Solanum lycopersicum

Solanum lycopersicum (binomen a Carolo Linnaeo anno 1753 statutum), Latinitate communi pomum aureum"Pomi d'oro, hoc est, Mala aurea":  p. 537, cf.  nota 24; "Pomum aureum vel amoris . . . vel de altero mundo": . seu amoris"Poma amoris": , ; "solanum pomiferum":  (nomen deprecatum), , . est planta florens familiae Solanacearum, affinis tabaci, capsicorum, patatarum, et melongenarum. Quae planta e regione Andina Americae Australis orta est, ubi silvestres species cognatae fere duodecim hodie florent. Ibidem primum, iterum in Mexico aevo satis recenti domesticata est. Nostro tempore per orbem terrarum sub climatibus tropico, subtropico, temperato colitur.

 Origo et praehistoria 
Proponitur species S. lycopersicum, sub forma varietatum quae hodie cerasiformes appellantur, primum abhinc annos fere 78 000 media regione Andina divisam esse a specie cognata S. pimpinellifolio. E qua divisione S. pimpinellifolium silvestre, fructibus minimis, terris siccis prope oram maritimam eiusdem regionis hodie usque floret interdumque in hortis colitur; species S. lycopersicum autem, vallibus humidioribus Aequatoriensibus crescens, fructibus paulo maioribus et sucosioribus, abhinc annorum fere 12 000 domesticata est, praesertim in Peruvia, formam habens varietatis hodie var. cerasiforme appellatae, cui semina fructuum abiectorum faciliter germinant. Per admixturam genorum S. pimpinellifolii in cultivarietates nonnullas divisa est hodie a Chilia usque in Columbiam aevo nostro virentes.; . Quarum duae ad minimum mox ab hominibus septentrioni versus per Americam mediam usque in Mexicum advectae sunt ibique non per cultum, potius modo sylvestri florere incipiebant. Paulo tardius in Mexico orientali varietas cerasiforme iterum domesticata est. E qua ibidem abhinc annis fere 7 000 varietas lycopersicum, fructibus generosioribus, seminibus fructuum abiectorum aegre germinantibus, per cultum evoluta est.. Ambarum varietatum botanicarum, scilicet cerasiformium et generosiorum, cultivarietates plurimae, colore forma gustu differentes, per mundum hodiernum propagantur.

 Lycopersica saeculo XVI in Mexico et Europa 
Adiutores indigenae, qui ante annum 1569 ad Historiam generalem Bernardini de Sahagun collaborabant, sic arte rhetorica Navatlaca varietates lycopersicorum, in nundinis Aztecorum a quodam tomanamacac ("lycopersicario") venundatas, enumeraverunt:
Quinamaca in xitomatl, in miltomatl, in izoatomatl,
in tomapitzaoac, in tzopelic,
in coaxitomatl, in chichioalxitomatl, in coatomatl.
No quinamaca in coiotomatl, in xaltotomatl, in xaltomatl,
coztic, cozpatic, cozpiltic, chichiltic, chilpatic,
tlammilectic, tlatlacpatic, chichilpatic, tlappatic, tlauixcaltic
("Venditat lycopersica magna, cerasiformia, foliata, lenia, dulcia, magna serpentina, mamillata, cerasiformia serpentina. Insuper venditat lycopersica coyote, arenaria, flava, flaviora, flavissima, rubra, rubriora, russissima, russa, rubella, rubelliora, rosea"). Consuetudine talium enumerationum insequitur tlaueliloc tomanamacac ("pessimus lycopersicarius") qui fructus "maculatos, laesos, laxativos, acerbos, acerbissimos ... virides, duros" etc. venditat.In quinamaca tomapalaxtli, tomapitzictli, in apitzaltic, in xocoiac, in xocopatic. No quinamaca in xoxoctetl, in chalchiuhtexoxoctli ...  Lycopersica ab Aztecis ad comedendum sed etiam ad condituras faciendum adhibebantur, sicut et Bernardus Díaz conquisitator proelii alicuius narratione monstravit: "Nos voluerunt trucidare carnemque comedere, iamque ollas cum sale allioque et lycopersicis paraverant!"Nos querían matar e comer nuestras carnes, que ya tenían aparejadas las ollas, con sal e ají e tomates! Bernal Díaz del Castillo, La historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España (manuscriptum, ante 1584) cap. 83 p. 254 editionis interretialis Serés, cf. Sarah H. Beckjord, "‘Con sal y ají y tomates’: las redes textuales de Bernal Díaz en el caso de Cholula" in Revista Iberoamericana vol. 61 no. 170–171 (1995) pp. 147–160 Talis conditurae, capsicis additis, usum breviter descripsit Franciscus Hernandez rerum naturalium Mexicanarum inquisitor: "Europaei rhizotomi," ait, "quos ex iis norunt fructus, poma amoris vocare consueverunt, fortassis ob veneream et lascivientem quam diximus formam ... Ex iis intritis, ac permixtis chilli, intinctus gratissimus paratur, et qui omnium fere ferculorum et nutrimentorum saporem commendet et emortuam orexim exuscitet." p. 296

Lycopersica anno 1544 a Petro Andrea Matthiolo, primus Europaeorum, Italice brevissime descripta sunt, verbis ab eodem Latine anno 1558 redditis. Fructuum quos ad melongenas adsimilavit Matthiolus iam colores "aureum" et "rubeum" (sicut auctores Azteci) distinxit: "Iam et aliud horum [scil. malorum insanorum] genus importari coepit, pressum, orbiculatorum malorum modo, melopeponum more sectum, colore primum viridi, deinde ubi maturitatem senserit, in quibusdam plantis aureum, in quibusdam vero rubeum visitur ... Eduntur et haec," p. 537 asseveravit; quibus verbis mox admonuerit "sed nauseam et vomitum saepe movent." p. 760 Sed iam antea Constantius Felici admodum longius de varietatibus lycopersicorum in manuscriptis suis locutus erat:
Pomo d'oro, così detto volgarmente dal suo intenso colore, ovvero pomo del Perù, quale o è giallo intenso ovvero è rosso gagliardamente – e questo o è tondo equalmente ovvero è distinto in fette come il melone – ancora lui da ghiotti et avidi de cose nove è desiderato nel medemo modo et ancora fritto nella padella como l'altro, accompagnato con succo de agresto, ma al mio gusto è più presto bello che buono
("Malum aureum, sic propter colorem splendidum vulgo nuncupatum, seu malum Peruanum, aut splendide flavum aut superbe rubrum, idemque aut perfecte rotundum aut sicut cucurbita segmentatum, istud a ganeonibus novorumque luxuum avidis sicut melongena requiritur eodemque modo in patina frigitur et ex agresta infertur, sed mea mente formosum potius quam bonum"). apud  p. 9 Usus lycopersicorum coquinarius mox a Carolo Clusio Latine descriptus erit: "Facultate tamen haec mala aurea, cum universa ipsa planta, refrigerant, aliquanto tamen minus quam mandragoras. Poma a nonnullis cum pipere, sale et oleo praeparata ac cocta eduntur. Praebent autem corpori alimenti quidem perquam exiguum, et hoc ipsum pravum ac vitiosum". p. 455 Post tres annos Ioachim Camerarius lycopersica iam oleo condita soleque siccata rettulit, sicut et hodie in Italia alibique fit: "Poma [aurea] ... innoxie in Italia eduntur. Eadem oleo macerantur et insolantur". p. 821 Plurimi, qui saeculo XVI exeunte in Anglia, Germania, Hungaria lycopersica colebant, fructus in hortis suis splendentes admirabant; pauci gustaverunt.

 Lycopersica saeculis XVII, XVIII, XIX 
Saeculo XVII et XVIII lycopersica, quamquam bene cognita et crebriter in hortis culta, a fere omnibus in America media meridianaque, nonnumquam in Africa et Asia australi, rarius in Europa boreali orientalique comedebantur. Ioannes Gerardus horti cultor "poma pulchra et nobilia" evocavit "exarata irregularia multis locis extrusa, colore rubro splendido relucente, magnitudine ovi anserini seu magni mali orbiculati". Aliam speciem se in manibus habuisse fructibus colore flavis. Quae poma amoris in Hispania Italiaque talibusque regionibus calidis unde ipse semina ad hortum suum recepisse: sub isto climate poma comedi elixa, pipere sale oleo sparsa, etiam in ius ad condituram ferculorum ex oleo, aceto, pipere accommodata "sicut nos regiones frigidas colentes mustarda utimur".Faire and goodly apples, chamfered, uneeven, and bunched out in many places; of a bright shining redde colour and the bignes of a goose egge or a large pepin. . . . There hath happened unto my handes another sort . . . the fruite heereof was yellow in colour . . . Apples of love do growe in Spaine, Italie, and such hot countries, from whence my selfe have received seedes for my garden ... In Spaine and those hot regions they use to eate the apples prepared and boiled with pepper, salt, and oile ... Likewise they do eate the apples with oile, vineger, and pepper mixed together for sauce to their meate, even as we in these cold countries do mustarde:  Quem secutus Ioannes Parkinsonus "duas species nominibus minorem et maiorem distinctas" fuisse adseveravit, quarum minor (nobis S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme agnita) nonnullis annis sponte in horto nascebatur.There are two especial sortes ... we ... distinguish them by maius and minus ... some yeares I have known them rise of their own sowing in my garden ... In the hot countries where they naturally growe they are much eaten of the people to coole and quench the heate and thirst of their hot stomaches: Similiter iam ; haud alio modo fortasse Laurentius Scholzius, Catalogus arborum, fruticum ac plantarum, tam indigenarum quam exoticarum, horti medici D. Laurentii Scholzii (Vratislaviae, 1594) "Poma amoris"; et Basilius Besler, Hortus Eystettensis. 2a ed. Norimbergae classis autumnalis tabb. 1-2

Qui eo aevo de usu lycopersicorum in climatibus calidioribus scriberint cum Iacobo Bontio consonant. Is enim de insulis Asiae austro-orientalis haec scripsit:
"'Persaepe miratus sum Malaios ac Iavanos tum Chinenses quoque ... fructu quam Lusitani [sic] pomo d'oro vocant tam avide vesci, cum in summo gradu sunt frigida' ... 'An nescis eos addere fructum ... quod lada chili Malaii vocant ... ita alterius frigiditatem, alterius excessivo calore temperant, aceto et oleo superinfuso, non male cum carnibus aut piscibus assis comedunt'"Iacobus Bontius, "Historiae naturalis et medicae Indiae orientalis libri sex" in Gulielmus Piso, De Indiae utriusque re naturali et medica (1658) p. 10
A Georgio Eberhardo Rumphio earundem insularum incola, lycopersicum mox "satis copiose" cultum dicitur "ob fructus, qui ad cibum adhibentur"; qui fructus aut in "quatuor scinduntur fragmenta ac pingui incoquuntur iusculo et instar cucumerum eduntur" aut "si toti sub cineribus torreantur et cum aceto et oleo lactuca ex eis praeparetur, prius in segmenta conscissi".

Inter auctores de Indiis occidentalibus Ioannes Sloane saeculo XVIII ineunte "lycopersicon fructu cerasi" in Iamaica, eandem scilicet varietatem cerasiformem quam olim Parkinsonus, ille autem incertus an silvatice nascentem observaverit, atque "ab Hispanis aut elixam aut in iure comesam".This grows in several places about the town of St. Jago de la Vega ... but I cannot be positive that 'tis wild ... They are eaten either boil'd or in sauce by the Spaniards:  De his rebus Henricum Barham insuper citavit, cuius opus manu scriptum non iam divulgatum legerat:
Poma amoris, sic ab Hispanis nuncupata, qui in iuribus et iusculis adhibentur quia sucus (ita dicunt) tam bonus est quam iusculum omne et generositate sua sanguinem calefacit. Fructus speciei silvaticae ad cerasum aequant, sed ei quos in hortis colunt magnitudinem mali modici habent ... Quinque vel sex semel comedere soleo: sucum pulposum continent seminaque quae cum suco sumis; gustum quoquo modo uvarum habent.Love-apples, so called by the Spaniards, who use them in their sauces and gravies, because the juice, as they say, is as good as any gravy, and so by its richness warms the blood. The fruit of the wild sort is no bigger than a cherry, but those that grow in gardens are as big as a small apple ... some call them tomatoes ... I have eat five or six raw at a time: they are full of a pulpy juice, and of small seeds, which you swallow with the pulp, and have something of a gra[p]y taste: , textu e  vol. 2 p. 378 emendato

Talibus itineribus usus lycopersicorum e "climatibus calidioribus" in Europam transmittebatur, iam saeculo XVII ad Hispanis (vide iam supra) et Italis sed non ad Anglos: "Italis nonnullis esitantur poma" i.e. lycopersica, ait Ioannes Ray, "cum pipere, sale et oleo praeparata, non secus atque cucumeres; sed eduntur et cocta, nescio quo commodo, nam teter quam halat tota planta spiritus ea parum tuto in cibos venire satis prodit. Succo aqueo abundant nobis gustantibus parum grato". Hortolanus quidam Francicus saeculi XVIII exeunte lycopersica in provinciis septentrionalibus parum cognita nisi oleo condita, sed in Provincia Francica Occitaniaque sicut in Italia et Hispania a multis requisita rettulit.Cette plante n’est pas connue par les jardiniers dans les provinces du nord, et s’ils la cultivent, c’est plus par curiosité que par intérêt, à moins que ce ne soit pour vendre les fruits que quelques personnes laissent macérer dans l’huile d’olive; mais en Italie, en Espagne, en Provence & en Languedoc ce fruit est très-recherché ... quelques-uns la regardent comme un poison décidé ... s’ils avoient mieux examiné le fruit, seul objet qui engage à cultiver la pomme d’amour, ils auroient reconnu qu’il est sans odeur, et que sa saveur est légèrement et agréablement acide ... on les emploie dans la cuisine pour les sausses-piquantes et acides que l’on met sur toutes les viandes. Les cuisinières expriment à travers un linge le suc des fruits, et en y ajoutant du sel et, je crois, un peu de vinaigre, elles le conservent bien avant dans l’hiver. Dans les pays chauds, c’est un des apprêts le plus usité. On assaisonne encore les fruits avec de l’huile, du vinaigre et du sel, ce qui forme une nourriture légère et rafraîchissante:  Primi qui usum lycopersicorum in Anglia descripserint, Ioannes Hill ad sorbitionem "gratam" allusit cuius "valorem" Iudaei Portugallenses in Britanniam migrati confitebantur,[Mense Septembri] The tomato fruit is ripe. Few eat this; but it is agreeable in soups. Those who are us'd to eat with the Portuguese Jews know the value of it: John Hill, Eden, or a compleat body of gardening (Londinii: Osborne, 1757) p. 47 sed Anna Glasse ius e "pomis amoris" oleoque acetoque et allio ad aeglefinos modo Hispanico accommodandos (To dress haddocks after the Spanish way ... a quarter of a point of oil ... two cloves of garlic, some love apples when in season, a little vinegar) lectoribus omnibus commendavit.Hannah Glasse, The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy. 6a ed. Londinii 

Aut eodem tempore, aut paulo tardius, hortorum cultores coquinarumque adepti Parisienses lycopersica denuo accipiebantur. Grimod de la Reynière lycopersicorum adventum effectum esse rerum novarum Franciae fuisse adseverat, "Lutetiae abhinc quindecim annis fere omnino incognitorum", causa "inundationis hominum meridianorum qui fere omnes ibi prosperabantur" hosque fructus hortis suis acclimaverint (ille primus fortasse praeceptum lycopersicorum fartorum divulgari iussit). pp. 151-153 Botanista ergo Francicus Michael Stephanus Descourtilz lycopersica non in Portugallia Hispaniaque et Francia meridiana tantum, sed etiam "circum Lutetiam in omnibus hortis" crescentia, "mille modis ad menses nostras" in iuribus inlata descripsit (quibus iuribus capsica non in Francia, sed in coloniis Francicis, addebantur).On cultive la tomate en Amérique et en Europe, particulièrement en Portugal, en Espagne et dans le midi de la France. Les ressources qu'elle offre à l'art culinaire ... l'ont fait admettre dans tous les potagers des environs de Paris. Sa marmelade se conserve pour l'hiver ... La sauce tomate paraît sur nos tables sous mille préparations, soit pour servir de coulis au boeuf et au mouton, soit pour être associée à la morue et à beaucoup d'autres poissons. On lui ajoute aux colonies du piment ... On confit la tomate dans le vinaigre lorsqu'elle est jeune:  Ius vel liquamen lycopersici (tomata catsup variis orthographiis scriptum) his annis primum in Anglia praecipitur;Tomata or love-apple sauce ... To preserve tomatas ... Mock tomata sauce: The only difference between this and the genoine love-apple sauce is the substituting the pulp of apple for the pulp of tomata, and giving the colouring with turmeric ... Tomata catsup: Gather a gallon of fine, red, and full ripe tomatas ...:  Angli insuper acetum e capsicis in illo liquamine iniicere non haesitabant.Tomata sauce for hot or cold meats ... mix this with capsicum vinegar ... some white-wine vinegar and cayenne may be used instead of capsicum-vinegar: 

 Notae 

 Bibliographia 
 Fontes antiquiores
 1544 : Petrus Andreas Matthiolus, Di Pedacio Dioscoride libri cinque brevius editionibus 1544 (p. 327) et 1549 (lib. 4 cap. 78), longius editione 1573 ; ; 
 1557 : 
 c. 1560 :  (" Los tomates son mayores que agraces; tienen su sabor, aunque no tan agrio; hay unos del tamaño que dixe, y otros grandes, mayores que limas, amarillos y colorados; échanse en las salsas y potajes para templar el calor del agí. ... Los indios taxcaltecas y cempoaleses tuvieron aquel día por muy festival, porque no dexaron cuerpo de aquellos señores que no comiesen con chile y tomate")
 1561 : 
 ante 1569 : 
 ante 1572 : 
 ante 1581 : 
 1583 : 
 1585 : 
 1586 : 
 1596 : 
 1597 : 
 1604 : 
 1620 : 
 1623 : 
 1628 : 
 1629 : 
 ante 1653 : Bernabé Cobo, Historia del Nuevo Mundo (1890-1893) vol. 1 p. 375; libri manu scripti f. 230r
 1672 : Olfert Dapper, Asia, of Naukeurige beschryving van het rijk des Grooten Mogols (Amstelodami: Jacob van Meurs) p. 67 ("Eenige Indianen eeten ook gulde appelen, in 't Latijn pomum amoris en pomum aureum, en by de Portugesen pomo d'oro genoemt: welk is een zeker slag van mandragora en in de derdegraet verkoelend ... De gulde appelen worden ook in zuiker ingeleid: en de Sinesen op het eiland Java eeten de zelve, hoewel eerst onder d'assche gebraden, met edik en peper")
 1693 : 
 1707-1725 : 
 ante 1725 : 
 1747 : 
 1753 : 
 1789 : 
 1803 : 
 1828 : 

 De origine et domesticatione

 Veronique Bergougnoux, "The history of tomato: from domestication to biopharming" in Biotechnology advances vol. 32 (2014) pp. 170-189

 Amit K. Jaiswal et al., "Tomato Domestication Attenuated Responsiveness to a Beneficial Soil Microbe for Plant Growth Promotion and Induction of Systemic Resistance to Foliar Pathogens" in Frontiers in Microbiology (18 Decembris 2020)
 Daniel Koenig et al., "Comparative transcriptomics reveals patterns of selection in domesticated and wild tomato" in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2013) pp. E2655–E2662

 T. Clint Nesbitt, Steven D. Tanksley, "Comparative Sequencing in the Genus Lycopersicon: Implications for the Evolution of Fruit Size in the Domestication of Cultivated Tomatoes" in Genetics vol. 162 (2002) pp. 365-379


 Guangtao Zhu et al., "Rewiring of the Fruit Metabolome in Tomato Breeding" in Cell vol. 172 (2018) pp. 249-261

 De historia
 Huw Beynon, Stephen Quilley, "From Andean Weed to Culinary Staple: The Assimilation of the Tomato into Anglo-American Economy and Culture" in Food & History vol. 4 (2006) pp. 169-220 alibi
 Sophie D. Coe, America's First Cuisines (Austinopoli: University of Texas Press, 1994) pp. 46-50
 Marie-Christine Daunay, Henri Laterrot, Jules Janick, "Iconography and History of Solanaceae: Antiquity to the XVIIth Century', in: Jules Janick, Horticultural Reviews, vol. 34 (2007), pp. 1-112 
 Marie-Christine Daunay, Henri Laterrot, Jules Janick, "Iconography of the Solanaceae from Antiquity to the XVIIth Century: a Rich Source of Information on Genetic Diversity and Uses" in Acta Hort. no. 745 (2007) pp. 59-88
 "Sweet Aristo" in Elizabeth David, An Omelette and a Glass of Wine (1984)
 Alan Davidson, "Europeans' Wary Encounter with Tomatoes, Potatoes and Other New World Foods" in Nelson Foster, Linda S. Cordell, edd., Chilies to Chocolate: Food the Americas Gave the World (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1992) pp. 1-14 
 David Gentilcore, Pomodoro! A History of the Tomato in Italy. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press, 2010 
 David Gentilcore, "The Impact of New World Plants, 1500–1800: The Americas in Italy" in Elizabeth Horodowich, Lia Markey, edd., The New World in Early Modern Italy, 1492–1750 (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 2017) pp. 190-205 
 Rudolf Grewe, "The Arrival of the Tomato in Spain and Italy: Early Recipes" in Journal of Gastronomy vol. 3 no. 2 (1987) pp. 67–81



 Divya Schäfer, "Exotic Tastes, Familiar Flavours. Transcultural Culinary Interactions in Early Modern India" in Rafael Klöber, Manju Ludwig, edd., HerStory: Historical Scholarship between South Asia and Europe. Festschrift in Honour of Gita Dharampal-Frick (Heidelbergae: CrossAsia eBooks, 2018. ISBN 978-3-946742-44-9) pp. 43-64
 Andrew F. Smith, The Tomato in America: Early History, Culture, and Cookery. University of Illinois Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-252-07009-9

 De cultu et commercio
 Ep Heuvelink, ed., Tomatoes. 2a ed. Wallingford: CABI, 2018. ISBN 9781780641935

 Praecepta culinaria selecta
 1694 : 
 1740 : María Rosa Calvillo de Teruel, Libro de apuntaciones de guisos y dulces [manuscriptum] [plura fide Hyman c. 2 n. 15]
 1745 : Juan Altamiras, Nuevo arte de la cocina española [praecepta plura fide Hyman p. 30]
 1747 : , Arte de reposteria [praecepta duo fide Hyman p. 29]
 1773 : Vincenzo Corrado, Il cuoco galante. Neapoli, 1773 [praecepta plura fide Hyman p. 37]Textus 3a ed. 1786 6a ed. 1820
 1795 : fide Santich
 1810 : 
 1817 : 

 Permutatio Columbiana
 Placenta Neapolitana

 Nexus externi 

 Stéphanie Arnoux, Comparative analyses of the molecular footprint of domestication in three Solanaceae species : eggplant, pepper and tomato (dissertatio 2019 universitatis Avennionensis)

 Dave Bliss, Adoption and Use of the Tomato and Pepper in England through the Industrial Revolution (dissertatio universitatis Leicestriensis)




Categoria:Species plantarum
Categoria:Fructus
Categoria:Taxa Linnaei
Categoria:Fruges Americae mediae
Categoria:Fruges Americae australis