Citrus

Citrus (-i, f.) (a nomine Graeco , i.e. "cedrus") est genus arborum fructiferarum in familia Rutacearum. Genus a Linnaeo anno 1753 statutum est.Carolus Linnaeus, Species plantarum (1753) vol. 2 pp. 782-783

 De nomine 
Apud antiquos "citrus" designabat duas species plantarum satis inter se dissimilium: arborem Africam, nomine scientifico Tetraclinis articulata, cuius lignum fragrans, citrum nominatum, multi aestimabatur ad supellectilem faciendam; arboremque fructiferam quae etiam malus Medica appellabatur, cuique nunc binomen Citrus medica imponitur.Lewis & Short, A Latin Dictionary, lemma citrus A saeculo fere tertio decimo, postquam aliae quoque plantae cognatae in Europa cognitae sunt, nomen citrus ad eas omnibus nonnumquam translatum est. Dehinc id nomen Carolus Linnaeus anno 1753 omni huic generi adiudicavit.

 De origine generis et specierum 
Species generis Citri spontaneae crescunt per regionem satis magnam Australasiaticam, occidentem versus ab India orientali incipientes, orientem versus usque ad Sericam et Iaponiam necnon Philippinas insulas, meridiem versus usque in Novam Guineam Australiamque florentes. Inter species huius generis facillime et crebrissime hybridae gignuntur, quorum nonnulli fructús hominibus perutiles et valde gratos producunt.

Genus usque eo singulum in sex divisit Gualterus Tennyson Swingle, qui Poncirus Raf. accepit atque e novo constituit Clymenia, Fortunella et anno 1915 e speciebus Australianis Eremocitrus, Microcitrus.W. T. Swingle in J. Wash. Acad. Sci. vol. 5 (1915) p. 570 Genus Papeda Hassk. Swingle in subgenus Citri convertit. Quae subdivisiones, suadentibus iam diu Burkill recenterque Mabberley, in Citrum coniungendae sunt.;  pp. 334-336

 Index specierum et hybridarum 

 Species (cum synonymis selectis)
 Citrus cavaleriei (C. ichangensis)
 Citrus hystrix sive papeda (C. kerrii, C. macroptera)
 Citrus maxima (C. decumana, C. grandis)
 Citrus medica sive malum Medicum
 Citrus micrantha
 Citrus reticulata sive tangerina (C. tachibana)
 Citrus trifoliata (Poncirus trifoliata)
 Citrus japonica sive fortunella (Fortunella spp.)
 Citrus swinglei (F. polyandra, C. polyandra)
 Citrus halimii
 Citrus glauca (Eremocitrus glauca, Atalantia glauca)
 Citrus australasica (Microcitrus australasica)
 Citrus australis (Microcitrus australis)
 Citrus garrawayi (C. garrawayae, M. garrawayi)
 Citrus gracilis
 Citrus inodora (M. inodora)
 Citrus warburgiana (M. warburgiana)
 Citrus wintersii (M. papuana)

 Hybridae (cum origine)
 Citrus × aurantium (Sour Orange Group), Latine "Aurantium" (hybrida C. maxima × C. reticulata)
 (Sweet Orange Group), Latine "Malum Sinense", apud nonnullos C. × sinensis (hybrida C. × aurantium × C. reticulata)
 (Grapefruit Group), Latine "Malum paradisi", apud nonnullos C. × paradisi (hybrida C. × sinensis × C. maxima)
 (Bergamot Group), Latine "Bergamia" (hybrida C. × aurantium × C. limon (?))
 Citrus × limon, Latine "Limon" (hybrida C. medica × C. × aurantium)
  (hybrida C. reticulata × C. medica)
 Citrus × aurantiifolia, Latine "Lumia" (hybrida C. medica × C. hystrix (?))
 Citrus × latifolia (hybrida C. × aurantiifolia × C. × limon (?))
 (Limetta Group) (hybrida C. × aurantiifolia × C. maxima (?))
 Citrus × microcarpa vel C. × mitis sive calamondin (hybrida C. japonica × C. reticulata)
 Citrus × jambhiri vel C. otaitensis vel C. taitensis sive rough lemon (hybrida C. medica × C. reticulata et fortasse × C. × limon)
 Citrus × junos sive yuzu (hybrida C. cavaleriei × C. maxima (?))
 Citrus × webberi (hybrida C. cavaleriei × C. × aurantium (?))
 Citrus × insitorum sive citrange (hybrida C. trifoliata × C. × aurantium)
 Citrus × georgiana sive citrangequat (hybrida C. × insitorum × C. japonica)
 Citrus × floridana sive limequat (hybrida C. × aurantiifolia × C. japonica)
 Citrus × clementina (hybrida C. × sinensis × C. reticulata)
 Citrus × tangelo (hybrida C. × paradisi × C. reticulata)

 Notae 

 Bibliographia 
 Fontes antiquiores
 1178 : Han Yanzhi, Julu (Michael J. Hagerty, interpr.; Paul Pelliot, ed., "Han Yen-chih's Chü lu: monograph on the oranges of Wên-chou, Chekiang" in T'oung Pao 2a ser. vol. 22 [1923] pp. 63-96  JSTOR)
 1551 : Nicolaus Monardes; Carolus Clusius, interpr., "De aurantiis", aliter "De citriis, aurantiis, ac limoniis". Editio 1551 apud MDZ Editio 1605 apud GDZ
 1561 : 
 1646 : Ioannes Baptista Ferrarius, Hesperides, sive, De malorum aureorum cultura et usu libri quatuor. Romae: Scheus, 1646  Textus apud archive.org
 1708 : Johann Christoph Volkamer, Nürnbergische Hesperides. Norimbergae: Endter, 1708  Textus
 1714 : Johann Christoph Volkamer, Continuation der Nürnbergischen Hesperidum. Norimbergae, 1714  
 1741 :  vol. 2 tabb. 24-35 et pp. 95-116 Textus
 1811 : Giorgio Gallesio, Traité du citrus. 1811  Textus apud archive.org

 Generalia
 Giovanni Dugo, Angelo Di Giacomo, edd., Citrus: the genus Citrus. Londinii: Taylor & Francis, 2002  
 Peter Hanelt, ed, Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops (Springer, 2001) pp. 1014-1035 
 Michael J. Hagerty, interpr.; Paul Pelliot, ed., "Han Yen-chih's Chü lu: monograph on the oranges of Wên-chou, Chekiang" in T'oung Pao 2a ser. vol. 22 (1923) pp. 63-96  JSTOR
 I. A. Khan, ed., Citrus genetics, breeding, and biotechnology. Wallingford: CAB International, 2007 
 David J. Mabberley, Citrus (Rutaceae): a review of recent advances in etymology, systematics and medical applications in Blumea vol. 49 (2004) pp. 486-498
 Walter Reuther, Herbert John Webber, Leon Dexter Batchelor, edd., The Citrus Industry, vol. 1: History, World Distribution, Botany, and Varieties. 2a ed. Riverside: University of California, Division of Agricultural Sciences, 1967  Versio interretialis
 Walter Reuther, Leon Dexter Batchelor, Herbert John Webber, edd., The Citrus Industry, vol. 2: Anatomy, Physiology, Genetics, and Reproduction. 2a ed. Riverside: University of California, Division of Agricultural Sciences, 1968  Versio interretialis
 Joseph Antoine Risso, Pierre Antoine Poiteau, Histoire naturelle des orangers. Lutetiae: Audot, 1818-1822  
 J. Saunt, Citrus varieties of the world. An illustrated guide. Norvici: Sinclair International, 1990. ISBN 1-872960-00-6  Recensio
 Tong Kwee Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants. Vol. 4: Fruits (Berolini: Springer, 2012) pp. 619-870  

 De origine et natura specierum hybridarumque

 H. C. Barrett, A. M. Rhodes, "A Numerical Taxonomic Study of Affinity Relationships in Cultivated Citrus and Its Close Relatives" in Systematic Botany vol. 1 (1976) pp. 105-136  JSTOR
 Randall J. Bayer, David J. Mabberley, Cynthia Morton, Cathy H. Miller, Ish K. Sharma, Bernard E. Pfeil, Sarah Rich, Roberta Hitchcock, Steve Sykes, "A molecular phylogeny of the orange subfamily (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae) using nine cpDNA sequences" in American Journal of Botany vol. 96 (2009) pp. 668-685 

 C. T. Federici, D. Q. Fang, R. W. Scora, M. L. Roose, "Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Citrus (Rutaceae) and related genera as revealed by RFLP and RAPD analysis" in Theoretical and Applied Genetics vol. 96 (1998) pp. 812-822  Epitome
 C.T. Federici, M. L. Roose, R. W. Scora, "RFLP analysis of the origin of Citrus bergamia, Citrus jambhiri, and Citrus limonia" in Acta Hort. (ISHS) no. 535 (2000) pp. 55-64 
 Andres Garcia-Lor, Franck Curk, Hager Snoussi-Trifa, Raphael Morillon, Gema Ancillo, François Luro, Luis Navarro, Patrick Ollitrault, "A nuclear phylogenetic analysis: SNPs, indels and SSRs deliver new insights into the relationships in the ‘true citrus fruit trees’ group (Citrinae, Rutaceae) and the origin of cultivated species" in Annals of Botany vol. 111 (2013) pp. 1-19 
 Xiaomeng Li, Rangjin Xie, Zhenhua Lu, Zhiqin Zhou, "The Origin of Cultivated Citrus as Inferred from Internal Transcribed Spacer and Chloroplast DNA Sequence and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Fingerprints" in Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science vol. 135 (2010) pp. 341-350 
 A. I. Luss, "Pomerantsevje Japonii i sosednikh stran jugovostochnoi Azii' in Bulletin of applied botany, genetics and plant breeding vol. 26 (1931) pp. 141-240 


 E. Nicolosi, Z. N. Deng, A. Gentile, S. La Malfa, G. Continella, E. Tribulato, "Citrus phylogeny and genetic origin of important species as investigated by molecular markers" in Theoretical and Applied Genetics vol. 100 (2000) pp. 1155-1166  Epitome
 X. Pang, C. Hu, X. Deng, "Phylogenetic relationships within Citrus and its related genera as inferred from AFLP markers" in Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution vol. 54 (2007) pp. 429-436  Epitome
 T. Penjor, T. Anai, Y. Nagano, R. Matsumoto, M. Yamamoto, "Phylogenetic relationships of Citrus and its relatives based on rbcL gene sequences" in Tree Genetics and Genomes vol. 6 (2010) pp. 931-939  Epitome
 Zoey Poll, "Where the Rare Citrus Grows: for French chefs and perfumers, a government-run grove on Corsica — home to some 900 varieties — has become a place of pilgrimage" in New York Times (18/24 Februarii 2021)
 Rainer W. Scora, "On the History and Origin of Citrus" in Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club vol. 102 (1975) pp. 369-375  JSTOR
 Rainer W. Scora, "Biochemistry, taxonomy and evolution of modern cultivated Citrus" in R. Goren. K. Mendel, edd., Proceedings of the 6th International Citrus Congress (Rehovot: Balaban Publishers, 1988) pp. 277-289 
 Guohong Albert Wu et al., "Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus" in Nature (7 Februarii 2018)


 De historia
 A. C. Andrews, "Acclimatization of citrus fruits in the Mediterranean region" in Agricultural history vol. 35 (1961) pp. 35-46  JSTOR
 Dorian Q Fuller et al., "Charred pummelo peel, historical linguistics and other tree crops: approaches to framing the historical context of early Citrus cultivation in East, South and Southeast Asia" in Véronique Zech-Matterne, Girolamo Fiorentino, edd., AGRUMED: Archaeology and history of citrus fruit in the Mediterranean (Neapoli: Centre Jean Bérard, 2018) alibi
 Dafna Langgut, "The Citrus Route Revealed: From Southeast Asia into the Mediterranean" in HortScience vol. 52 (2017) pp. 814-822 Epitome
 A. Weisskopf, D. Q. Fuller, "Citrus fruits: origins and development" in C. Smith, ed., Encyclopedia of global archaeology (Novi Eboraci: Springer, 2013) pp. 1479–1483
 Véronique Zech-Matterne, Girolamo Florentino, edd., AGRUMED: Archaeology and history of citrus fruit in the Mediterranean. Neapoli, 2017; OpenEdition Books, 2018 Textus

 De usu
 Giovanni Dugo, Luigi Mondello, edd., Citrus Oils. CRC Press, 2010 
 A. A. Farooqi, Z. Wang, S. Hasnain, R. Attar, A. Aslam, Q. Mansoor, M. Ismail, "Citrus fruits and their bioactive ingredients: leading four horsemen from front" in Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention vol. 16 (2015) pp. 2575-2580.
 Xinmiao Lv, Siyu Zhao, Zhangchi Ning, Honglian Zeng, Yisong Shu, Ou Tao, Cheng Xiao, Cheng Lu, Yuanyan Liu, "Citrus fruits as a treasure trove of active natural metabolites that potentially provide benefits for human health" in Chemistry Central Journal vol. 9 (2015) no. 68
 N. E. Mustafa, "Citrus Essential Oils: Current and Prospective Uses in the Food Industry" in Recent Patents in Food, Nutrition and Agriculture vol. 7 (2015) pp. 115-127. Epitome
 Z. Zou, W. Xi, Y. Hu, C. Nie, Z. Zhou, "Antioxidant activity of Citrus fruits" in Food Chemistry vol. 196 (2016) pp. 885-896. Epitome

 Nexus externi 

 Citrus Pages 
 Citrus Variety Collection (Universitas Californiensis apud Riverside)
 "The Origins of Citrus Research in California" e libro The Citrus Industry vol. 5 (1989) 
 "Retracing early cultivation steps: Lessons from comparing citrus genomes" apud phys.org
 "The citrus in the old pharmacopoeias" apud Medicinal Plants


Categoria:Taxa Linnaei
Categoria:Taxa 1753