ATP et duae NADH nascuntur: α-D-glucosum + 2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2Pi ⟹ 2(pyruvatum) + 2NADH + 2ATP + 2H+ + 2H2O

Glycolysis (Graece γλυκύς 'dulcis‘ + λύσις lysis 'dissolutio') est iter metabolicum in matrice cytoplasmatica percursum conversionum biochemicarum celerium a materia propulsoria externa glucoso  ad acidum pyruvicum  + H+ intergradum ad nullum oxygenium consumentem formationem materiae propulsoriae internae ad usum mitochondriorum et organellarum cytoplasmatis et membranarum cellularium. Fructus secundus ad usum cellulae reactionum redoxidativarum multarum NADH + H+ est.

Varietates, quarum frequentissima et notissima (itaque in hoc loco descripta) est secundum Gustavum Embden et Otto Fritz Meyerhof (Via Embden-Meyerhof), notae sunt. 

Quibusdam in cancrorum versio biochemica ab metabolismo mitochondriali ad glycolysem accidere videtur. Inhibitio enim glycolysis sit una e diversis strategiis in cancris tractandis.

Glycolysis momentum glycaemiae maius habet.

 Significatio et contextus 
Glycolysis est pars catabolismi saccharidi in organismo plurimorum animalium. Ita magnus huius reactionum decursus est, ut non modo imminuantur moleculas monosaccharidi glucosi, sed recipiantur alia etiam commutantia antea monosaccharida, per exemplum fructosum. Sub intentione metabolica forti glycolyse celeriter energia prope locum indigentiae permitti possit, per exemplum prope vesiculas neurotransmissorum..

Usus proximus acidi pyruvici ex oxygenii praesentia pendet. Oxygenio praesente oxidatio in cyclo acidi citrici atque cursu phosphorylationis oxidativae ad aquam et dioxidum carbonii latior fit, absente invicem fermentatio (fermentatio homolactica) ad lactatum. 

Ad summam, glycolysis a saccharidis nullo spatio interposito et celeriter energiam creat. Pro vita cottidiana equidem ad energiam efficiendum machinationes metabolismi supplentes necesse sunt. Oxygenio autem absente saccharomycetes glycolysem augebunt et consumptio glucosi aucta simul Effectus Pasteur nominatur.

 Locus glycolysis 
Reactiones biochemicae glycolysis in cellula, ibidem in  matrice cytoplasmatica fiunt. Praesentia magnesii satis significationem habere videtur, quod dimidiae (
1, 
3, 
7, 
9, 
[[#Reactio biochemica 10: Pyruvati kinasis (PK)|10]]
Magnesio omnia kinasium enolasisque egent) omnium reactionum hoc elemento egent.

Nonnullis protozois organella praecipua, glycosomata nominata, sunt, in quibus enzymi glycolysis inveniuntur. Exemplum protozoi cum glycosomatibus sunt trypanosomatidae, quae trypanosomiasem excitare possunt.

 Cursus 

 Summarium graduum 
In glycolysi ab una molecula glucosi effecto, duae acidi pyruvici fiunt: 

 D-Glucosum Acidum pyruvicum Fasciculus:D-glucose wpmp.svg + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi Fasciculus:Biochem reaction arrow forward NNNN horiz med.svg 2 Fasciculus:Pyruvate2 wpmp.png + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP + 2 H2O

Decem gradus accidunt, quorum primi quinque (reactiones biochemicae 1-5) pars praeparatoria et ultimi quinque gradus (reactiones biochemicae 6-10) pars quaestuosa nominantur. 

Pars praeparatoria
GradusSubstratumEnzymumClassis enzymarumAnnotationes1GlucosumGlcHexokinasisHKTransferasisCofactor: Mg2+,Adenosinum triphosphoricum (ATP)(energia) consumitur2α-D-Glucoso-6-phosphatumG6PPhosphoglucosi isomerasisPGIIsomerasis3β-D-Fructoso-6-phosphatumF6P6-PhosphofructokinasisPFK-1TransferasisCofactor: Mg2+,Adenosinum triphosphoricum (ATP)(energia) consumitur4β-D-Fructoso-1,6-bisphosphatumF1,6BPAldolasisALDOLyasis5DihydroxyacetonophosphatumDHAPTriosophosphati IsomerasisTPIIsomerasis

Pars quaestuosa
GradusSubstratumEnzymumClassis enzymarumAnnotationes6Glyceraldehydro-3-phosphatumGADPGlyceraldehydrophosphati dehydrogenasisGAPDHOxidoreductasisNicotinamidum adeninum dinucleotidum(NADH, baiulus hydrogenii) formatur. Additio phosphati phosphorolysis vocatur.71,3-Bisphosphoglyceratum1,3BPGPhosphoglycerati kinasisPGKPhosphoglycerati kinasisCofactor: Mg2+,Adenosinum triphosphoricum (ATP)(energia) formatur83-Phosphoglyceratum3PGPhosphoglycerati mutasisPGM, PGAMMutasis92-Phosphoglyceratum2PGEnolasisENOLyasisCofactor: 2 Mg2+,una molecula aquae liberatur10PhosphoenolpyruvatumPEPPyruvati kinasisPKTransferasisCofactor: Mg2+,Adenosinum triphosphoricum (ATP)(energia) formatur

 Gradus glycolysis 

 Reactio biochemica 1: Hexokinasis (HK) 
 1. A glucoso ad glucoso-6-phosphatum
Hac in reactione prima phosphatum additur et in decima demum removebitur. 
Iste grex phosphati glucosum ex cellulam evadere prohibet, hexokinasis similem hauritorii glucosi laborans. Cofactor est Mg2+. Kation hydrogenii deponitur. 

Haec reactio consumit energiam. ΔG° = -16,7 kJ/mol. 

De biochemico Warburg effectus metabolismi maximi in cancro descriptus hac reactione hexokinasis molita est.   D-Glucosum
  Hexokinasis 
  α-D-Glucoso-6-phosphatum
   100% 
    ATP 
  ADP

    100px

   (Mg2+)
  H+

   100%


 Reactio biochemica 2: Phosphoglucosi isomerasis (PGI) 
 2. A glucoso-6-phosphato ad fructoso-6-phosphatum
Fructosi (cum phosphato) formatio.   α-D-Glucoso-6-phosphatum
  Phosphoglucosi isomerasis  
  β-D-Fructoso-6-phosphatum
   100% 

    100px


   100%


 Reactio biochemica 3: Phosphofructokinasis (PFK-1)
 3. A fructoso-6-phosphato ad fructoso-1,6-bisphosphatum
Cum energia phosphofructokinasis imponit alium phosphatum in moleculam - brevi bipartita ... 
Hic quoque Mg2+ cofactor est. Iterum kation hydrogenii deponitur. 

Haec reactio consumit energiam. ΔG° = -14,2 kJ/mol.   β-D-Fructoso-6-phosphatum
  Phosphofructokinasis  
  β-D-Fructoso-1,6-bisphosphatum
   100% 
    ATP 
  ADP

    100px

   (Mg2+)
  H+

   100%


 Reactio biochemica 4: Aldolasis (ALDO) 
 4. A fructoso-1,6-bisphosphato ad glyceraldehydro-3-phosphatum et dihydroxyacetonophosphatum
Separatio ex uno pentoso uno ad duos triosos: aldolasis fructosum moleculis duabus phosphati gravidum in partes duas, quaeque unam moleculam phosphati portans, dividit. Solum dihydroxyacetonophosphatum in reactionem proximam (5) ingreditur. Altera substantia, glyceraldehydro-3-phosphatum, reactioni proximae deest, et statim in reactionem sextam (6) transit.   β-D-Fructoso-1,6-bisphosphatum
  Aldolasis
  D-Glyceraldehydro-3-phosphatum

  Dihydroxyacetonophosphatum
   100% 

    100px


   100%
   +
   100%


 Reactio biochemica 5: Triosophosphati isomerasis (TPI) 
 5. A dihydroxyacetonophosphato ad glyceraldehydro-3-phosphatum
Unitas: Post isomerasem secundam nihil restat aliud quam Glyceraldehydrum cum phosphato.  
  Dihydroxyacetonophosphatum
  Triosophosphati isomerasis
  D-Glyceraldehydro-3-phosphatum
   100%

    100px


   100% 


 Reactio biochemica 6: Glyceraldehydrophosphati dehydrogenasis (GAPDH) 
 6. A glyceraldehydro-3-phosphato ad 1,3-bisphosphoglyceratum
Oxidatio et phosphorylatio (phosphorolysis).   D-Glyceraldehydro-3-phosphatum
  GAPDH
  D-1,3-Bisphosphoglyceratum
   100% 
    NAD+
  NADH++H+

    100px

   Pi
  H+

   100%


 Reactio biochemica 7: Phosphoglycerati kinasis (PGK) 
 7. A 1,3-bisphosphoglycerato ad 3-phosphoglyceratum
Cofactor:
Mg2+

Haec reactio consumit energiam. ΔG° = -18,5 kJ/mol).   D-1,3-Bisphosphoglyceratum
  Phosphoglycerati kinasis
  D-3-Phosphoglyceratum
   100% 
    ADP 
  ATP

    100px

   H+
  (Mg2+)

   100%


 Reactio biochemica 8: Phosphoglycerati mutasis (PGM, PGAM) 
 8. A 3-phosphoglycerato ad 2-phosphoglyceratum  D-3-Phosphoglyceratum
  Phosphoglycerati mutasis
  D-2-Phosphoglyceratum
   100% 

    100px


   100%


 Reactio biochemica 9: Enolasis (ENO) 
 9. A 2-phosphoglycerato ad phosphoenolpyruvatum
Cofactores: Duo ionta Mg2+, alterum ob causam phosphoglyceratorum conformationis appendicis carboxylici alterum ut socius dehydratationis.   D-2-Phosphoglyceratum
  Enolasis
  Phosphoenolpyruvatum
   100% 
      H2O

    100px

   (2 Mg2+)

   100%


 Reactio biochemica 10: Pyruvati kinasis (PK) 
 10. A phosphoenolpyruvato ad acidum pyruvicum
Cofactor:
Mg2+; PK-isoformae L, R, M1, et M2 notae sunt.

Haec reactio consumit energiam. ΔG° = -31,4 kJ/mol.   Phosphoenolpyruvatum
  Pyruvati kinasis
  Acidum pyruvicum
   100% 
    ADP
  ATP

    100px

   H+
  (Mg2+)

   100%


 Morbi et aegrotationes cum glycolysi coniunctae 
 Carcinogenesis et cancer 

Intra formationem cancri (carcinogenesis) transformatio cellularum sanarum in cancrum observatur incrementum glycolysis. Quoque detrimentum mitochondriorum cum versio metabolica ad glycolysem disputatum est. Inhibitio ergo glycolysis est una diversis strategiis in cancris tractandis.

 Significatio carcinogensis 
Cum glucosi oxidatio (aerobica) cellularum sanarum principalis fons energiae putetur, cancri cellulae autem glycolysem (anaerobicam) praecipue utuntur - etiam in oxygenii praesentia (effectus Warburgiensis). At mutationes programmarum cycli cellularis in carcinogenesi momentum maximum habere putatur. Isoforma M2 enzymi pyruvati kinasis (PKM2) tetramerus tumorigenesem impellere videtur.

Nonnulli cancri cum adenoviris oncolyticis incrementum reactionum anapleroticarum ostendunt.

 Morbi neurodegenerativi 

Commutationes itineris glycolysis mature in morbis neurodegenerativis appareant.

 Notae 

 Acidum lacticum
 Glycogenolysis

Plura legere si cupis 
Sigurd Lenzen, "A Fresh View of Glycolysis and Glucokinase Regulation: History and Current Status", Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2014ː 12189-12194
 Marks: Basic Medical Biochemistry, Wolters Kluwer & Lippincott, Williams and Williams (sexta editioː 2023)

Categoria:Biochemia
Categoria:Carbohydrata
Categoria:Metabolismus
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