Bellum

Bellum  est res socialis et politica, e concursu armato saepe constans. Bellum saepe anteceditur a discordiae tempore atque discriminis. Nostra aetate, legati ambarum factionum (vel civitatum) enixe (vel autem ficte) bellum cavere conantur. Exercitus vim fiduciamque factionis ostendunt: non numquam adversarium tantum exanimant, ut bellum ambo aemuli amovere statuant.


Pugnantur bella ad ubertatem loci tenendam, ad solvendas mercatorias vel finium controversias, propter discordiam de pecuniis, ob dissensiones civiles religionis vel doctrinae causa, ac multis de causis aliis.

Saepe in bello et vincere vincique luctuosum ac sumptuosum civitati et gentibus est. Bella a militibus informibus fere geruntur, qui a civitatibus suis solvuntur. Hi bellum cum armis gerunt quae trans tempus variant.

Ius in bello est pars iuris internationalis, et praescribit quibus de causis bella geri possint; praetera plurimae nationes orbis terrarum tantum bellum quod ad defendendum geritur probant. De causis belli iusti a temporibus Romanorum controversiae fuerunt, quae a patribus Christianis.Ambrosius, De officiis ministrorum; Augustinus De civitate dei et Quaestiones in Heptateuchum. et iuris peritis sequentibus continuatae sunt, dum in Concordantia discordantium canonum Gratiani, dicta breviter decreto Gratiani, collectae sunt.. 

 Etymologia 
Origo verbi saepe incognita habetur.Ernout A.et Meillet A. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine (Lutetiae: Klincksiek, 1951), 122 Tradit autem Daniel PetitBrachet Jean-Paul, de Lamberterie Charles, "Chronique d'étymologie latine [1]. N˚ 2 (CEL 2004)," Revue de philologie, de littérature et d'histoire anciennes (2004/2) 78: 315–41. . etymologiam quam proposuit G.-J. Pinault,"Bellum: la guerre et la beauté," De Virgile 1987: 151–56. quae dicit bellum coniungi potesse cognatione etymologica cum adiectivo bono et vocabulis quae ad eandem familiam pertinent. Cum radix indoeuropeana *dweno (> bonus) 'bonus, fortis' olim significavisset, radix derivata *dweno-lo- significavisset 'satis bonus vel fortis', e qua significatione, sensus duo nati essent, alter restrictus  ('non omnino bonus' > 'qui bonus videtur, sed non ex omni parte', Latine bellus, sensu deminutivo), alter plenior ('vere bonus' > casu neutro, adiectivum substantivatum, 'gesta fortissima', Latine bellum). Latinitas autem medii aevi non solum bello, sed etiam vocabulo guerra (e nomine Francice *werra) utebatur.Du Cange.; sic in multis linguis Europae, vocabulo derivato non a bello, sed a *werra, utuntur (Anglice war; Francice guerre; Hispanice et Italiane guerra).

 Sententiae nonnullae de bello 
"Aequalitas haud parit bellum" (Erasmus, Adagia, e sententia soloniana "τὸ ἴσον πόλεμον οὐ ποιεῖ") 
 "Bellum omnium contra omnes"
 "Dulce bellum inexpertis" (titulus adagii erasmiani -no 3001 -, longissimi omnium, e sententia pindariana "γλυκύς ἐστι πόλεμος ἀπείροισιν" (fr. 110,1) 
 "Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori." (Horatius) in (III.2.13):
"Et [Deus] iudicabit inter populos multos et decernet gentibus fortibus usque in longinquum; et concident gladios suos in vomeres et hastas suas in falces; non sumet gens adversus gentem gladium, neque discent ultra belligerare." (Micha 4,3; translatio Nova Vulgata Bibliae)
 "Gladius axis orbis terrarum est et potentia eius absoluta est." (Carolus de Gaulle)
 "Hostes hi sunt, qui nobis aut quibus nos publice bellum decrevimus, ceteri latrones aut praedones sunt." (Digestae 50,16,118)
 "Mars communis". "Incertum ac varium belli eventum notant hoc dicto : Ἄρης κοινός, id est Mars communis"Erasmus, Adagium 3646.
 "Pugnant homines pugnas quia terrarum orbis factus sine homine est, atque sine homine finem habebit." (pellicula Tiger ac nix, Italiane: La tigre e la neve)
 "Inter arma enim silent leges." (Cicero)
 "Si vis pacem, para bellum." (Vegetius)
 "Ultima ratio regum" (scilicet "Vis est ultima, caet.") est sententia quae, jussu Ludovici XIV, legebatur super cannonibus Francicis.

 Arma
 Bellum civile
 Bellum Frigidum
 Bellum maritimum
 Bellum psychicum
 Bomba atomica
 Casus belli
 Compensatio sumptuum belli
 Contra bellum
 Dissimulatio
 Ecechiria
 Humanitarium belli ius
 Index bellorum
 Indictio belli
 Lex militaris
 Motus contra bellum
 Proelium
 Ratio agonalis
 Res militaris
 Scelus bellicum
 Strategia
 Totum bellum

 Notae 

 Bibliographia 
 Capulla, Duane M. 2008. War Wolf. University of Pili.
 Chagnon, Nicholas. 1983. The Yanomamo. Novi Eboraci: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
 Codevilla, Angelo M., et Paul Seabury. 2006. War: Ends and Means. Ed, 2a, Potomac Books.
 Codevilla, Angelo M. 2005. No Victory, No Peace. Rowman and Littlefield.
 Gad, Barzilai. 1996. Wars, Internal Conflicts and Political Order: A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East. Albaniae: State University of New York Press,
 Clausewitz, Carl Von. 1976. On War. Princetoniae: Princeton University Press.
 Fornari, Franco. 1974. The Psychoanalysis of War. Conv. Alenka Pfeifer. Garden City, Novi Eboraci: Doubleday Anchor Press. Reimp. 1975. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
 Fry, Douglas P. 2005. The Human Potential for Peace: An Anthropological Challenge to Assumptions about War and Violence. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
 Gat, Azar. 2006. War in Human Civilization. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
 Heinsohn, Gunnar. 2003. Söhne und Weltmacht: Terror im Aufstieg und Fall der Nationen. Orell Füssli. PDF.
 Keeley, Lawrence. 1996. War Before Civilization. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
 LeBlanc, S. A. 1999. Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest. University of Utah Press.
 Maniscalco, Fabio. 2007. World Heritage and War. Monographic series "Mediterraneum," 6. Neapoli: Massa, Naples.
 Karsten, Rafael. 1923. Blood revenge, war, and victory feasts among the Jibaro Indians of eastern Ecuador.
 Keegan, John. 1994. "A History Of Warfare." Pimlico.
 Kelly, Raymond C. 2000. Warless Societies and the Origin of War. University of Michigan Press.
 Livingstone Smith, David. 2007. The Most Dangerous Animal: Human Nature and the Origins of War, St. Martin's Press.
 Otterbein, Keit. 2004. How War Began.
 Pauketat, Timothy. 2005. North American Archaeology. Blackwell Publishing.
 Small, Melvin, et David J. Singer. 1982. Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars. Sage Publications.
 Turchin, P. 2005. War and Peace and War: Life Cycles of Imperial Nations. Novi Eboraci: Pi Press.
 Van Creveld, Martin. The Art of War: War and Military Thought. Londinii: Cassell, Wellington House.
 Wade, Nicholas. 2006. Before the Dawn. Novi Eboraci: Penguin.
 Walzer, Michael. 1977. Just and Unjust Wars. Basic Books.
 Zimmerman, L. 1981. The Crow Creek Site Massacre: A Preliminary Report. US Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District.

 Nexus externus 

 "Correlates of War Project," www.umich.edu.
 "Correlates of War 2," cow2.la.psu.edu.
 Contra bellum, www.antiwar.com.
 "War." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
 "Complex Emergency Database (CE-DAT)." www.cedat.org.
 "The Art of the War." Apud www.literalmagazine.com
 "World War I primary source collection." libluna.colorado.edu.
 "Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century." necrometrics.com.
 "International humanitarian law." International Committee of the Red Cross.
 "Customary international humanitarian law." International Committee of the Red Cross.
 "International humanitarian law database." Treaties and States Parties (icrc.org).
 "Customary IHL Database." International Committee of the Red Cross (icrc.org).

!
Categoria:Ethica
Categoria:Violentia