Philosophia

Philosophia (etymologice 'amor sapientiae', Graece φιλεῖν 'amare' + σοφία 'sapientia') est studium sapientiae vel veritatis, per investigationem principiorum cogitationis humanorumque factorum. Qui philosophiae se dedicant philosophi nominantur. "Philosophia individua dimittit; neque impressiones primas individuorum, sed notiones ab illis abstractas complectitur; atque hoc prorsus officium est atque opificium rationis."Franciscus Baco, De dignitate.

Vocabulum philosophiae a Pythagora fictum est, quia sapientiam privilegium divinum putabat; ipse autem se sapientem (sophos) haberi nolebat. Amator sapientiae (vel scientiae) igitur dici malebat.

Philosophia hodierna multas definitiones habet, inter eas:
Criticum studium omnium humanarum quaestionum;
Rationale studium omnis sapientiae humanae;
Studium quaestionum, quibus responsa non sint absoluta.

Partes speciales philosophiae sunt philosophia mentis, philosophia scientiarum, philosophia orationis, philosophia historiae, philosophia religionis, et ceterae.

Notiones philosophiae
Inter notiones philosophicas sunt philosophari; esse, essentia, quidditas, haecceitas, substantia, exsistentia, res, realitas; perceptio, spatium, tempus, conscientia, veritas; ratio, mens, memoria, voluntas, desiderium; bonus, officium, virtus, libertas; natura, societas, iustitia, potestas, civitas; ars, labor, historia, illuminatio, cosmotheoria.

 Divisio 
Praecipuae philosophiae notiones realitatis et veritatis (in metaphysica, logica, et ontologia), sapientiae (in epistemologia), boni et iustitiae (in ethice et oeconomia politica), et pulchritudinis (in aesthetica) sunt.

Philosophia dividitur in:

1. Philosophia essendi (seu metaphysica), quae subdividitur in: 

1.1 Metaphysica generalis (seu ontologia) et

1.2 Metaphysica specialis.

Ontologia dividitur in: 

1.1.1 Generalis,

1.1.2 Aetiologia et 

1.1.3 Categorologia.

Metaphysica specialis dividitur in: 

1.2.1 Theologia naturalis (seu theodicea seu soteriologia), 

1.2.2 Cosmologia (seu philosophia naturae, cosmologia metaphysica, cosmologia philosophica) et 

1.2.3 Philosophia hominis (seu psychologia metaphysica, psychologia philosophica, psychologia rationalis, anthropologia philosophica).

2. Philosophia cognoscendi (seu critica, epistemologia, gnosologia, theoria cognitionis, phaenomenologia, logica materialis, logica maior, criteriologia, ideologia, methodologia)

3. Philosophia operandi (seu ethica, philosophia moralis, moralitas, axiologia (in qua aesthetica, calologia seu theoria artis est) et sociologia philosophica). Subdividitur in:

3.1 Ethica generalis et iustitia socialis

3.2 Ethica specialis (in qua philosophia politica vel oeconomia politica est).

Logica (logica formalis seu logica minor) scientia quae agitur de causis alteris non est, sed de causis inmediatis. Cum mathematica, scientiae formales sunt.

 Historia philosophiae 
Plurum philosophorum nomina discere poteris s.v. index philosophorum.

 Philosophia Occidentalis 
 Graecia 
Vide etiam Index philosophorum Graecorum
 Origo philosophiae 
Occidentalis traditio coepit in Graecia. Res prima fuit indagatio ἀρχῆς id est principii mundi. Philosophi praeclari fuerunt:

Anaxagoras
Anaximander
Anaximenes
Democritus
Diogenes
Empedocles
Heraclitus
Parmenides
Pythagoras
Thales
Xenophanes
Zeno Eleates

 Philosophia classica 
Circa 400 a.C.n., disputatio facta est cogitatio de homine. Philosophi, qui creaverunt classicam philosophiam in Europa, fuerunt:
 Socrates
 Plato
 Aristoteles

 Philosophia hellenistica 

Chrysippus
Cleanthes
Epictetus
Epicurus
Plotinus
Pyrrho Eleus
Neoplatonismus
Sextus Empiricus
Zeno Citieus

 Roma 
Romani eandem ferme viam rationemque philosophandi, i.e. sapientiam adfectandi, secuti sunt ac Graeci. Praeclari philosophi erant:

Stoicismus
Aurelius Augustinus
Marcus Aurelius
Cassiodorus
Lactantius
Titus Lucretius Carus
Philodemus
Minucius Felix
Seneca
Severinus Boethius
Marcus Tullius Cicero
Marius Victorinus

 Mediaevalis philosophia 

Anselmus Cantuariensis
Thomas Aquinas, Doctor Angelicus
Avicenna
Petrus Abaelardus
Abulola Moarrensis
Averroes
Bernardus Claraevallensis
Boethius Dacii
Petrus Damiani
Robertus Capito
Robertus Grosseteste
Albertus Magnus Doctor Universalis
Rogerius Baco 
Bonaventura
Petrus Lombardus, Magister Sententiarum
Raimundus Lullius
Eckhartus de Hochheim, Doctor Seraphicus
Ioannes Duns Scotus, Doctor Subtilis
Guillelmus de Ockham, Doctor Incincibilis
Ioannes a Ripa, Doctor Subtilissimus
Franciscus Petrarcha

Philosophia Temporis Renatarum Artium

Rodolphus Agricola
Iohannes Althusius
Ioannes Bodinus
Carolus Bovillus
Iordanus Brunus Nolanus, Frater
Thomas Campanella
Renatus Cartesius
Nicolaus Cusanus Cardinalis
Nicolaus Copernicus
Marsilius Ficinus
Petrus Gassendus
Ioannes Picus de Mirandola
Franciscus Patritius
Samuel Pufendorf
Petrus Ramus
Benedictus de Spinoza
Faber Stapulensis
Franciscus Suarez
Franciscus de Victoria Nova
Dominicus de Soto
Bernardinus Telesius
Laurentius Valla
Ioannes Ludovicus Vives
Benedictus Pereira
Petrus Pomponatius
Augustinus Steuchus
Theodoros Gazes
Basilius Bessario
Donatus Giannotti
Iohannes Locke
Godefridus Guilielmus Leibnitius

 Hodierna philosophia 

David Hume
Iohannes Stuart Mill
Fridericus Nietzsche
Georgius Wilhelmus Fridericus Hegel
Iohannes Fichtius
Immanuel Kantius
 Carolus Popper
Balduinus de Bodinat

 Philosophia pessimismi 
Arthurus Schopenhauer
Fridericus Nietzsche
Aemilius Michael Cioran
David Benatar

 Philosophia Institiae Socialiae 
Simona Weil
Iohannes Rawls

 Philosophia neo-Aristoteliana 
Ayn Rand
Harrius Binswanger
Andreas Bernstein
Leonardus Peikoff

 Philosophia analytica 

Ludovicus Wittgenstein
Bertrand Russell
Gottlob Frege
Tadeusz Kotarbinski
Alfredus Tarski
Georgius Henricus von Wright

 Philosophia marxistica 
Carolus Marx
Fridericus Engels
Ludovicus Althusser
Georgius Lukacs
Vladimirus Lenin

 Philosophia existentialistica 
Severinus Kierkegaard
Ioannes Paulus Sartre
Albertus Camus
Carolus Theodorus Jaspers

 Philosophia post-moderna 
Iacobus Derrida
Michael Foucault
Aegidius Deleuze
Sigismundus Bauman

 Philosophia phaenomenologica 

Edmundus Husserl
Martinus Heidegger
Emmanuel Lévinas
Ioannes Lipps
Maximus Scheler
Editha Stein
Ioanna Arendt
Iohannes Paulus II

 Hermeneutica 
Ioannes Georgius Gadamer
Paulus Ricoeur
Antonius Gerards

Philosophia Sinica

 Philosophia Confuciana 
Confucius
Zuluus
Yenyuenius
Mencius
Xun Zi

 Philosophia Daoistica 
Laocius
Sancius

 Philosophia Mociana 
Mocius seu Micius

 Aliae doctrinae 
Han Fei
Sunlungus
Lieupugueius

 Philosophia Indica 
 Philosophia Brahmanica 
 Rāmānuja
 Ādi Śaṅkara

 Philosophia Buddhica 
Butta
Aśvaghoṣa
Nāgārjuna
Āryadeva
Vasubandhu

Artes liberales
Dies mundi philosophiae
Logica philosophica
Metaphilosophia
Omnia
Philosophia coloris
Philosophia continentalis
Philosophia mathematicae
PhiloSOPHIA (periodicum)
Philosophia recens
Philosophia religionis
Philosophia religiosa
Philosophia scientiae
Pragmatismus

Notae

Bibliographia
Bullock, Alan, R. B. Woodings, et John Cumming, eds. (1983), 1992. The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thinkers. Fontana Originals. Hammersmith Angliae.: Fontana Press. ISBN 9780006369653.
Bullock, Alan, et Oliver Stallybrass, eds. 1977. The Harper Dictionary of Modern Thought. Novi Eboraci: Harper & Row. ISBN 9780060105785.
Julia, Didier. 2006. Dictionnaire de la philosophie. Responsable éditorial, Emmanuel de Waresquiel; secretariat de rédaction, Joelle Narjollet. Lutetiae: Larousse. ISBN 9782035833099.
Reese, W. L. 1980. Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and Western Thought. Atlantic Highlands Novae Caesareae: Humanities Press. ISBN 9780391006881.

Praefationes
Appiah, Kwame Anthony. 2003. Thinking it Through: An Introduction to Contemporary Philosophy. ISBN 9780195134582.
Blumenau, Ralph. Philosophy and Living. ISBN 9780907845331.
Craig, Edward. Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction. ISBN 9780192854216.
Curley, Edwin. 1994. A Spinoza Reader. Princeton. ISBN 9780691000671.
Durant, Will. 1991. Story of Philosophy: The Lives and Opinions of the World's Greatest Philosophers. Pocket. ISBN 9780671739164.
Harrison-Barbet, Anthony. Mastering Philosophy. ISBN 9780333693438.
Higgins, Kathleen M., et Robert C. Solomon. A Short History of Philosophy. ISBN 9780195101966.
Philosophy Now. Magazina.
Rochelle, Gerald. 2012. Doing Philosophy. ISBN 9781780460048.
Russell, Bertrand. The Problems of Philosophy. ISBN 9780195115529.
Sinclair, Alistair J. 2008. What is Philosophy? An Introduction. ISBN 9781903765944.
Sober, Elliott. 2001. Core Questions in Philosophy: A Text with Readings. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780131898691.
Solomon, Robert C. Big Questions: A Short Introduction to Philosophy. ISBN 9780534167080.
Warburton, Nigel. Philosophy: The Basics. ISBN 9780415146944.

Res
Copleston, Frederick. Philosophy in Russia: From Herzen to Lenin and Berdyaev. ISBN 9780268015695.
Critchley, Simon. Continental Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction. ISBN 9780192853592.
Hamilton, Sue. Indian Philosophy: a Very Short Introduction. ISBN 9780192853745.
Harwood, Sterling, ed. 2000. Business as Ethical and Business as Usual. Belmont Californiae: Wadsworth Publishing Co.
Imbo, Samuel Oluoch. An Introduction to African Philosophy. ISBN 9780847688418.
Knight, Kelvin. Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre. ISBN 9780745619774.
Kupperman, Joel J. Classic Asian Philosophy: A Guide to the Essential Texts. ISBN 9780195133356.
Leaman, Oliver. A Brief Introduction to Islamic Philosophy. ISBN 9780745619606.
Lee, Joe and Powell, Jim. Eastern Philosophy For Beginners. ISBN 9780863162824.
Nagel, Thomas. What Does It All Mean? A Very Short Introduction to Philosophy. ISBN 9780195052923.
Scruton, Roger. A Short History of Modern Philosophy. ISBN 9780415267632.
Smart, Ninian. World Philosophies. ISBN 9780415228527.
Tarnas, Richard. The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View. ISBN 9780345368096.

Anthologiae
Classics of Philosophy (Vols. 1 & 2, 2nd edition), ed. Louis P. Pojman
Classics of Philosophy: The 20th Century (Vol. 3), ed. Louis P. Pojman
The English Philosophers from Bacon to Mill, ed. Edwin Arthur
European Philosophers from Descartes to Nietzsche, ed. Monroe Beardsley
Contemporary Analytic Philosophy: Core Readings, ed. James Baillie
Existentialism: Basic Writings, ed. 2a., ed. Charles Guignon, Derk Pereboom
The Phenomenology Reader ed. Dermot Moran, Timothy Mooney
Medieval Islamic Philosophical Writings, ed. Muhammad Ali Khalidi
A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, ed. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Charles A. Moore
A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy, ed. Wing-tsit Chan
Kim, J., et Ernest Sosa, ed. 1999. Metaphysics: An Anthology. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies. Oxford, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
The Oxford Handbook of Free Will 2004. Ed. Robert Kane
Husserl, Edmund, et Donn Welton. 1999. The Essential Husserl: Basic Writings in Transcendental Phenomenology. Bloomingtoniae: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253212733.
Cottingham, John. 2008. Western Philosophy: An Anthology. Ed. secunda. Malden Massachusettae: Blackwell Publishing. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies.

Opera referentiae

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy ed. Ted Honderich
The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy a Robert Audi
The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (10 vols.) ed. Edward Craig, Luciano Floridi
The Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy ed. Edward Craig. Imminutio.
Encyclopedia of Philosophy (8 vol.), ed. Paulo Edwards.
International Directory of Philosophy and Philosophers. Charlottesville: Philosophy Documentation Center.
Directory of American Philosophers. Charlottesville: Philosophy Documentation Center.
Routledge History of Philosophy (10 vol.) ed. John Marenbon
History of Philosophy (9 vol.) a Frederick Copleston
A History of Western Philosophy (5 vols.) a W. T. Jones
History of Italian Philosophy (2 vol.) a Eugenio Garin. 
Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophies (8 vol.), edited by Karl H. Potter et al. (first 6 volumes out of print)
Indian Philosophy (2 vol.) ed. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
A History of Indian Philosophy (5 vol.) ed. Surendranath Dasgupta
History of Chinese Philosophy (2 vol.) ed. Fung Yu-lan, Derk Bodde
Instructions for Practical Living and Other Neo-Confucian Writings by Wang Yang-ming ed. Chan, Wing-tsit
Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy ed. Antonio S. Cua
Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion ed. Ingrid Fischer-Schreiber, Franz-Karl Ehrhard, Kurt Friedrichs
Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy ed. Brian Carr, Indira Mahalingam
A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English ed. John A. Grimes
History of Islamic Philosophy ed. Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Oliver Leaman
History of Jewish Philosophy ed. Daniel H. Frank, Oliver Leaman
A History of Russian Philosophy: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries a Valerii Aleksandrovich Kuvakin
Addita
Ayer, A. J., et al., ed. 1994. A Dictionary of Philosophical Quotations. Blackwell Reference Oxford. Oxoniae: Basil Blackwell Ltd.
Blackburn, S., ed. 1996. The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
Angeles, P. A., ed. 1992. The Harper Collins Dictionary of Philosophy. Novi Eboraci: Harper Perennial.
Bunnin, N., et al., ed. 1996. The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy. Blackwell Companions to Philosophy. Oxoniae: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Hoffman, Eric, ed. 1997. Guidebook for Publishing Philosophy. Charlottesville: Philosophy Documentation Center.
Mauter, T., ed. The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy. Londinii: Penguin Books.
Popkin, R. H. 1999. The Columbia History of Western Philosophy. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press.
Runes, D., ed. 1942. The Dictionary of Philosophy. Novi Eboraci: The Philosophical Library, Inc.

 Nexus externi 
Wikisource
Scholasticon bibliotheca
Corpus scriptorum latinorum
Scholasticon bibliotheca
Corpus scriptorum latinorum
Philosophia
Encyclopedia
Situs Hispanicus philosophiae
Situs Universitatis Jean Moulin Lugduni 3
Academie Grannopolis
Atrium
Bibliotheca philosophiae
Bibliotheca
Biographiae et citationes philosophorum et scriptores athei

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