Bubalus bubalis

Bubalus bubalis est species permagnorum mammalium subfamiliae Bovinarum familiae Bovidarum, quae in subcontinente Indica et Sinis orta est. Hodie invenitur in Europa, Australia, America Septentrionali, America Australi, compluribusque civitatibus Africanis.Cockrill 1977. Bubalus arnee, animal ferum, quod in Asia Meridiana et Meridio-Orientali habitat, alia species habetur, sed ut videtur progeniem Bubali bubalis domesticati repraesentat.Lau et al. 1998.

Duo Bubali bubalis typi exstantes secundum indicia morphologica et ethologica agnoscuntur: bubalus fluviatilis subcontinentis Indicae et ad occidentem usque ad Balcania, Aegyptum, et Italiam, ac bubalus palustris, ab Asama in occidente per Asiam Meridio-Orientalem usque ad vallem fluminis Caerulei Sinarum in oriente.Cockrill 1974.

Origines bubali bubalis disputantur, sed exitus cuiusdam investigationis phylogeneticae dicunt typum palustrem in Sinis ortum esse et abhinc annorum 4000 fere domitum esse, typum autem fluviatilem in India ortum esse et abhinc annorum 5000 fere domitum esse.Yang et al. 2008. Post bubalum bubalem in Asia Meridio-Orientali domitum, bubalus palustris usque ad vallem fluminis Caerulei abhinc annorum a 3000 ad 7000 diffugiebat.Zhang, Colli, et Barker 2002. Bubali bubales a Civilizatione Vallis Indi ad Mesopotamiam in Iraquia hodierna annos 2500 a.C.n. a Meluhhis mercabantur.McIntosh 2008. Sigillum cuiusdam scribae a rege Accadico conducti sacrificium bubalorum bubalium monstrat.Khan et al. 2011.

Saltem 130 milliones bubalorum bubalium in vita sunt, et plures homines in eis quam in alio animale domestico nituntur.Scherf 2000. Aratione agrorum oryzae praecipue apti sunt, et eorum lac lacti vaccarum lactariarum plus pinguis et proteini suppeditat. Permulta animalia se in Australia septentrionali saeculo undevicensimo exeunte confirmaverunt, et adsunt minores greges feri in Papua Nova Guinea, Tunisia, et Argentina septentrionali et orientali. Greges feri obtinent in Nova Britannia, Nova Hibernia, Papua Occidentali, Columbia, Guyana, Surinamia, Brasilia, et Uraquaria.Long 2003.

 Bubalus bubalis carabanensis
 Syncerus caffer

 Notae 

 Bibliographia 
 Clutton-Brock, J. 1999. A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-63495-4.
 Cockrill, W. R. 1974. The husbandry and health of the domestic buffalo. Romae: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
 Cockrill, W. R. 1977. The water buffalo. Animal Production and Health Series, 4. Romae: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. PDF.
 Fahimuddin, M. 1989. Domestic Water Buffalo. Janpath Dellii: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 81-204-0402-5.
 Guinness Book of Records. 2005.
 Khan, G., S. K. Church, R. Harding, P. Lunde, J. McIntosh, et C. Stone. 2011. The First Civilizations in Contact: Mesopotamia and the Indus. Civilizations in Contact Project, Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Cambridge. Editio interretialis.
 Lau, C. H. R. D. Drinkwater, K. Yusoff, S. G. Tan, D. J. S. Hetzel, et J. S. F. Barker. 1998. "Genetic diversity of Asian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis): mitochondrial DNA D-loop and cytochrome b sequence variation." Animal Genetics 29: 253–64. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2052.1998.00309.x. PMID 9745663. Epitome.
 Long, J. L. 2003. Introduced Mammals of the World: Their History, Distribution and Influence. Collingwood Australiae: Csiro Publishing. ISBN 9780643099166.
 McIntosh, J. 2008. The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives. Sanctae Barbarae Californiae: ABC-CLIO. Google Books.
 Nowak, R. M., et J. L. Paradiso. 1983. Walker's Mammals of the World. Baltimorae Terrae Mariae: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-2525-3.
 Roth, J., et P. Myers. 2009. "Bubalis Bubalis." University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Animal Diversity Web. Accessus 15 Januarii 2009.
 Ruangprim, T., et al. 2007. "Rumen microbes and ecology of male dairy, beef cattle and buffaloes." Proceedings Animal Science Annual Meeting, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailandiae.
 Scherf, B. D. 2000. World watch list for domestic animal diversity. Ed, tertia. Romae: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
 Thu, Nguyen Van, et T. R. Preston. 1999. "Rumen environment and feed degradability in swamp buffaloes fed different supplements." Livestock Research for Rural Development 11 (3).
 Voelker, W. 1986. The Natural History of Living Mammals. Medfordiae Novae Caesareae: Plexus Publishing. ISBN 0-937548-08-1.
 Wanapat, M. 2000. "Rumen manipulation to increase the efficient use of local feed resources and productivity of ruminants in the tropics." Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science 13 (Suppl.): 59–67.
 Wanapat, M., et P. Rowlinson. 2007. "Nutrition and feeding of swamp buffalo: Feed resources and rumen approach." Paper to be presented at the VIII World Buffalo Congress, 19–22 October 2007, Caserta, Italy, organized by The International Buffalo Federation.
 The Water Buffalo: New Prospects for an Underutilized Animal. 1981. Vasingtoniae: National Academy Press. ISBN 978-0-309-04159-1.
 Wilson, D. E., et D. M. Reeder. 1993. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Ed. secunda. Vasingtoniae: Smithsonian Institution.
 Yang, D. Y., L. Liu, X. Chen, et C. F. Speller. 2008. "Wild or domesticated: DNA analysis of ancient water buffalo remains from north China." Journal of Archaeological Science 35 (10): 2778–85. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.05.010. PDF.
 Zhang, Y., L. Colli, et J. S. F. Barker. 2020. "Asian water buffalo: domestication, history and genetics." Animal Genetics. doi:10.1111/age.12911. PMID 31967365.

 Nexus externi 

 Buffalopedia. Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes apud Hisar City Haryanae Indiae.
 [http://www.animalinfo.org/species/artiperi/bubaarne.htm "Wild Asian (Water) Buffalo.] Animal Info.
 "Buffaloes." Creature Features.''
 "Feral buffalo in Australia." PDF.
 "Breeds of Livestock: Murrah."
 "Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci for Milk yield, Fat and Protein Percent in Buffaloes." National Agricultural Innovation Project.

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