Chiliogramma

Kraus, L. A. (1844), Kritisch-etymologisches medicinisches Lexikon, ed. 3a (Gotingae: Verlag der Deuerlich- und Dieterichschen Buchhandlung).Schlickum, O. (1879), Lateinisch-deutsches Special-Wörterbuch der pharmazeutischen Wissenschaften (Lipsiae: Ernst Günther’s Verlag).Gabler, E., & T. C. Winkler (1881), Latijnsch-Hollandsch woordenboek over de geneeskunde en de natuurkundige wetenschappen, ed. secunda (Lugduni Batvaorum: A. W. Sijthoff).Foster, F. D. (1891-1893), An illustrated medical dictionary. Being a dictionary of the technical terms used by writers on medicine and the collateral sciences, in the Latin, English, French, and German languages (Novi Eboraci: D. Appleton and Company).  sive Maxwell, T., ed. (1890), Terminologia medica polyglotta (Londinii: J. & A. Churchill / Lutetiae: G. Mason / Philadelphiae: P. Blakiston, Son & Co. (-atis, n. vel -ae, f.) est mensura massae in systemate metrico (rite in systemate internationali unitatum), una ex septem principalibus physicae mensuris. Eius abbreviatio est  (seu , secundum normas internationales). Late per mundum in scientia, arte ingeniaria, et commercio adhibetur, vulgo in sermone quotidiano  et  appellata.

Unum chiliogramma (1 chg) primum anno 1795 fuit massa unius litri aquae apud temperaturam quattuor graduum Celsii.Chiliogramma fuit etiam 1000 grammatum; vice versa, gramma est millensima chiliogrammatis pars. Haec definitio verbis simplex sed usu difficilis erat. Secundum autem recentissimas huius unitatis definitiones, haec cognatio est vera usque ad triginta partes per millionem. Anno 1799, "chiliogramma archivorum" (ut dicitur), ex platino funditum, norma massae factum est. Anno 1889, cylindrus temperationis platini et iridii, prototypus internationalis chiliogrammatis, norma unitatis massae in omne systemate metrico factum est, et sic mansit usque ad annum 2019. Chiliogramma erat ultima ex unitatum systematis internationalis quae per rem corporeum definiebatur.

 Historia hodierna 
Ab anno 1889 1 chg erat, per definitionem, massa quae continetur in exemplari prisco apud Officinam Internationale in Pondera et Mensuras Lutetiae sito. Exemplar metallis platino (90%) atque iridio (10%) factum est. In forma cylindri 39 mm alti, cum radio 19.5 mm fusum est.

Definitio chiliogrammatis rite die 20 Maii 2019 . Nova definitio non iam de prisco exemplari, sed de constanti Planckiana (), de celeritate lucis () et de definitione secundi— cyclis radiationis electronum quae inter status fundamentalis atomi Cs 133 moventur ()—dependet:

Gramma
Gravimetria
Inertia
Litrum
Massa
Massa contra pondus
Newtonium
Maximilianus Planck
Pondus
Systema metricum
Tonna

Notae

Bibliographia
 Davis, Richard. 2003. "The SI unit of mass." Metrologia 40, no. 6 (fasciculus praecipuus: "Mass"): 299–305. .
Resnick, Brian. 2019. "The new kilogram just debuted. It's a massive achievement." Vox.com, 20 Maii 2019. Editio interretialis.
 Robens, Erich. 2014. "The International Prototype Kilogram." In Balances, Instruments, Manufacturers, History, 62–64. Heidelbergae: Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-36447-1. .

Nexus externi

 National Institute of Standards and Technology: "NIST Improves Accuracy of ‘Watt Balance’ Method for Defining the Kilogram." www.nist.gov.
 National Physical Laboratory: "Are any problems caused by having the kilogram defined in terms of a physical artefact?" FAQ - Mass & Density, www.npl.co.uk.
 NPL: "Avogadro Project." www.npl.co.uk.
NPL: "NPL watt balance." www.npl.co.uk.
 Metrologia in Francia: "Watt balance." www.french-metrology.com.
 Australian National Measurement Institute. "Redefining the kilogram through the Avogadro constant." www.measurement.gov.au.
 International Bureau of Weights and Measures: Situs interretialis ministerii proprius. www.bipm.org.
 NZZ Folio: ''"What a kilogram really weighs."'
 NPL. "What are the differences between mass, weight, force and load?" www.npl.co.uk.
 BBC. "Getting the measure of a kilogram." news.bbc.co.uk.
 NPR. "This Kilogram Has A Weight-Loss Problem." conloquium cum Ricardo Steiner, physico in National Institute of Standards and Technology, www.npr.org.
"Avogadro and molar Planck constants for the redefinition of the kilogram." www.inrim.it.
"Realization of the awaited definition of the kilogram." www.inrim.it.

Categoria:Physica
Categoria:Unitates physicae