Piper (genus)

Piper est grave in oeconomia oecologiaque genus familiae Piperacearum, quod consistit in fere 1000 ad 2000 fruticum, herbarum, et lianarum speciebus, quarum multae sunt "keystone species" in eorum habitationibus naturalibus. Diversitas huius taxonis evolutioni plantarum intellectae commendatur.

Pipera sunt magnoliidae, quae autem sunt angiospermae, sed neque monocotyledones neque eudicotyledones. Eorum familia, Piperaceae, sunt Saururaceis artissime cognatae, plantis quae re vera ad minora, subtiliora, et amphibia pipera accedunt. Ambabus familiis sunt propriae inflorescentiae caudatae floribus minutis obtectae. Plantae aliae familiae cognatae, sed minus arte, sunt Aristolochiaceae. Incluta et artissima cognata, etiam una ex Piperaceis, est planta radiator generis Peperomiae.

 Nomen 
Nomen botanicum piper a Carolo Linnaeo rite descriptum est anno 1753. Nomen eisdem duabus speciebus applicavit quae iam lingua Latina classica "piper" appellatae sunt, etiamque aliis quindecim quas ipse primus in hoc genere collegit.: Piper nigrum et piper longum apud Romanos; insuper Piper betle, Piper malamiris, Piper siriboa, Piper amalago, Piper reticulatum, Piper aduncum, Piper pellucidum, Piper acuminatum, Piper obtusifolium, Piper rotundifolium, Piper maculosum, Piper pelatum, Piper distachyon, Piper umbellatum, Piper trifolium. Verbum Latinum piper a Graeca forma  (postea > ) mutuatum est. Origo verbi ex Oriente trahitur, nam  a Pracrito pipparī (< Sanscritum pippalī 'ficus', postea 'piper longum') mutuatum est.Manfred Mayrhofer, Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen, II (Heidelberg: Winter, 1996) 133; Hjalmar Frisk, Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, II (Heidelberg: Winter, 1970) 508. Origo verbi pippalī non liquet.

 Distributio et oecologia 
Piperis speciebus pantropica est distributio, et plurimae plantae sunt suffrutices in silvis pluvialibus terrarum inferiorum, sed inveniuntur in turbatis zonarum altiorum spatiis, sicut silvis nubilibus; una species, P. kadsura, in Iaponia meridionali Coreaque australissima endemica, est subtropicalis, et lene hiemis gelu tolerat.

Plurimae Piperis species sunt herbaceae vel lianae.

 Species selectae 
Plurimae (circa 700) Piperis species in Americis inveniuntur, et circa 300 in Asia Meridionali.

 Piper achupallasense
 Piper aduncum (America Meridionalis, Aequatoria excepta)
 Piper aequilaterum C.DC.
 Piper amalago
 Piper angamarcanum
 Piper auritum
 Piper azuaiense
 Piper baezanum
 Piper baezense
 Piper begoniiforme
 Piper betle
 Piper borneense
 Piper brachipilum
 Piper brachystylum
 Piper bullatifolium
 Piper caldense C.DC.
 Piper campii
 Piper caninum
 Piper candollei
 Piper cenocladum
 Piper chaba
 Piper chimborazoense
 Piper chimonanthifolium Kunth
 Piper clathratum
 Piper claussenianum
 Piper coeloneurum
 Piper cordulatum
 Piper cubeba
 Piper cutucuense
 Piper darienense
 Piper decurrens
 Piper densiciliatum
 Piper diffundum
 Piper disparipilum
 Piper distigmatum
 Piper dodsonii
 Piper entradense
 Piper eriocladum
 Piper eustylum
 Piper fallenii
 Piper fimbriulatum
 Piper gaudichaudianum Kunth
 Piper glabratum Kunth
 Piper grandifolium
 Piper gualeanum
 Piper guayasanum
 Piper guineense
 Piper hillianum C.DC.
 Piper hispidinervum
 Piper huigranum
 Piper hydrolapathum
 Piper hylebates
 Piper hylophilum
 Piper kadsura
 Piper imperiale
 Piper laevigatum
 Piper lhotzkyanum Kunth
 Piper lineatipilosum
 Piper lolot
 Piper longicaudatum
 Piper longum
 Piper lucigaudens
 Piper macrophyllum Piper magnificum
 Piper malacophyllum (C.Presl) C.DC.
 Piper manabinum
 Piper marginatum
 Piper mekongense
 Piper mendezense
 Piper mestonii
 Piper metallicum
 Piper methysticum
 Piper mexiae
 Piper molliusculum
 Piper mullesua
 Piper nanegalense
 Piper napo-pastazanum
 Piper nebuligaudens
 Piper nigrum
 Piper novae-hollandiae
 Piper ornatum
 Piper pachyphyllum
 Piper peltatum
 Piper permucronatum Yunck.
 Piper perstrigosum
 Piper platylobum
 Piper porphyrophyllum
 Piper poscitum
 Piper prietoi
 Piper productispicum
 Piper pseudonigrum
 Piper pseudopothifolium C.DC.
 Piper puyoense
 Piper regale
 Piper retrofractum Vahl
 Piper richardiifolium Kunth
 Piper rubronodosum
 Piper rubrovenosum
 Piper saigonense
 Piper saloyanum
 Piper san-miguelense
 Piper sarmentosum Roxb.
 Piper schuppii
 Piper seychellarum
 Piper skutchii
 Piper sodiroi
 Piper stipulosum
 Piper subaduncum
 Piper subnitidifolium
 Piper supernum
 Piper sylvaticum
 Piper tectonifolium Kunth
 Piper trachyphyllum
 Piper translucens Yunck.
 Piper triandrum F.Muell.	
 Piper trioicum
 Piper truman-yunckeri
 Piper truncatum Vell.
 Piper umbellatum
 Piper unguiculatum
 Piper valladolidense
 Piper verrucosum
 Piper warakahoura
 Piper wibomii
 Piper wightii
 Piper zarumanum

"Piper aggregatum" et "P. fasciculatum" re vera sunt Lacistema aggregatum, angiosperma non piperibus cognata, in familia Lacistematacearum.

 Notae 

 Bibliographia 
 Fontes antiquiores
 1597 : 
 1640 : John Parkinson, Theatrum Botanicum (Londinii: T. Cotes)
 1753 : 
 1807 : William Hunter, "Remarks on the Species of Pepper which are Found on Prince of Wales's Island" in Asiatic Researches vol. 7 (1807) pp. 383-393

 Eruditio recentior
 Chaveerach, Arunrat, Mokkamul, Piya, Sudmoon, Runglawan et Tanee, Tawatchai. 2006. "Ethnobotany of the genus Piper (Piperaceae) in Thailand." Ethnobotany Research and Applications 4 eadem
 Chaveerach, Arunrat, Sudmoon, Runglawan, Tanee, Tawatchai et Mokkamul, Piya. 2008. "The species diversity of the genus Piper from Thailand." Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 59(2):105-163
 Lee Dyer, Aparna Palmer, Piper: A Model Genus for Studies of Phytochemistry, Ecology, and Evolution. Novi Eboraci: Kluwer, 2004. ISBN 0-306-48498-6  Textus
 Gorman, Chester F. 1969. "Hoabinhian: A pebble tool complex with early plant associations in Southeast Asia." Science 163(3868):671–673. Doi:10.1126/science.163.3868.671.
 Gorman, Chester F. 1971."The Hoabinhian and After: Subsistence Patterns in Southeast Asia during the Late Pleistocene and Early Recent Periods." World Archaeology 2(3):300–320.
 Lim, S. T., K. Dragull, C. S. Tang, H. C. Bittenbender, J. T. Efird, et P. V. Nerurkar. 2007. "Effects of Kava Alkaloid, Pipermethystine, and Kavalactones on Oxidative Stress and Cytochrome P450 in F-344 Rats." Toxicological Science 97(1):214–221. Doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfm035 PMID 17329236.
 Solomon, Charmaine. 1998. "Cha Plu." In Encyclopedia of Asian Food. Periplus Editions.
 Sorrentin, L., A. Capasso, et M. Schmidt. 2006. "Safety of ethanolic kava extract: Results of a study of chronic toxicity in rats." Phytomedicine 13(8):542–549. Doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2006.01.006 PMID 16904878.

 Nexus externi 

 Familiae Plantarum Florentium: descriptiones, inlustrationes, identificatio, informatio.
 Piperaceae in floribus Americae Septentrionalis
 Piperis species in Thailandia

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Categoria:Taxa Linnaei
Categoria:Genera plantarum
Categoria:Taxa 1753

et:Pipar