Herbertus Spencer

Herbertus Spencer (Derbiae 27 Aprilis 1820—Brightoniae Sussexiae 8 Decembris 1903) fuit philosophus, biologus, anthropologus, et sociologus Anglicus, ac prominens theorista politica liberalis classicus aevi Victoriani.

Spencer excogitavit amplissumam notionem evolutionis ut progressus mundi physici, organismorum biologicorum, mentis humanae, et culturae humanae, et societatum humanarum. Qui "evolutionem studiose exposuit," et etiam "de evolutione ante Darwin scripserat."Riggenbach 2011. Polymathes permultas investigavit res, inter quas erant ethica, religio, anthropologia, oeconomica, ratio politica, philosophia, litterae, biologia, sociologia, et psychologia. Iam vivus auctoritatem miram habebat, praecipue in academia Anglicoloquente: "Solus philosophus Anglicus qui quasi talem popularitatem divulgatam habebat fuit Bertrandus Russell, et tum saeculo vicensimo."Anglice: "The only other English philosopher to have achieved anything like such widespread popularity was Bertrand Russell and that was in the 20th century."Richards 2010. Spencer "unice praeclarissimus Europaeus ultimis decennis saeculi undevicensimi intellegens" fuit,Anglice: "the single most famous European intellectual in the closing decades of the nineteenth century" (Eriksen et Nielsen 2001:37)."Spencer became the most famous philosopher of his time" (Tischler 2010:12). sed eius gratia post 1900 acriter defecit: "Quis legit Spencer nunc?"Anglice: "Who now reads Spencer?" rogavit Talcott Parsons anno 1937.Parsons 1968:3; attingens C. Crane Brinton, English Political Thought in the Nineteenth Century (Londinii: Benn, 1933).

Innotuit Spencer locutione salus aptissimi,Anglice: "survival of the fittest." quam excogitavit et primum divulgavit in libro Principles of Biology (1864), postquam Caroli Darwin commentarios On the Origin of Species legerat.. Hoc vocabulum selectionem naturalem valide significat, sed cum Spencer evolutionem in provincias sociologiae et ethicae extenderet, Lamarckismo etiam utebatur.

 Fontes primarii 
 Chartae Herberti Spencer in Senate House Library Universitatis Londiniensis, archives.ulrls.lon.ac.uk
 Plurimi ex libris Spenceranis, editio interretialis:
 "On The Proper Sphere of Government" (1842)
 Social Statics: or, The Conditions Essential to Human Happiness Specified, and the First of Them Developed (1851)
 "The Right to Ignore the State," capitulum 19 ex prima editione Social Statics
 Social Statics: Abridged and Revised (1892)
 "A Theory of Population" (1852)
 Principles of Psychology (1855), prima editio, in uno volumine impressa
 Education (1861)
 System of Synthetic Philosophy, in decem voluminibus
 [http://praxeology.net/HS-SP.htm#firstprinciples First Principles,] ISBN 0-89875-795-9 (1862)
 'Principles of Biology (1864, 1867; retractata et amplificata: 1898), in duobus voluminibus
 Volumen I: Pars I: The Data of Biology; Pars II: The Inductions of Biology; Pars III: The Evolution of Life; Appendices
 Volume II: Pars IV: Morphological Development; Pars V: Physiological Development; Pars VI: Laws of Multiplication; Appendices
 Principles of Psychology (1870, 1880), in duobus voluminibus
 Volumen I: Pars I: The Data of Psychology; Pars II: The Inductions of Psychology; Pars III: General Synthesis; Pars IV: Special Synthesis; Pars V: Physical Synthesis; Appendix
 Volumen II: Pars VI: Special Analysis; Pars VII: General Analysis; Pars VIII: Congruities; Pars IX: Corollaries Principles of Sociology, in tribus voluminibus
 Volumen I (1874–75; amplificatum 1876, 1885): Pars I: Data of Sociology; Pars II: Inductions of Sociology; Pars III: Domestic Institutions Volumen II: Para IV: Ceremonial Institutions (1879); Para V: Political Institutions (1882); Para VI [in nonnullis editionibus]: Ecclesiastical Institutions (1885)
 Volumen III: Pars VI [in nonnullis editionibus]: Ecclesiastical Institutions (1885); Pars VII: Professional Institutions (1896); Pars VIII: Industrial Institutions (1896); Referentiae
 The Principles of Ethics (1897), in duobus voluminibus
 Volumen I: Pars I: The Data of Ethics (1879); Pars II: The Inductions of Ethics (1892); Pars III: The Ethics of Individual Life (1892); Referentiae
 Volumen II: Pars IV: The Ethics of Social Life: Justice (1891); Pars V: The Ethics of Social Life: Negative Beneficence (1892); Pars VI: The Ethics of Social Life: Positive Beneficence (1892); Appendices
 The Study of Sociology (1873, 1896)
 An Autobiography (1904), in duobus voluminibus
 Spencer, Herbert. 1904. An Autobiography. D. Appleton and Company
 v1 Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer by David Duncan (1908)
 v2 Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer by David Duncan (1908)
 Descriptive Sociology; or Groups of Sociological Facts, parts 1–8, a Spencer classificata et ordinata, compilata et descripta a David Duncan, Richard Schepping, et James Collier (Londinii, Williams & Norgate, 1873–1881).

Congeries commentariorum
 Illustrations of Universal Progress: A Series of Discussions (1864, 1883)
 The Man versus the State (1884)
 Essays: Scientific, Political, and Speculative (1891), in tribus voluminibus:
 Volumen I ("The Development Hypothesis," "Progress: Its Law and Cause," "The Factors of Organic Evolution," et alii commentarii)
 Volumen II ("The Classification of the Sciences", "The Philosophy of Style" (1852), "The Origin and Function of Music," "The Physiology of Laughter," et alii commentarii)
 Volumen III ("The Ethics of Kant," "State Tamperings With Money and Banks," "Specialized Administration," "From Freedom to Bondage," "The Americans," et alii commentarii)
 Various Fragments (1897, amplificata 1900)
 [http://praxeology.net/HS-FC.htm Facts and Comments] (1902)

 Iudicia philosophorum 
 George, Henry. 1892. A Perplexed Philosopher.
 James, William. 1878. Remarks on Spencer's Definition of Mind as Correspondence.
 Lafargue, Paul. 1884. A Few Words with Mr Herbert Spencer.
 Royce, Josiah. 1904. Herbert Spencer: An Estimate and Review.
 Sidgwick, Henry. 1902. Lectures on the Ethics of T. H. Green, Mr. Herbert Spencer, and J. Martineau.
 Ward, Lester F. 1894. Spencer-smashing at Washington.

 Henricus Bergson
 Augustus Comte
 Darwinismismus
 Darwinismus socialis
 Aemilius Durkheim
 Geolibertarianismus
 Auberon Herbert
 Thomas Henricus Huxley
 Ioannes Baptista Lamarck
 Georgius Henricus Lewes
 Ioannes London
 Ioannes Stuart Mill
 Organicismus
 Paradigma
 Carolus Sanders Peirce
 Positivismus
 Murray Rothbard
 Henricus Sidgwick
 Gulielmus Graham Sumner
 Yan Fu

 Notae 

 Bibliographia 
 Carneiro, Robert L., et Perrin, Robert G. 2002. Herbert Spencer's Principles of Sociology: a Centennial Retrospective and Appraisal. Annals of Science 59(3):221–261.
 Duncan, David. 1908. The Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer. Editio interretialis.
 Elliot, Hugh. 1917. Herbert Spencer. Londinii: Constable and Company, Ltd.
 Elwick, James. 2003. Herbert Spencer and the Disunity of the Social Organism. History of Science 41:35–72.
 Elliott, Paul. 2003. Erasmus Darwin, Herbert Spencer and the Origins of the Evolutionary Worldview in British Provincial Scientific Culture. Isis 94:1–29.
 Eriksen, Thomas, et Finn Nielsen. 2001. A history of anthropology. Francis, Mark. 2007. Herbert Spencer and the Invention of Modern Life. Novi Castelli: Acumen Publishing. ISBN 0-8014-4590-6.
 Harris, Jose. 2004. Spencer, Herbert (1820–1903). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Hodgson, Geoffrey M. 2004. Social Darwinism in Anglophone Academic Journals: A Contribution to the History of the Term. Journal of Historical Sociology 17:428.
 Hofstadter, Richard. 1944, 1992. Social Darwinism in American Thought. Bostoniae: Beacon Press.ISBN 0-8070-5503-4.
 Kennedy, James Gettier. 1978. Herbert Spencer. Bostoniae: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0-8057-6688-X.
 Mandelbaum, Maurice. 1971. History, Man, and Reason: A Study in Nineteenth-century Thought. Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins University Press.
 Offer, John, ed. 2000. Herbert Spencer: critical assessments. Londinii et Novi Eboraci: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-18184-4 (vol. 1), 0415181852 (vol. 2), 0415181860 (vol. 3), 0415181879 (vol. 4), 0415181836 (omnia volumina in capsa)
 Parsons, Talcott. 1937, 1968. The Structure of Social Action. Novi Eboraci: Free Press, 1968.
 Perrin, Robert G. 1993. Herbert Spencer: a primary and secondary bibliography. Novi Eboraci: Garland Publishing. ISBN 0-8240-4597-1.
 Rafferty, Edward C. The Right to the Use of the Earth: Herbert Spencer, the Washington Intellectual Community, and American Conservation in the Late Nineteenth Century. PDF.
 Richards, Peter. 2010. Herbert Spencer: Social Darwinist or Libertarian Prophet? Mises Institute, 4 Novembris.
 Richards, Robert J. 1987. Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior. Sicagi: University of Chicago Press.
 Riggenbach, Jeff. 2011. "The Real William Graham Sumner." Mises Institute.
 Smith, George H. 2008. Spencer, Herbert (1820–1903). In The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism, ed. Ronald Hamowy, 483–485. Thousand Oaks Californiae: SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. OCLC 750831024.
 Stewart, Iain. 2011. Commandeering Time: The Ideological Status of Time in the Social Darwinism of Herbert Spencer. Australian Journal of Politics and History 57:389.
 Taylor, Michael W. 1992. Men versus the State: Herbert Spencer and Late Victorian Individualism. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
 Taylor, Michael W. 2007. The Philosophy of Herbert Spencer. Londinii: Continuum.
 Tischler, Henry L. 2010. Introduction to Sociology. Turner, Jonathan H. 1985. Herbert Spencer: A Renewed Appreciation. Sage Publications. ISBN 0-8039-2426-7.
 Versen, Christopher R. 2006. Optimistic Liberals: Herbert Spencer, the Brooklyn Ethical Association, and the Integration of Moral Philosophy and Evolution in the Victorian Trans-Atlantic Community. Florida State University.

 Opera Spenceriana 
 Duncan, David. 1908. The Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer. Editio interretialis.
 Spencer, Herbert. 1993. Spencer: Political Writings, ed. John Offer. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought.
 Spencer, Herbert. Social Statics: The Man Versus the State Spencer, Herbert.  The Study of Sociology. Editio interretialis.
 Spencer, Herbert. The Principles of Psychology. Editio interretialis.
 Spencer, Herbert. 1896. Social Statics, Abridged and Revised: Together with the Man Versus the State. Editio interretialis.
 Spencer, Herbert. 1891. Education: Intellectual, Moral, and Physical. Editio interretialis.
 Spencer, Herbert. 1905. An Autobiography. 2 vol. Editio interretialis.

 Nexus externi 

 Sweet, William. Herbert Spencer. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Materiae de Herberto Spencer. www.bolenderinitiatives.com

Fontes

 Opera Herberty Spencer, oll.libertyfund.org (Online Library of Liberty)
 On Moral Education, mises.org, in Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought'' impressus (vere 1966)
 First principles, etext.lib.virginia.edu (Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library)
 First Principles, praxeology.net
 "The Right to Ignore the State," www.constitution.org

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