Archaeopteryx

Archaeopteryx (f.; Graece ἀρχαῖος 'antiqua' + πτέρυξ 'ala, pinna'), aliquando Theodisce Urvogel ('primordia avis') in variis linguis appellata, est exstinctum genus dinosauriorum avibus similium, fossile transitionale inter dinosauria pinnata non aviana et aves hodiernas ut videtur. Quod fossile, primum in Iura Franconiana prope oppidum Solonis Cellam (Theodisce Solnhofen) repertum, palaeontologis librisque populo gratis paene ubique inter saecula undevicensimum exiens et vicensimum unum iniens receptum est, titulo veterrimae avis notae. Subdivisio est cladi Avialarum.. Priores autem avialae nunc inventae sunt, inter quas Anchiornis, Xiaotingia, Aurornis.Pascal et al. 2013.

Archaeopteryx abhinc annorum a 150 fere ad circa 145 milliones vixit, tempore Iurassico Superiore, in terris nunc Germaniae meridianae et Portugaliae, cum Europa archipelagus insularum in mari humili calidoque esset, aequatori multo propior quam hodie. Magnitudine Picae picae similis, maximis singulis fortasse corvis similibus,Erickson et al. 2009 maxima Archaeopterygis species usque ad 0.5 metrum longae crescere poterant. Contra autem earum magnitudinem, alas latas, et coniecturalem volandi prolabiendique facultatem, Archaeopteryx aliorum parvorum dinosauriorum Mesozoicorum, non avium hodiernarum, similior erat. Has proprietates cum dromaeosauridis et troodontidis potissimum communicabant: mandibulam acribus dentibus, tris digitos unguibus, longam caudam osseam, secundum pedis digitum hyperextensibilem ("unguem necantem"), pinnas (quae praeterea homoeothermiam implicant), variasque sceleti proprietates.Yalden 1984.Chiappe et Witme 2002: 151.

Cladogramma
Infra est cladogramma a Pascale Godefroit et aliis anno 2013 editum.Godefroit et al. 2013.

Notae

Bibliographia
Beer, G. R. de. 1954. Archaeopteryx lithographica: a study based upon the British Museum specimen. Londinii: Trustees of the British Museum.
Chambers, P. 2002. Bones of Contention: The Fossil that Shook Science. Londinii: John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-6059-4.
Chiappe, L. M., et L. M. Witme, eds. 2002. Mesozoic birds: above the heads of dinosaurs. Berkeleiae et Angelopoli: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20094-4. Google Books.
Erickson, Gregory M., Oliver W. M. Rauhuit, Zhonghe Zhou, Alan H. Turner, Brian D. Inouye, Dongyu Hu, et Mark A. Norell. 2009. "Was Dinosaurian Physiology Inherited by Birds? Reconciling Slow Growth in Archaeopteryx." PLoS One 4 (10): e7390, ed. Robert Desalle. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7390E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007390. PMC 2756958. PMID 19816582. Editio interretialis.
Feduccia, A. 1996. The Origin and Evolution of Birds. Portu Novo Connecticutae: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-06460-8.
Godefroit, Pascal, Andrea Cau, Dong-Yu Hu, François Escuillié, Wenhao Wu, et Gareth Dyke. 2013. "A Jurassic avialan dinosaur from China resolves the early phylogenetic history of birds." Nature 498 (7454): 359–62. Bibcode:2013Natur.498..359G. doi:10.1038/nature12168. PMID 23719374. PDF.
Heilmann, G. 1926. The Origin of Birds. Londinii: Witherby.
Huxley, T. H. 1871. Manual of the anatomy of vertebrate animals. Londinii.
Mayr, Gerald. 2017. Avian evolution: the fossil record of birds and its paleobiological significance. Francofurti: Senckenberg Research Institute Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage. Chichester Sussexiae Occidentalis et Hoboken Novae Caesareae: Wiley Blackwell. ISBN 9781119020769, ISBN 111902076X.
Meyer, H. von. 1861. Archaeopteryx lithographica (Vogel-Feder) und Pterodactylus von Solenhofen. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefakten-Kunde 678–79, lamina V.
 Rauhut, Oliver W. M., Christian Foth, Helmut Tischlinger. 2018. "The oldest Archaeopteryx (Theropoda: Avialiae): a new specimen from the Kimmeridgian/Tithonian boundary of Schamhaupten, Bavaria." Peer Journal 26 Ianuarii 2018. Editio interretialis.
Shipman, P. 1998. Taking Wing: Archaeopteryx and the Evolution of Bird Flight. Londinii: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-84156-4.
 Steiner, Hans. 1962. "Befunde am dritten Exemplar des Urvogels Archaeopteryx." Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich. PDF.
 Stephan, Burkhard. 2003. "Die nachweisbaren Strukturen der Federn von Archaeopteryx mit Anmerkungen zu Longisquama und diversen Proavis-Modellen." Mitt. Mus. Nat.kd. Berl., Geowiss. Reihe 6 (2003) 183–93. PDF.
Wellnhofer, P. 2008. Archaeopteryx: Der Urvogel von Solnhofen. Monaci: Verlag Friedrich Pfeil. ISBN 978-3-89937-076-8.
Yalden D. W. 1984. "What size was Archaeopteryx?" Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 82 (1–2): 177–88. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb00541.x.

 Nexus externi 

Categoria:Aves exstinctae
Categoria:Dinosauria Iurassica
Categoria:Genera animalium
Categoria:Iurassico nata
Categoria:Iurassico exstincta
Categoria:Taxa Meyer
Categoria:Taxa 1861
Categoria:Membrum Solnhofense