Manganum

Manganum"Manganum": Peter van der Krogt, "Elementa chemica" apud situm Elementymology & Elements Multidict est elementum chemicum metallicum transitionis cui numerus atomicus 25 et symbolum Mn. In grege septimo et periodo quarta systematis periodici ponitur. 25 protones et 30 neutrones habet: eius massa atomica 54,94 valet. Inventum est anno 1774 a Suecico chemista Johan Gottlieb Gahn ex magnesia nigra (mangani oxido), unde nomenBig Chemical Encyclopedia.

Duodecimum locum in Telluris elementis, quintum in metallis abundantia obtinet.

 De proprietatibus chemicis 
Manganum purum est metallum durum, fragile, argenteum. In aere oxidatur et in compositis naturalibus saepe cum ferro mixtum invenitur cui aliquatenus similis est. Eius configuratio electronica notatur 3d54s2. Temperatura qua liquidum fit: 1250 gradus Celsiani. Qua gas fit: 2120 gradus Celsiani. Massa per volumen: 7,47g/cm3. Quinque status oxidationis praebere potest:	+7, +6, +4, +2, +3.

 De purificatione 
In industria chemica manganum ex pyrolusita (genere mangani dioxidi) per aluminium et temperaturas calidissimas purificatur secundum reactionem infrascriptam:
 3 MnO2(s) + 4 Al(s) →  2 Al2O3(s) + 3 Mn(l)

 In biologia 
Manganum photosynthesi plantarum necessarium est ubi in photosystemate II aquam in dioxygenium O2 oxidat. Itaque in agricultura solis quibus deest additur.

Micronutrimentum quoque est multis organismis et metabolismo carbohydratorum lipidorumque interest tamquam enzymorum cofactor. Exempli gratia manganum-peroxidasis ligninum digeritMuhammad Bilal (2023).. Intra organismos manganum tres gradus oxidationis praebere potest: +2, +3, +4Encyclopaedia Universalis. In homine adulto inter 12 et 20 mg mangani reperiri solent. Nihilominus nimia mangani praesentia neurodegenerationem gignere potest, qui morbus manganismus appellaturSarfo Kwaku Obeng (1924). et morbo Parkinsoniano satis similis estSudeshna Dey (2023)..

 De usu humano 
Manganum raro solum adhibetur, potius in variis mixturis metallicis praecipue cum ferro in chalybe firmando sed etiam in aere adversus corrosionem vel cum aluminioDe mixturarum utilitate mangani et aluminii. ad potionum capsas metallicas quam levissimas faciendasKDMFAB de mangani mixturis. Roshan Jacob (2020). Nyasha Matsanga (2025)..

Oxidum mangani(IV) MnO2MaestroVirtuale colorem viridem vitro adimitCamille Muller. Le rôle du fer et du manganèse dans la couleur et l'altération de verres du patrimoine. Génie chimique. Université Paris-Est, 2023.  et in accumulatris siccis invenitur in quibus dioxidum mangani cathodum facit, zincum autem anodum.

Alia composita pigmenta praebent. Kalii permanganas KMnO4 quoque ob oxidandi virtutem multos usus in chemia invenit. Nam in hoc sale ex iontibus K+ et Mn composito manganum statum oxidationis +7 praebet.

Notae

 Plura legere si cupis 
Santiago Alejandro, Stefanie Höller, Bastian Meier, Edgar Peiter. "Manganese in Plants: From Acquisition to Subcellular Allocation", Frontiers in Plant Science,  2020.
Muhammad Bilal, Jakub Zdarta, Teofil Jesionowski, Hafiz M.N. Iqbal. "Manganese peroxidases as robust biocatalytic tool — An overview of sources, immobilization, and biotechnological applications", International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023: 123531
Sudeshna Dey, Banismita Tripathy, M. Santosh Kumar, Alok Prasad Das . "Ecotoxicological consequences of manganese mining pollutants and their biological remediation", Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 2023: 55-61
Roshan Jacob, S. Raman Sankaranarayanan, S.P. Kumaresh Babu. "Recent advancements in manganese steels – A review", Materials Today: Proceedings, 2020: 2852-2858
Nyasha Matsanga, Merete Tangstad, Michel Wa Kalenga, Willie Nheta. "Manganese Alloy Production─A Review of the SAF Process and Emerging Technologies", ACS Omega, 2025
Sarfo Kwaku Obeng, Martin Kulhánek, Jiří Balík, Jindřich Černý, Ondřej Sedlář. "Manganese: From Soil to Human Health-A Comprehensive Overview of Its Biological and Environmental Significance", Nutrients, 2024: 3455.

 Nexus externi 
 Vicimedia communia plura habent quae ad manganum spectant
 Hoc elementum apud Patreon: periodic videos

Categoria:Elementa chemica
Categoria:Metalla