Metabolismus

MetabolismusEphemeris 2007. (vocabulum a verbo Graeco  'mutatio' deductum) est congeries reactionum chemicarum, quae in organismis vivis, ut vita sustineatur, fiunt. Hae rationes organismos crescere et regigni sinunt, structuras eorum sustinere rebusque circumiectis respondere. Metabolismus in duas categorias plerumque dividitur: catabolismus materiem organicam dissolvit, exempli gratia ut energia in respiratione cellularum capiatur; anabolismus autem energia utitur, ut partes cellularum sicut proteina et acida nucleica fiant.

Chemicae metabolismi reactiones in vias metabolicas digeruntur, in quibus unum chemicum gradatim per seriem enzymorum in aliud chemicum convertitur. Enzyma metabolismo magni momenti sunt, quia organismos agere reactiones optabiles sinunt, quae energiam requirunt solaeque non accidunt, copulando has reactiones ad reactiones spontaneas, quae energiam liberant. Enzyma enim sunt catalystae, ea has reactiones velociter efficienterque procedere sinunt.

Enzyma etiam sinunt regulationem viarum metabolicarum, quae mutationibus cellularum circumiectorum signisve aliarum cellularum respondet. Metabolismus organismi decernit, quas res organismus habet nutrimenta et quas venena. Exempli gratia aliis prokaryotis hydrogenii sulphidum est nutrimentum, sed idem gas animalibus est venenosum. Celeritas metabolismi, modus metabolicus etiam impellit, quanta alimenta organismus requirat.

Conspicua metabolismi proprietas est similitudo primarum viarum metabolicarum et elementorum inter etiam diversissimas species.. Exempli gratia acida carboxylica, ut media in cyclo acidi citrici notissima, in omnibus organismis adsunt, adeo in speciebus tam diversis quam Escherichia coli, bacterium unicellulare, et tam immanibus quam organismi multicellulares sicut elephantes.. Hae conspicuae metabolismi similitudines probabiliter amplam implicant efficentiam harum viarum et ortum earum primis temporibus in evolutionaria vitae historia...

 Praecipuae biochemicae 

Plurimae structurae, quae animalia, plantas, et microbios constituunt ex tribus primis molecularum classibus fiunt: acidis aminicis, carbohydratis, et lipidis (saepe adipibus appellatis). His moleculis vitalibus, reactiones metabolicae has moleculas per constructionem cellularum carnumque faciunt, aut eas dissolvunt, ut adhibentur ut fons energiae, in digestione et usu cibi. Multae graves biochemicae coniungi possunt, ut fiant polymeri sicut ADN et proteina. Hae macromoleculae sunt "essentiales."
Genus moleculaeNomen formarum monomerorumNomen formarum polymerorumExempla formarum polymerorumAcida aminicaAcida aminicaProteina (etiam polypeptida appellata)Proteina fibrosa et globulariaCarbohydrataMonosaccharidaPolysaccharidaAmylum, glucogenum, et cellulosumAcida nucleicaNucleotidaPolynucleotidaADN et ARN

 Acida aminica et proteina 
Proteina in acidis aminicis per catenam linearem ordinatis et a vinculis peptidicis coniunctis consistunt. Multa proteina sunt enzyma quae chemicas in metabolismo reactiones catalyzant. Alia proteina officia structuralia vel mechanica habent, sicut proteina quae formant cytosceletum, systema pegmatis quod formam cellularem sustinet.. Proteina etiam certum pondus habent in significatione cellulari, responsis immunitatis, adhaesione cellulari, transportatione activa trans membranam, et circulo cellularum..

 Antimetabolitum
 Apparatus circulatorius
 Biochemia
 Calorimetria
 Cellula
 Cholesterolum
 Iter metabolicum
 Metabolismus anthropogenicus
 Metabolismus aquae
 Metabolismus sulphuris
 Modus metabolismi fundamentalis 
 Pharmacocinetica
 Respirometria 
 Thermicus cibi effectus

 Notae 

 Bibliographia 
 Libri faciles 
Lane, N. 2004. Oxygen: The Molecule that Made the World. Oxford University Press, C.F.A. ISBN 0-19-860783-0.
 Rose, S., et R. Mileusnic. 1999. The Chemistry of Life. Penguin Press Science. ISBN 0-14-027273-9.
 Schneider, E. D., et D. Sagan. 2005. Into the Cool: Energy Flow, Thermodynamics, and Life. Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-73936-8.

 Libri difficiles 
 Berg, J., J. Tymoczko, et L. Stryer. 2002. Biochemistry. Novi Eboraci: W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-4955-6.
 Brock, T. D., M. T. Madigan, J. Martinko,et J. Parker. 2002. Brock's Biology of Microorganisms. Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 0-13-066271-2.
 Cox, M., et D. L. Nelson. 2004. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-7167-4339-6.
 Da Silva, J. J. R. F., et R. J. P. Williams. 1991. The Biological Chemistry of the Elements: The Inorganic Chemistry of Life. Oxoniae: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-855598-9. 
 Nicholls, D. G. and Ferguson, S. J. 2002. Bioenergetics. Academic Press Inc. ISBN 0-12-518121-3.
 Price, N., et L. Stevens. 1999. Fundamentals of Enzymology: Cell and Molecular Biology of Catalytic Proteins. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850229-X.

 Brevia in periodicis 
David S. Wishart et alii, "HMDB: the Human Metabolome Database in 2013", Nucleic Acids Research, 2013:  D801–D807.

 Nexus externi 
 Scientia generalis 
 Metabolismus, Respiratio Cellularum, et Photosynthesis The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology apud biochemweb.org
 The Biochemistry of Metabolism
 Advanced Animal Metabolism Calculators/ Interactive Learning Tools
 Microbial metabolism Simple overview. School level.
 Metabolic Pathways of Biochemistry Graphical representations of major metabolic pathways.
 Chemistry for biologists Introduction to the chemistry of metabolism. School level.
 Sparknotes SAT biochemistry Overview of biochemistry. School level.
 MIT Biology Hypertextbook Undergraduate-level guide to molecular biology.
 "Metabolism" at the Encyclopædia Britannica. Concentrates on human metabolism (Free access).

 Glossaria et dictionaria 
 Glossarium terminorum biochemicorum
 Glossarium terminorum biochemicorum
 Dictionarium interretiale

 Metabolismus humanus 
 Res in Biochemia Medica
 Pagina Biochemiae medicae

 Databases 
 The BioCyc Collection of Pathway/Genome Databases
 Flow Chart of Metabolic Pathways at ExPASy
 The KEGG PATHWAY Database
 IUBMB-Nicholson Metabolic Pathways Chart

 Viae metabolicae 
 Interactive Flow Chart of the Major Metabolic Pathways
 Metabolism reference Pathway
 Guide to Glycolysis School level.

 Downloadable guide to photosynthesis School level.
 What is Photosynthesis? Collection of photosynthesis articles and resources.

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