Bellum Indosinense II

Bellum Vietnamiense, etiam bellum Indosinense II et certamen Vietnamiense appellatum, et nunc in ipsa regione pertinente bellum Americanum et bella contra Americanos ad conservandam civitatem,"Official news source use of the name," apud situm vietnamnews.vnagency.com.cn (29 Octobris 2009). fuit certamen militare aevi Belli Frigidi quod in Paeninsula Indosinensi, praecipue Vietnamia, Laotia, et Cambodia, a 1 Novembris 1955 ad casum Saigoniae (hodie Hochiminhopolis) die 30 Aprilis 1975 pugnatum est. Hoc certamen Bellum Indosinense I secutum est, pugnatum inter Vietnamiam Septentrionalem, a suis sociis communisticis, et gubernationem Vietnamiae Meridianae, a Civitatibus Foederatis et aliis civitatibus anticommunisticis sustentam. Viet Cong, organizatio Frons Liberationis Reipublicae quoque appellata, frons communis Vietnamiensis Meridiana leviter armata et a communistis coacta, bellum plerumque irregulare contra vires anticommunisticas in regione gessit. Praeterea, Exercitus Populorum Vietnamiensis bellum plerumque translaticium ausus est, aliquando cum multis copiis proelia iusta committens. Vires Civitatum Foederatarum et Vietnamiae Meridianae dominationi aeriae et obruentibus armis igniferis ad administrandas effectiones quaerendi et destruendi confisae sunt, inter quas vires terrestriales, bombardamenta, et ictus ex aëre.

Gubernatio Civitatum Foederatarum, pro parte latioris artis inclusionis, Vietnamiam Meridianam adiuvabat, ne communistae victoriam reportarent; gubernatio autem Vietnamiae Septentrionalis et Viet Cong certamen habebantur bellum colonicum, primum contra Franciam gestum, a Civitatibus Foederatis sustentum, et deinde contra Vietnamiam Meridianam, quam civitatem pupalem exsistimabant. Suasores militares Americani in civitatem quae tum erat Indosina Francica anno 1950 advenerunt. Implicatio Civitatum Foederatarum decennio 197 ineunte crescebat, numeris copiarum anno 1961 triplicatis, atque iterum triplicatis anno 1962.Vietnam War Statistics and Facts, 1, apud situm 25th Aviation Batallion. Americanae unitates bellandi anno 1965 committi coeperunt. Rationes fines inter civitates transgressae sunt, Laotia et Cambodia magnopere bombardatis. Implicatio Americana apicem anno 1968, tempore Concursus Tet, attigit. Quo facto, terrestres Civitatum Foederatarum copiae secundum consilia Vietnamizatio appellata gradatim revocabantur, sed contra Conventa Pacificatoria Lutetiae, ab omnibus partibus Ianuario 1973 consignata, certamen persistebat.

Finivit militaris Civitatum Foederatarum implicatio die 15 Augusti 1973 propter Emendationem Case–Church, partem rogationis a Congressu Civitatum Foederatarum sanctam.Gabriel Kolko, Anatomy of War, pp. 457, 461 ff.; ISBN 1-898876-67-3. Comprehensio Saigoniae ab Exercitu Populi Vietnamiensi Aprili 1975 finem belli significavit, atque insequente anno Vietnamia Septentrionalis et Meridiana in unam dicionem rite redactae sunt. Bellum permultas effecit neces humanas (vide Casus Belli Vietnamiensis). Iudicia numerorum militum Vietnamiensium et civilianorum interfectorum inter minus quam una millionaCharles Hirschman et al., "Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate," Population and Development Review, Decembri 1995. et plus quam tres millionae variantur.Associated Press, 3 Aprilis 1995, "Vietnam Says 1.1 Million Died Fighting For North." Fere 200 000–300 000 Cambodiani,Patrick Heuveline (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia," in Forced Migration and Mortality, ed. Holly E. Reed et Charles B. Keely (Vasingtoniae: National Academy Press, 2001).Marek Sliwinski, Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique (Lutetiae: L’Harmattan, 1995).Judith Banister et Paige Johnson (1993). "After the Nightmare: The Population of Cambodia," in Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia: The Khmer Rouge, the United Nations and the International Community, ed. Ben Kiernan (Portu Novo: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies, 1993). 20 000–200 000 Laotiani,<ref>Roger Warner, Shooting at the Moon (1996), p. 366, 30,000 Hmong aestimat.</ref>Obermeyer, "Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia", British Medical Journal (2008), 60 000 in summa aestimat.T. Lomperis, From People's War to People's Rule, (1996), 35 000 in summa aestimat.Melvin Small et Joel David Singer, Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars 1816-1980 (1982), 20 000 in summa aestimant.Charles Lewis Taylor, The World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators, 20 000 in summa aestimat.Martin Stuart-Fox, A History of Laos, 200 000 ante 1973 aestimat. et 58 220 bellatores Civitatum Foederatarum in certamine mortui sunt.

 Nomina belli 
Varia nomina ad certamen adhibita sunt. Bellum Vietnamiense (Anglice Vietnam War) est usitata notio in Civitatibus Foederatis; certamen etiam Bellum Indosinense Alterum, Certamen Vietnamiense, et Certamen in Vietnamia appellatur.

Quia sunt multa certamina militaria in regione Indosinensi, hoc certamen saepe ex nomine principalis adversarii appellatur ut ab aliis distinguatur.Harold G. Moore et Joseph L. Galloway, We Are Soldiers Still: A Journey Back to the Battlefields of Vietnam (p. 57). Ergo, bellum Vietnamice Chiến tranh Việt Nam (Bellum Vietnamiense) atque Kháng chiến chống Mỹ (Bellum Americae Resistendae, sensu lato Bellum Americanum) appellatur..

Principales organizationes militares quae bellum gerebant in alio latere Exercitus Respublicae Vietnamiae et militares Civitatum Foederatarum vires, et in alio latere Exercitus Populorum Vietnamiae (etiam Exercitus Vietnamiensis Septentrionalis appellatus), et Viet Cong, rite Frons Nationalis pro Vietnamia Meridiana Liberata, communisticae Vietnamiae Meridianae vires tumultuariae erant.

 Scaena usque ad 1949 

Francia Indosinam decennio 186 exeunte vincere coepit, et pacificationem ante 1893 confecit.Keat Gin Ooi, Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO; 2004. ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2, p. 520.Lajpat Rai, Social Science. FK Publications; ISBN 978-81-89611-12-5, p. 22.Arthur J. Dommen, The Indochinese experience of the French and the Americans: nationalism and communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001), ISBN 978-0-253-33854-9, p. 4–19. Pactio Huế, anno 1884 facta, decennia septem fuit fundamenta dominationis Francicae. Contra homines qui resistebant, notissime Can Vuong ex Phan Dinh Phung, regio hodiernarum civitatum Cambodiae et Vietnamiae ante 1888 facta est colonia Indosina Francica (Laotia deinde addita).Jonathan Neale, The American War, p. 3, ISBN 1-898876-67-3. Varii motus Vietnamienses qui dominatui Francico repugnabant illo tempore exsistebant, sicut Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang, qui seditionem Yen Bai conatum improsperum anno 1930 concitaverunt, sed nulli fuerunt tam felices quam frons communis Việt Minh appellatus, anno 1941 conditus, a Factione Communista Indosinensi temperatus, atque a Civitatibus Foederatis et Factione Nationalista Sinensi subsidiis pecuniae fultus in contentionibus cum imperio Iaponiensi.Jonathan Neale, The American War, p. 17, ISBN 1-898876-67-3.

Francia his annis a Germanos debellata, regimine Viciacensi Germanorum Nazistarum cliente instaurata, gubernatores Indosinae Francici se ad id regimen submiserunt Iaponensibusque, Germanorum sociis, mense Septembri 1940 Indosinam oppugnantibus, magna parte collaborabant, administrationem harum regionum sub hoc imperio absolventes. Societas ergo Việt Minh, libertatem contra Francicos a principio postulans, contra Iaponenses etiam militabat. Quo tempore Germani e Francia recedere coeperunt, Francici in Indosina manentes se cum regimine libero Francico (duce de Gaulle) coniungere conati sunt. Qua re suspecta Iaponenses a die 9 Martii 1945 gubernatores Francicos detinuerunt novumque regimen sibi fidele erexerunt, praeposito imperatore Bảo Đại.

 Aeroportus Internationalis Da Nang
 Bellum Pacificum
 Contracultura annorum 1960
 Cuniculus Cu Chi
 Discrimen Buddhisticum anni 1963
 Monumentum Veteranorum Vietnamensium
 Yui Chunoshin

 Annotationes 

 Notae 

 Bibliographia 

 Fontes secundarii 
 Anderson, David L. 2004. Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War. Baker, Kevin. 2006. "Stabbed in the Back! The past and future of a right-wing myth", Harper's Magazine (Iunio) 
 Angio, Joe. 2007. Nixon a Presidency Revealed. The History Channel television documentary.
 Berman, Larry. 1991. Lyndon Johnson's War: The Road to Stalemate. Blaufarb, Douglas. 1977. The Counterinsurgency Era. Brigham, Robert K. Battlefield Vietnam: A Brief History. Situs interretialis PBS.
 Brocheux, Pierre. 2007. Ho Chi Minh: A Biography. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85062-9.Google.
 Buckley, Kevin. 1972 "Pacification’s Deadly Price", Newsweek, 19 Iuni.
 Buzzanco, Bob. 2000. "25 Years After End of Vietnam War: Myths Keep Us From Coming To Terms With Vietnam." The Baltimore Sun (17 Aprilis) 
 Church, Peter, ed. 2006. A Short History of South-East Asia. Cooper, Chester L. 1970. The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam. Courtwright, David T. 2005. Sky as Frontier: Adventure, Aviation, and Empire. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1-58544-419-7.
 Demma, Vincent H. 1989. "The U.S. Army in Vietnam." American Military History. 
 Dennis, Peter, et al. 2008. The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History. Ed. 2a. Melbourni: Oxford University Press Australia & New Zealand. ISBN 978-0-19-551784-2.

 Duiker, William J. 1996. The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam. Duncanson, Dennis J. 1968. Government and Revolution in Vietnam. Fincher, Ernest Barksdale. 1980. The Vietnam War. Ford, Harold P. 1998. CIA and the Vietnam Policymakers: Three Episodes, 1962–1968. Gerdes, Louise I. ed. 2005. Examining Issues Through Political Cartoons: The Vietnam War. Gettleman, Marvin E., Jane Franklin, Marilyn Young. 1995. Vietnam and America: A Documented History. Hammond, William. 1987. Public Affairs: The Military and the Media, 1962–1968. + 1995. Public Affairs: The Military and the Media, 1068–1973. Herring, George C. 2001. America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975. Ed. 4a.
 Hitchens, Christopher. The Vietnam Syndrome. Karnow, Stanley. 1991. Vietnam: A History. Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-84218-4.
 Kutler, Stanley ed. 1996. Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War. Lawrence, A. T. 2009. Crucible Vietnam: Memoir of an Infantry Lieutenant. McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-4517-3.
 Leepson, Marc ed. 1999. Dictionary of the Vietnam War. Novi Eboraci:: Webster's New World.
 Lewy, Guenter. 1978. America in Vietnam. Logevall, Fredrik. 2001. The Origins of the Vietnam War. Seminar Studies in History. Longman.
 McMahon, Robert J. 1995. Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War: Documents and Essays. McNamara, Robert, James Blight, Robert Brigham, Thomas Biersteker, Herbert Schandler. 1999. Argument Without End: In Search of Answers to the Vietnam Tragedy. Public Affairs.
 McGibbon, Ian. 2000. The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History. Aucopolis: Oxford University Press ISBN 01955837600
 McNeill, Ian. 1993. To Long Tan: The Australian Army and the Vietnam War 1950–1966. St Leonards: Allen & Unwin ISBN 1-86373-282-9.
 Milne, David. 2008. America's Rasputin: Walt Rostow and the Vietnam War. Hill & Wang.
 Moise, Edwin E. 2002. Historical Dictionary of the Vietnam War. Moïse,Edwin E. 1996. Tonkin Gulf and the escalation of the Vietnam War. UNC Press. ISBN 0-8078-2300-7.
 Moss, George D. 2002. Vietnam. Ed. 4a.
 Moyar, Mark. 2006. Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965. Cambridge University Press
 Major General Spurgeon Neel. 1991. Medical Support of the U.S. Army in Vietnam 1965–1970. Department of the Army.
 Nulty, Bernard. 1998. The Vietnam War. Novi Eboraci: Barnes and Noble.
 Osborn, Terry A. 2002. The Future of Foreign Language Education in the United States. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-89789-719-8.
 Palmer, Bruce, Jr. 1984. The Twenty-Five Year War. Schell, Jonathan. 1976. The Time of Illusion. Schulzinger, Robert D. 1997. A Time for War: The United States and Vietnam, 1941–1975. Sorley, Lewis. 1999. A Better War: The Unexamined Victories and Final Tragedy of America's Last Years in Vietnam. ISBN 0-15-601309-6.
 Spector, Ronald. 1992. After Tet: The Bloodiest Year in Vietnam. Stanton, Shelby L. 2003. Vietnam Order of Battle. Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-0071-2.
 Summers, Harry G. 1982. On Strategy: A Critical Analysis of the Vietnam War. Presidio Press. ISBN 0-89141-563-7.
 Tucker, Spencer, ed. 1998. Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War. 3 vol.
 Wells, Tom. 1994. The War Within: America's battle over Vietnam. Berkeleiae: University of California Press. ISBN 0 520 08367 9 
 Willbanks, James H. 2009. Vietnam War Almanac. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-7102-9
 Witz, James J. 1991. The Tet Offensive: Intelligence Failure in War. Young, Marilyn, B. 1991. The Vietnam Wars: 1945–1990. Xiaoming, Zhang. 2005. "China's 1979 War With Vietnam: A Reassessment." China Quarterly 184(Decembris).

 Fontes primarii 
 Carter, Jimmy. 1977. "By The President Of The United States Of America, A Proclamation Granting Pardon For Violations Of The Selective Service Act, 4 August 1964 To 28 March 1973, die 21 Ianuarii edicta.
 Central Intelligence Agency. "Laos", CIA World Factbook Kolko, Gabriel. The End of the Vietnam War, 30 Years Later.
 Eisenhower, Dwight D. 1963. Mandate for Change. Ho, Chi Minh. 1960-1962. "Vietnam Declaration of Independence", Selected Works. Scripturae dilectae.
 LeMay, General Curtis E., et MacKinlay Kantor. 1965. Mission with LeMay. Kissinger, United States Secretary of State Henry A. 1975. "Lessons on Vietnam." memoranda secreta ad Praesidem Ford
 Kim A. O'Connell, ed. 2006. Primary Source Accounts of the Vietnam War. McCain, John. 1999. Faith of My Fathers: A Family Memoir. Marshall, Kathryn. 1987. In the Combat Zone: An Oral History of American Women in Vietnam, 1966–1975. Martin, John Bartlow. 1964. Was Kennedy Planning to Pull out of Vietnam? 
 Myers, Thomas. 1966. Walking Point: American Narratives of Vietnam. Public Papers of the Presidents, 1965. 1966.
 Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. 1978. Robert Kennedy and His Times. Sinhanouk, Prince Norodom. "Cambodia Neutral: The Dictates of Necessity."
 Tang, Truong Nhu. 1985. A Vietcong Memoir. Terry, Wallace, ed. 1984. Bloods: An Oral History of the Vietnam War by Black Veterans.  Total pages: 350
 The Pentagon Papers. 1971. 5 vol. Gravel ed. excerpts 
 Vann, John Paul. Quotes from Answers.com De Lt. Colonel, U.S. Army, DFC, DSC, advisor to the ARVN 7th Division

 Historiographia 
 Hall, Simon. 2009. "Scholarly Battles over the Vietnam War." Historical Journal'' 52 (Sept.): 813–829.

 Nexus externi 
 Archivum virtuale Vietnamiae apud situm www.vietnam.ttu.edu (Texas Tech University)
 "Battlefield Vietnam," apud situm pbs.org
 Casualties – U.S. vs NVA/VC
 Bellum, propaganda, media: Vietnamia, apud situm globalissues.org
 Bellum Vietnamiense in "The History Channel," apud situm history.com
 Bibliographia Belli Vietnamiensis, apud situm tigger.uic.edu
 Documenta de Propositis Externis CFA de Vietnamia, apud situm mtholyoke.edu
 Effectus Vietnamizationis in Copias Armatas Vietnamiae, 1969–1972, apud situm militaryhistoryonline.com
 "Fallout of the War," apud situm cdm164001.cdmhost.com
 "On collecting engraved Zippos from the Vietnam War," apud situm americanethnography.com (American Ethnography)
 Texts editionis Gravel "Pentagon Papers" apud situm mtholyoke.edu
 Glossarium terminorum militarium et slang ex bello, apud situm iath.virginia.edu
 Historia interventionum CFA, a Mitchell Derek scripta, apud situm historycommons.org
 Impressiones Vietnamiae et descriptiones vitae quotidianae militis Elliott Gardner, Exercitus CFA, apud situm content.library.ccsu.edu
 Cogitationes severae de 30 Aprilis: "The South Vietnam Liberation Front and Hanoi, Myth and Reality," oratio a priore Administro Informationis Reipublicae Vietnamiensis,] apud situm vietfederation.ca
 Stephen H. Warner, Congeries Photogrammatum Asiae Meridio-Orientalis apud Collegium Gettysburgense, apud situm gettysburg.edu
 The U.S. Army in Vietnam, historia publica Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum, apud situm ibiblio.org
 Tempus Belli Vietnamiensis, apud situm pbs.org
 Tempus: CFA–Vietnamia (1947–2001) in "Open-Content Project," apud situm historycommons.org
 "UC Berkeley Library Social Activism Sound Recording Project: Anti-Vietnam War Protests," apud situm lib.lberkeley.edu
 "Vietnam Casualties database searchable by first name, last name and location," apud situm gisearch.com
 Virtuale Vietnamiae Archivum, apud vietnam.ttu.edu

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