Transhumanismus

Transhumanismus (imminutus H+ et h+) est motus culturalis et intellectualis internationalis cuius fines ultimi sunt condicio humana penitus commutata per technologias evolvendas et distribuendas quae facultates mentis, corporis, psychologiae magnopere amplificare possunt.Bostrom 2005. Cogitatores transhumanistici futura technologiarum emergentium commoda et pericula quae primas circumscriptiones humanas superare possunt ac ethicam talium technologiarum adhibendarum investigant.Carvalko 2012. Usitatissima coniectura posita est homines se mutare ad ultimum posse in entitates quibus erunt facultates tam auctae quam homines [[posthumanus|posthumanos]] recte appellabuntur.Bostrom 2005.

Hodierna vocabuli transhumanismi significatio antecessa est ab uno ex primis professoribus futurologiae, auctor FM-2030, qui "novas humanorum notiones" in Schola Nova annis 1960 docebat, cum homines qui technologias, modos vivendi, et cosmotheorias quae sunt ad posthumanitatem transitoriae ut res "transhumana" capiunt agnoscere inciperet.Hughes 2004. Haec coniectura fundamenta mentis iecit quibus Maximus More, philosophus Britannicus, principia transhumanismi ut philosophia futuristica anno 1990 articulatim dicere et in California intelligentsiam ordinare coepit quae motus transhumanisticus per orbe terrarum nunc facta est.Hughes 2004.Gelles 2009..

Finis humanitatis futurae commutatae, ab operibus scientiae fictae auctoritate gravibus motae, multos fautores et obtrectatores ex variissimis cosmotheoriis attraxit.Hughes 2004. Transhumanismus a Francisco Fukuyama, iudice civili, inter periculosissimas mundi notiones descriptus est,Fukuyama 2004. sed Ronaldus Bailey, eum contradicens, transhumanismum esse affirmat "motum qui audacissimas, fortissimas, ingeniosissimas, omnibusque virtutibus ornatas humanitatis spem repraesentat."Anglice: "movement that epitomizes the most daring, courageous, imaginative and idealistic aspirations of humanity."Bailey 2004.

 Historia 
Secundum Nicolaum Bostrom,Bostrom 2005. animi impetus transcendentalistici iamdudum expressi sunt, in inquisitione immortalitatis in Carminibus de Gilgamo, atque in historicis fontis iuventutis et elixir vitae inquisitionibus, et in aliis conatibus ad senectitutem et mortem arcendam.

Philosophi transhumanistici disputant num philosophia Friderici Nietzsche transhumanismum movisse putari possit contra eius elationem hominis superior ("Übermensch"), ob eius gravem notionem actualizationis sui, potius quam transformationem technologicam.Bostrom 2005Sorgner 2009Blackford 2010.Sorgner 2012 Maximi More et Stephani Laurentii Sorgner, philosophiae transhumanisticae, a cogitatione Nietzscheana penitus moti sunt.Sorgner 2009.

 Prima cogitatio transhumanistica 
Fundamentales transhumanismi notiones primum expositae sunt ab I. B. S. Haldane, genetico Britannico, anno 1923 in commentario Daedalus; or, Science and the Future, qui praedixit magna commoda ex adhibitiones scientiarum provectarum ad biologiam humanam evenire, et omnem talem progressum primum nonnullis videri blasphemiam vel perversitatem, "impudicum et contra naturam." Potissimum, eum tenebant progressus scientiae eugenicae, ectogenesis (vita in circumiectis artificiosis creata et sustenta), et geneticae ad meliores proprietates humanas faciendas adhibitae, sicut salus et intellegentia.

Eius commentarius studium academicum et popularem movit. J. D. Bernal, crystallographus in Universitate Cantabrigiensi, librum The World, the Flesh and the Devil anno 1929 protulit, in quo coniecturam fecit de spe colonizationis spatii et de totis in corporibus humanis et intellegentia mutationibus per implantationes bionicas et amplificationes cognitivas.Clarke 2000. Hae notiones ex illo tempore solita argumenta transhumanistica sunt.Bostrom 2005. 

Iulianus Huxley biologus late habetur conditor transhumanismi post 1957, cum vocabulum in inscriptione commentarii magni momenti adhiberet; ipsum autem vocabulum ex commentario W. D. Lighthall philosophi Canadiani (1940) derivatur.Harrison et Wolyniak 2015. Huxley transhumanismum sic describit:
Usque ad hodie, vita humana generatim fuit, ut Hobbes dixit, "foedus, immanis, et brevis"; longe maior pars hominum (si non iam mortui sunt iuvenes) miseria conflictati sunt. . . . Iure credere possimus has terras quae fieri possunt exsistere, et praesentes circumscriptiones miserasque nostrae exsistentiae frustrationes maximam partem superari posse. . . . Species humana, si vult, se superare potest, non solum dispersim, singulo hic uno modo, singulo ibi alio modo, sed omnino, gens humana.Anglice: Up till now human life has generally been, as Hobbes described it, ‘nasty, brutish and short’; the great majority of human beings (if they have not already died young) have been afflicted with misery… we can justifiably hold the belief that these lands of possibility exist, and that the present limitations and miserable frustrations of our existence could be in large measure surmounted. . . . The human species can, if it wishes, transcend itself—not just sporadically, an individual here in one way, an individual there in another way, but in its entirety, as humanity."Huxley 1957.

Definitio Huxleyana a definitione late in usu ex annis 1980s differt, quamquam non magna ex parte. Notiones ab his cogitatoribus positae in scientia ficta annorum 1960 exploratae sunt, insigniter in Arthuri C. Clarke 2001: A Space Odyssey, libro ubi quicumque artifactum alienum tenet plurimum pollet.Christopher Hutton, "Google's Glass Castle: The Rise and Fear of a Transhuman Future," PopMatters.

Metabolici architecti Iaponienses edictum anno 1960 protulerunt quod fines per designationem et technologiam delineavit ad "metabolicum nostrae societatis progressum actuosum cohortandum."Anglice: "encourage active metabolic development of our society."Lin 2010:24. Noboru Kawazoe in edicti parte metabolismo designationis dicata proponit:
Post decennia nonnulla, technologia communicationis rapide progrediente, omnes in aure "receptorem undarum cerebri" habebunt, qui directe et accurate significat quod alii de eo cogitant, et vice versa. Quod puto ab omnibus hominibus scietur. Abest conscientia hominum singulorum: [manet] solum voluntas totius generis humani.Anglice: After several decades, with the rapid progress of communication technology, every one will have a “brain wave receiver” in his ear, which conveys directly and exactly what other people think about him and vice versa. What I think will be known by all the people. There is no more individual consciousness, only the will of mankind as a whole.

 Intellegentia artificosa et singularitas technologica 
Notio singularitatis technologicae, vel adventus ultrarapidi intellegentiae superhumanae, primum ab I. J. Good cryptologo Britannico anno 1965 proposita est:
Definiatur machina ultraintellegens "machina quae omnes agitationes mentis ullius hominis quoquomodo callidi longe excedere potest." Quia designatio machinarum est una ex his agitationibus mentis, machina ultraintellegens machinas etiam meliores designare posset; facile fuerit ergo "diruptio intellegentiae," et intellegentia hominis procul relinqueretur. Ergo prima machina ultraintellegens est ultimum inventum quod homini umquam facere necesse est.Anglice: "Let an ultraintelligent machine be defined as a machine that can far surpass all the intellectual activities of any man however clever. Since the design of machines is one of these intellectual activities, an ultraintelligent machine could design even better machines; there would then unquestionably be an 'intelligence explosion,' and the intelligence of man would be left far behind. Thus the first ultraintelligent machine is the last invention that man need ever make."I. J. Good, "Speculations Concerning the First Ultraintelligent Machine" (HTML), Advances in Computers 6 (1965).
150px|left|Marvinus Minsky anno 2008.

Marvinus Minsky, scientista computatralis, de coniunctionibus intellegentiae humana et artificiosae annos 1960 scribere coepit.Minsky 1960. Decennia sequentia, hic campus cogitatores auctoritate graves continenter generabat, sicut Ioannes Moravec et Raimundus Kurzweil, qui inter provinciam technicam et coniecturas futuristicas modo transhumanistico agitabantur.Moravec 1998.Kurzweil 1999. Motus transhumanisticus qui agnosci potuit ultima saeculi vicensimi decennia coalescere coepit. Anno 1966, FM-2030 (olim Fereidoun M. Esfandiary), futurista qui "novas hominis sententias"Anglice: "new concepts of the human." in Nova Schola Novi Eboraci docebat, homines qui technologias, modos vivendi, et cosmotheorias praecursores posthumanitatis asciscunt transhumanos appellare coepit.FM-2030 1989. Anno 1972, Robertus Ettinger ad informationem transhumanitatis in libro Man into Superman contulit.Ettinger 1972. FM-2030 Upwingers Manifesto anno 1973 edidit.FM-2030 1973.

 Fines 
Cum multi theoristae et suasores transhumanismi rationem, scientiam, et technologiam adhibere conentur ut paupertatem, morbos, inhabilitatem, et alimentum tenue ubique in orbe terrarum minuant, transhumanismus adhibitiones technologiarum ad singula corpora humana meliora facienda proprie exprimit. 

 Artes et cultura Inferno, mythistoria Danielis Brown, et The Transhumanist Wager, mythistoria Zoltan Istvan, materiam transhumanismi expressunt.

Scaenae transhumanisticae fictae populo gratae in aliis mediis saecula vicensimum exeuns et vicensimum unum factae sunt. Tales tractationes inveniuntur in libris nubeculatis (Captain America, 1941; Transmetropolitan, 1997; The Surrogates, 2006), pelliculis (2001: A Space Odyssey, 1968; Blade Runner, 1982; Gattaca, 1997, Ex Machina, 2015), seriebus televisificis (Cybermen in Doctor Who, 1966; Borg in Star Trek: The Next Generation, 1989, Battlestar Galactica, 2003), manga et anime (Galaxy Express 999, 1978; Appleseed, 1985; Ghost in the Shell, 1989; Neon Genesis Evangelion, 1995; et Gundam metaseries, 1979), ludis televisificis (Metal Gear Solid, 1998; Deus Ex, 2000; BioShock, 2008; Half-Life 2, 2004; Crysis, 2007; Deus Ex: Human Revolution, 2011), atque in ludis personarum.

Ars carnalis, genus sculpturae ab Orlan artifice Francico excogitatum, corpore pro medio et chirurgia plastica pro ratione utitur.O’Bryan 2005 Iuditha Nicogossian, anthropologus biologicus Francicus, etiam operam repraesentationibus corporis hybridi dat.

 Amplificatio humana
 Exstinctio humana
 Futurologia
Nicolaus Fёdorov
 Posthumanus
 Singularitas technologica

 Notae 

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