Ku'om

Ku'om anɛ dinɛ ka ba nuud. Ku'om anɛ linɛ ka laʋk bɛɛ bʋnvʋr si'a pʋ gɛndig maali lii, ka li zanbin sɔbʋg anɛ H2O. Li yiligi nyɛt nyain, ka pʋ mɔr mimilim, nɛ nyuuŋɔ nɛ nwɛnnɛm. Dinɛ an yɛlkpan dunia ku'ogbaʋŋ la wʋsa naamʋgin ka an bʋnvʋya wʋsa ku'or ( di anɛ dinɛ maan yɛla pamm).https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/water-qa-why-water-universal-solvent?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects Di anɛ yɛlkpan bɛɛ nimmua bʋn tis bʋn linɛ mɔr vʋm wʋsa la'am nɛ lin pʋ tisid diib paŋ bɛɛ kʋ'ʋlʋm linɛ sʋŋid niŋgbiŋ laafi. Li zanbin sɔb kaŋa H2O, pa'an ye li mɔlekuls nam yinne-yinne mɔr vʋ'ʋsim pɛbisʋg yinnɛ nɛ haidrogen atɔm ayi' ka kɔnba tɔ'ɔŋi ba wʋsa. Haidrogen atɔm nam la la'asi tɔ'ɔŋ nɛ vʋ'ʋsʋm pɛbisʋg atɔm nam la ka li naam zin'ig wʋʋ 104.45°.https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Pacific_Union_College/Quantum_Chemistry/10%3A_Bonding_in_Polyatomic_Molecules/10.02%3A_Hybrid_Orbitals_in_Water Bʋnkʋkɔ'ɔlʋg ni, ba buon H2O nɛ ye, "Ku'om", ka li ma'ae ka li zɔɔg paŋ mɛ zɛmis sʋ'ʋŋa. Teŋgbaʋŋ la sʋ'ʋlʋm n li'el Ku'om zin'is atan' la zug la, li kɛnɛ ka Ku'om yʋ'ʋn liebi nwɛnnɛ bʋn linɛ an kaŋ-kaŋ, nɛ bʋn linɛ an kʋkɔ'ɔg nɛ pɛbisim nɛ.https://uh.edu/~jbutler/physical/chapter6notes.html Li naamid bɛɛ kilim nɛ saku'om liebid saa ka kilim udug bɛɛ paandʋg. Saŋgbana banɛ ziid la mɔr saku'om nɛ sakuga linɛ kpi'em. Ka li wʋsa ya'a wɛlig bɛɛ widig, sakugir la yʋ'ʋn pin'innɛ kilim bɛɛ naamid sakuga. Ku'om ya'a lieb pɛbisim, li anɛ walim bɛɛ paandʋg.

Ku'om di'e bɛɛ pɛ'ɛl teŋgbaʋŋ la wʋʋ 71%, ka ku'opila nɛ mu'a la'as ka Ku'om la yaligi zu'oe nwɛnnɛ 96.5%.https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-much-water-there-earth Antarctica nɛ Greenland tɛɛns zin'ibanɛ ka mɛgilim nɛ sa-ulug bɛ, ka walim duod, ka Saŋgbana ziid (sapɛbisʋg nɛ saku'om bɛ pɛbisʋgʋn)  bɛ la, Ku'om zin'isieba yitnɛ teŋin na (1.7%), ka saa Ku'om yʋ'ʋn si'iŋi niid (ka li an wʋʋ 0.001).https://web.archive.org/web/20130408091921/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/EarthSciences/Oceanography/?view=usa&ci=9780195076288http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/mockler.html Ku'om mɔr nimmua tʋʋma dunia kaŋa ni. Nwɛn wʋʋ 70% pʋʋgin, Ku'osʋŋ linɛ ka nidib mɔr tʋmma mɔri tʋm kuob nɛ gʋ'ʋl tʋʋma ni.https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejcn.1602522 Atɛʋk nɛ mu'a Ku'om banɛ ni ka ba gban'ad zimi la, nan kpɛn anɛ ka na kpɛn an zini'ikanɛ ka dunia tɛɛns nyɛti ba diib ani, ka mɛ na sʋŋid nɛ protein wʋʋ 6.5% nɛ.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4169979 Zin'ibanɛ lal bɛɛ zaaen ka ba ziid la'ad kpimisid ( la'abanɛ nwɛn wʋʋ kpaam, bugum pɛbisim nɛ la'abanɛ ka ba maali ba naae la), ba ziidi ba nɛ aanris dɔl Atɛʋk Ku'om zug nɛ mu'a nɛ leks nɛ kanals ni gat. Ba mɔr Ku'om bɛdegʋ nɛ Ku'om linɛ ma'ae gbil niŋid ka li ma'ad ka ba nuud ka lɛm mɔri dʋgʋd bɛ tʋʋma zin'isin nɛ yanamin. Ku'om anɛ bʋnsʋŋ linɛ na nyaŋi buoe si'elnam kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb nwɛnnɛ wʋʋ bʋnbʋgʋsa nɛ bʋnvʋlnam ; ala mɛn ka ba mɔr Ku'om bɛdegʋ tʋm bɛ tʋʋma zin'isin, ka mɔri dʋgʋd, ka mɛ mɔri pied la'ad. Ku'om nɛ Ku'om linɛ ma'ae gbil nɛ sa-ulug anɛ bʋnsʋŋi tis Bɔɔl di'ema dim bɛdegʋ nɛ sumalisim di'ema kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb nwɛnnɛ, Ku'om lugub nɛ aanrʋŋ di'ema nɛ zimi gban'ab nɛ a-iank lu ku'omin di'ema nɛ ban mɔr masin nam zɔt Ku'om zug di'em nɛ ku'ogbila gban'ab di'ema. 

 Pian'azug la gbin nɛ li yɛlkʋdʋg yɛla 
Pian'ʋk kanɛ buon ye "Ku'om" la yinɛ kʋdʋmin na'asaalin na nɛ proto-Germanic dim pian'adin na (Saxon dim buon ye water, ka Frisian dim da buonnɛ li kʋdʋmin ye wetir, ka Dutch pian'adin an water, ka High German dim buon ye wasser nɛ vatin nɛ Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 (wato)), ala ka from Proto-Indo-European pian'adin an *wod-or, ka li giŋa an *wed- ('water'; 'wet'). Ala mɛn nɔɔ, ka li dɔlis Indo-European pian'ʋk la nya'arin nɛ Greek ύδωρ ni ka pian'ʋk la nwɛn bɛɛ mɔr kpinnim (ýdor; yinɛ kʋdʋmin Greek pian'adin  ὕδωρ (hýdōr), din ka na'asanam buon ye "hydro-"), ka Russian pian'ʋkin an вода́ (vodá), ka Irish pian'ʋkin an uisce, ka Albanian pian'ʋkin mɛ an ujë.  

 Li kʋdʋmin Labaar Yɛla 
labaar la mɛŋ: Ku'om Pin'ilʋg dunia ni nɛ kʋdʋmin labaar Ku'om yɛla nɛ Ku'om bɛllim yɛla.

 Teŋgbaʋŋ la ni 
Nɛ'ɛŋa anɛ labagiŋ yit Ku'om si'iŋir nɛ li kʋdʋmin labaar dunia ni na.

Bʋn yinnɛ kanɛ ka ti na nyaŋi gɛligi baŋ Saŋkanɛ ka Ku'om naam dunia zug anɛ ye, Ku'om kpɛn kennɛ tuon yadigid zin'is bɛdegʋ. . Nɛɛsim buoed H2O molecules nam banɛ bɛɛ agɔl la, ka dinna kɛnɛ ka Ku'om atɔm nam nyaŋidi sadigid bɛɛ zɔti yit yiiŋ yɔl-yɔl teŋ la ya'a tans buak bɛ vɛ'ɛgid zin'is ka mugusʋg bɛ. Saŋa kanɛ Teŋgbaʋŋ la da nam pʋ nɔbig zu'oe ka an bi'ela la, ku'om naanɛ yadig tiingi paae zin'is bɛdegʋ ka li aan na'ana. Bʋnbanɛ mɔr nɛɛsim nwɛnnɛ hydrogen nɛ helium anɛ banɛ narin ye ba ken tuon yiti agɔl lut na, amaa isotopic ratios vɛɛnsʋg dim vɛɛns pɛbisim linɛ mɔr paŋ bɛɛ agɔl nannana la yɛl ye, hali elements banɛ tɛbis bɛɛ agɔl la da bɔdigid nɛ lut.Pepin RO (July 1991). "On the origin and early evolution of terrestrial planet atmospheres and meteoritic volatiles". Icarus. 92 (1): 2–79. Bibcode:1991Icar...92....2P. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(91)90036-s. ISSN 0019-1035. Zin'isieba ni bɛ, ka xenon an linɛ nyaŋidi makid baŋid Ku'om nɛ kpiɛn bɛɛ bɔdigi paae saŋa si'a. Li ka' nɛ pɛbisim ma'a nɛɛ, (ka dinzug li pʋ dɔl suobanɛ pʋ nyɛt nɛ nininɛɛ nɛ ɛlimɛns sieba yii agɔl la nii), amaa mamisʋg titada linɛ naam isotopes nam awai banɛ bɛ pɛbisim ni nannana la pa'al ye kʋdʋmin labaar linɛ pa'an Ku'om yɛla la, teŋgbaʋŋ la kɔ'ɔŋ Ku'om nwɛnnɛ ocean Ku'omum yinne Hadean nɛ Archean tensʋk eons.Zahnle KJ, Gacesa M, Catling DC (January 2019). "Strange messenger: A new history of hydrogen on Earth, as told by Xenon". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 244: 56–85. arXiv:1809.06960. Bibcode:2019GeCoA.244...56Z. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2018.09.017. ISSN 0016-7037. S2CID 119079927.

Ku'om linɛ nam bɛ teŋgbaʋŋ la ni ka da bɛ Saŋkanɛ ka Ku'om da pin'ili yaligid bɛɛ nɔbigid la, alaa nwana ma'a linɛ da naam na'ambua (~4.5 billion yʋma banɛ gaad la) la na san'ami li, ka an linɛ sʋŋid saa zʋʋnr bɛɛ walim n yit teŋin la tans buak pʋʋgin la nɛ tempal zug, ka tʋʋlʋg linɛ yit kuga ni dɔt pɛbisim zug ka saku'om naamid la yʋ'ʋn kilim bɛ planet paalig la ni.https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4413525https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1225542 Kugir pɛbistʋʋlʋg  naan buoɛ lɛbigin Ku'om yʋma tusa ayi' ni, ka vɔlatals nam kpɛlim ka bɛɛn tiis vʋm pɛbisim bɛdegʋ ni nɛ Haidrogen nɛ ku'owalim ni. Lin nya'aŋ la, ka Ku'om oceans nam bɛ hali la'am nɛ teŋgbaʋŋ zug tʋʋlʋgʋ an wʋʋ 230 °C (446 °F) la, ka li anɛ agɔl pɛbisʋg paŋi zu'od wʋʋ CO2 la zug. Ka teŋ ken tuon ma'ad la, ocean Ku'om la da vɔl Ku'om CO2  sieba nɛ, amaa ka Ku'om la sieba ken ka lɛbid gbiaʋk-gbiaʋk bɛdegʋ ka paalʋ nɛ zuya naam.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC31109

Zamisʋg kasɛtta linɛ pa'an teŋ la an si'em la kɛya bɛɛ sʋŋid ka ba nyaŋid baŋid ka dɔl saŋa kanɛ ka Ku'om naamid teŋin la zug. Teŋ la yiti tans buak ya'ae ka bian'atʋʋlʋg yina digin ma'ae yuug hali ka ti lieb tampiig la (nɛ'ɛŋa anɛ tampiig kanɛ naam yi teŋ gbinnin Ku'om tansid yi yiiŋ na la), da yinɛ Isua Greenstone Belt ni na ka li sid pa'al ye Ku'om bɛ teŋgbaʋŋ la ni hali yʋma 3.8 million banɛ gaad la saŋa sa.https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-27833-4_1098-4 Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt la ni la, vɛɛnsʋg yinne pa'al ye Quebec nɛ Canada kuga bɛ hali yʋma 3.8 billion banɛ gaad la sa,https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007E&PSL.255....9C ka zamisʋg yinne nɛ yɛl ye kugubama bɛ ka li yuug wʋʋ 4.28 billion yʋma banɛ gaad la sa,https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00793868/file/O%27Neil2012.pdf nɛ'ɛŋa sid an kasɛtta pa'al ye Ku'om da bɛ yʋʋm bama saŋa sa.https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-27833-4_1098-4 Ka mu'atitada ya'a da pʋn dɛŋim bɛ ka yʋʋm bama nyaan paae, alaa vɛɛnsʋg si'a nam bɛ tuon nɛ na yina pa'al nɛ kasɛt (li tʋn'e anɛ ye teŋ la ti'asid ka dammʋg naamid bɛdegʋ la zug ka vɛɛnsʋg kasɛtta bam buudi pʋ nyaŋid maanna). Nannanna, yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ pisi la ni li nwadis anii la ni la, vɛɛnsʋg dim daa yina yɛl ye, Ku'om bɛdegʋ linɛ ye li pɛ'ɛl mu'atitada la tʋn'ʋn bɛ teŋgbaʋŋ la ni hali Saŋkanɛ ka teŋ la da pin'il naamid la.https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aba1948https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-08/wuis-mss082620.phphttps://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-08/aaft-uao082420.php

Minɛrals nam banɛ buon ye zircons ka li pʋ nwɛnnɛ tampiis la, kpi'em nɛ hali ka pʋ nwa'ada ka mugusʋg linɛ naamid teŋin la pʋ nyaŋid san'amidi li la, sid pa'an yɛlbanɛ da bɛ teŋgbaʋŋ la Pin'ilʋgʋn sa. Nwɛnnɛ sanlima nɛ anzurifa nam nɛ banɛ bɛ teŋ la ni kasɛtta linɛ yi zircons ni na la, sid pa'al ye Ku'om nɛ agɔl pɛbisim da pʋm bɛ 4.404 ± 0.008 billion yʋma banɛ gaad la teŋgbaʋŋ la da maal gaad la nya'aŋ nɔɔ.http://www.geology.wisc.edu/%7Evalley/zircons/Wilde2001Nature.pdfhttps://archive.today/20060621100255/http://wwwrses.anu.edu.au/admin/index.php?p=harrisonhttp://info.anu.edu.au/mac/Media/Media_Releases/_2005/_November/_181105harrisoncontinents.asphttps://web.archive.org/web/20130616213221/http://www.geology.wisc.edu/~valley/zircons/cool_early/cool_early_home.html Nɛ'ɛŋa an labaar linɛ pa'an sida teŋgbaʋŋ la ma'ae si'em la bigis ye teŋ la zin'ig wʋsa da ma'ae nɛ zɛmis nɛ Ku'om na gbil wʋʋ 4.4 billion nɛ 4.0 billion yʋma banɛ gaad la sa.  Zircons nam banɛ bɛ Australia Hadean tampiisin la zamisʋg sieba pa'al ye, kug-lamma sieba pʋm bɛ hali yʋma 4 billion banɛ gaad la sa. Ka nwa' ya'a an sida, li pa'al ye si'el kae gaŋ tʋʋlʋg nɛ teŋ la nyɛlig lammiri si'em la, nɛ agɔl nɛ pɛ'ɛl nɛ tiis vʋm pɛbisim si'em, da bɛ teŋgbaʋŋ nindaa ni wʋʋ li da an si'em la zina laa. Kug-lamma an si'em la, li nyaŋidi gban'ad bɛɛ di'ed CO2 ka li sier tʋʋlʋg bɛdegʋ ka teŋgbaʋŋ sʋ'ʋlʋm la ma'ae, ka kugukpi'ema nɛ Ku'om mɛ naam.https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/02/science/02eart.html?8dpc

 Ku'om bɛllim yɛla. 
Ku'om (H2O) anɛ linɛ ka bʋnkpiilʋŋ nɛ laʋk si'a pʋ gɛndigi li nii. Li ya'a ma'a zɛmisɛ, li pʋ mɔr malisim si'a, ka si'im nɛ kae, li pʋ mɔr si'im ka bɔɔd ye li zie nie wʋʋ pipɛlʋg nɛ. Li anɛ hydrogen chalcogenide giŋa, li nɛ lɛn an chemical compound gaŋ wʋsa ka saŋa sieba bɛ ba ye linɛ an "buod wʋsa", bɔzugɔ linɛ an bʋnkʋkɔ'ɔlʋg kanɛ mɔr paŋ buod si'elnam bɛdegʋ gat bʋnkʋkɔ'ɔlʋg si'a ya'as,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Greenwoodhttps://water.usgs.gov/edu/solvent.html hali la'am nɛ lin kʋ nyaŋi buoɛ kʋnt la.https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/water-acids-and-bases/hydrogen-bonding-in-water/a/water-as-a-solvent  Ka nɛ'ɛŋa kɛ ka Ku'om an "bʋn linɛ maan vʋm" la: li anɛ sida ye, Ku'om linɛ ka Wina'am maal la mɔr si'elnam kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb ka buoɛ li pʋʋgin,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-77565-8 ka li nar ye ba dɔlis suobanɛ bɛɛ li kɔn' ka nyaan paam ku'okanɛ an nyain. Ku'omi an bʋn yinnɛ ma'a kanɛ na nyaŋi lieb gan'alʋg nɛ kʋkɔ'ɔg nɛ pɛbisim zin'is kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb ni.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_Education

 Tɛbisim 
Ku’om bɛɛ di kɔn’ nɛ la’abanɛ pʋbʋt la tita’am, bɔzugɔ, di ya’a kilim gbil di pʋ tɛbis nwɛnɛ di na pʋbida. Ku’om tɛbisim bɛdegʋ anɛ 999.972kg/m3 dinɛ an yinne nɛ 62.4262ib/cu ft, yi 3.98 0C (39.16 0F).https://www.mt.com/sg/en/home/applications/Application_Browse_Laboratory_Analytics/Density/density-measurement.htmlhttps://www.academia.edu/2230441 Bɛɛ di pʋ lal nɛ 1,000 kg/m3 yi di ya’a an 4 oC (39 0F). ku’om ya’a gbilim kilim kugir, di tɛbisim anɛ 917 kg/m3. Di ya’a ti aan anwa, di na nyaŋi tans paipnam ka nwa’ad tampiis.https://doi.org/10.1142%2F8068 Mu’ar bɛɛ kɔldaʋg nii, ku’om kanɛ tʋʋlʋgʋ bɛ 4 0C (39 0F) ɛɛnti signɛ tɛŋir ka maal kuga ka ba pa’ae ku’om la zug. Di ya’a ka’ bʋnkaŋa zugɔ, bʋnkɔnbid banɛ bɛ ku’omin la naani kpiidin nintaŋ saŋa.https://www.ausableriver.org/blog/look-under-ice-winter-lake-ecology 

Lɛmʋg nɛ nyuug

Ba ɛɛnti ye ku’okanɛ an nyain pʋ mɔr lɛmʋg bɛɛ nyuugɔ, la’anɛ ninsaalibi mɔr bʋnsieba ka ba nyaŋidi pa’an ye ku’om bɛ nɔɔrin la,https://authors.library.caltech.edu/77104/6/nn.4575-S2.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198570035 ka nidib mɛ ye mgbamnam wʋm ku’om nyuug. Nɛ wala wʋsa, ku’obanɛ ka ba dɔlis suoya kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔbi maal ka paas tima la ɛɛnti mɔr lɛmʋg nɛ nyuug. Nidib nɛ bʋnkɔnbid paam ya’am si’a ka ba mɔri baŋid ku’okanɛ an nyain ye di sʋŋ ka ba lu’ak ku’okanɛ ka yaarim la zu’oe.https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00130924

Ninku’om nɛ din nie si’em

Ku’okanɛ an nyain saŋa pamm ɛɛnti anɛ bʋlʋ ka di yinɛ nɛɛsim kanɛ bɛ zin’ikanɛ ka ku’om la bɛ la c. 600-800nm.http://www.dartmouth.edu/~etrnsfer/water.htm Fʋ ya’a bɔɔd ye fʋ baŋ ninku’om la fʋ tun’e nɔki di niŋ nwamin ka zi’eli di gɛɛs nɛ zaŋguom piel ka nintaŋ nwɛ’ɛd. Ku’om la ninku’om mɛ tun’e naan bʋlʋ lɛ dɛn’ɛn ka di yinɛ kuga banɛ pa’ae di zug la bɛɛ bʋnvʋya na bɛ ku’omin la.

 Nidib tʋʋma 
Ku’okanɛ ka ba da yisi tʋm kuob nɛ gʋ’ʋl tʋʋma, tʋʋma zin’isin nɛ sʋ’ʋlʋmnam kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb ni da maknɛ mitɛs (m3) yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ piiga la ni (2010).

Kuob nɛ gʋ’ʋl

Tʋʋmkanɛ mɔr nyɔɔd ka ninsaalib mɔr ku’om tʋm anɛ kuob nɛ gʋ’ʋl, di kas-kas anɛ ʋʋn kuob kanɛ mɔr ku’om tʋʋmhttps://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/cir1441a nwɛnɛ pisnii (80) paae piswai (90) kɔbʋga pʋʋgʋn.https://web.archive.org/web/20120301011840/http://www.wbcsd.org/includes/getTarget.asp?type=d&id=MTYyNTA United states nii, Kɔbʋga pʋʋgʋn, ku’okanɛ kpɛn’ɛd ʋʋn kuobin anɛ pisnaasi nɛ ayi (42%) amaa, ku’om la bɛdegʋ dinɛ ka ba mɔri dit ka di pʋ lɛbina kpɛn’ɛdnɛ kuob nɛ gʋ’ʋl ni. Ku’osʋŋ paamʋg yɛla anɛ dinɛ pʋ pak nidib hali, di kas-kas anɛ nimbanɛ bɛ Na’asaateŋ titada ni ka ba nɔk masin nam paamid ku’om ka daʋŋ kae. Dinɛ an yɛlkpan anɛ ban na paam ku’om saŋa wʋsa maali ba kuob nɛ gʋ’ʋl la an daʋŋ.http://www.pacinst.org/press_center/press_releases/peak_water_pnas.pdf Nidib kanli paasid ka da’a diisim mɛ ken tuon la, ni’im banɛ nuud ku’om yʋ’ʋn zu’oenɛ, ka ku’om bɔɔdim mɛ yʋ’ʋm maligim paasid.https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/pop952.doc.htm

International Water Management Institute dinɛ bɛ Sri Lanka la da maal vɛɛnsʋg ku’om yɛla zaŋi keŋ ku’ob nɛ gʋ’ʋl ni yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ ayɔpɔi la ni (2007) ye ba gɔs dunia la mɔr ku’om ka di na siak dinɛ na kua zʋʋd ka nidib la wʋsa paam dii.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Comprehensive_Assessment_of_Water_Management_in_Agriculture Di da gɔs dunia wʋsa zin’ibanɛ ka ku’om bɛ ka ba maan kuob nɛ gʋ’ʋl, ka mɛ zanbil zin’ibanɛ mɔr ku’onɔŋ. Vɛɛnsʋg la da pa’a ye dunia wʋsa nimbanɛ bɛ ku’onɔŋin anɛ wʋʋ biliyɔŋ nam 1.2, zin’ibanɛ ka ba pʋ mɔr ku’om maan ban bɔɔd si’el wʋsaa. Ka nidib nwɛnɛ biliyɔnnam 1.6 bɛ zin’ibanɛ ka ku’om kpiisig tɔi, zin’ibanɛ ka tadimis zug ka tuon gatib pʋ nyaŋi tisi ba ku’om ka di siaki ba.

Vɛɛnsʋg la da pa’al ye di anɛ na’ana’ nɛ tinamɛ na paam zʋʋd nananna nɛ bɛʋg yɛla amaa, zina tʋʋma la na kɛ ka zin’is bɛdegʋ na paam ku’onɔŋ dunia zin’isieba. Ti ya’a na gu’ ku’onɔŋ kaŋa, asɛɛ ka kpaadib mɔ paam diib bɛdegʋ ka di zɛmis nɛ dunia bɔɔdim ka tempʋʋs nɛ tʋʋma zin’is mɛ gɔs suobanɛ ka ba na dɔl ka nɔk ku’om tʋm ka di mɔr nyɔɔd.

Dinɛ mɛ ta’as ka ku’om kae la anɛ tinamɛ bɔɔd la’abanɛ nuud ku’om la. Tituunli anɛ guŋgum.

 Nuub 
Ninsaal niŋgbiŋ mɔrnɛ ku’om din yi pisnu nɛ nu kɔbʋga pʋʋgʋn (55%) keŋ paae pisyɔpɔi nɛ nii kɔbʋga pʋʋgʋn (78%), dɔlisid niŋgbiŋ la zɛm si’em.http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2000-05/958588306.An.r.html Niŋgbiŋ la bɔɔdi ku’om nwɛnɛ lita yinne keŋ paae lita nam ayɔpɔi (0.22 nɛ 1.54 imp galaŋ nam; 0.26 nɛ 1.85 U.S. gal) daar wʋsa ye di gu’ ka ku’om da naae ningbiŋin la; ku’okanɛ na zɛmis ɛɛnti yinɛ tʋʋmkanɛ ka ba tʋm, tʋʋlʋgʋ an si’em, nɛ yɛlsieba bɛdegʋ. Bʋmbama bɛdegʋ bɛnɛ diib bɛɛ bʋn-nuuda banɛ ka ti dit ka nuud la ni, ka ka’ ku’okanɛ ka ti nuud la ma’anɛ. Di pʋ nie nyain din nar ye ninsaal nu ku’om si’em ka di sʋŋ ka o mɔr laafi, la’anɛ British Dietetic Association sa’al ye ti num lita nam 2.5 daar wʋsa ka di sʋŋi zanl niŋgbiŋ la, paasnɛ lita nam 1.8 kanɛ ka ti paamidi yit bʋn-nuuda nam ni la. https://web.archive.org/web/20070101100025/http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/healthy_living/nutrition/drinks_water.shtmlNimma’asim yɛla gbana pa’al ye ti num ku’om bi’ela, nwɛnɛ dap num lita yinne, ka dinɛ yit bʋn-nuuda ni pʋ paasɛ.https://archive.org/details/medicalphysiolog0000unse

Si’a nini kanɛ mɔr laafi sʋ’ʋŋa na nyaŋi yis ku’om nwɛnɛ lita nam 0.8 keŋ paae yinne awa yinne wʋsa pʋʋgʋn, amaa, gɛɛnlis nɛ ɔnsir tun’e sie di. Nidib tun’e nu ku’om bɛdegʋ gaad ban ɛɛnti nuud si’em ninwisigir saŋa ka di kɛ ka ba ku’om yit bɛdegʋ, dina tun’e mɔr daʋŋ bɛdegʋ tisi ba vʋm.https://doi.org/10.1249%2F00005768-198506000-00012https://doi.org/10.1580%2F1080-6032%282005%2916%5B221%3AWIAPCD%5D2.0.CO%3B2 Ban yɛl ye ninsaal nar ye o nu ku’om nwama anii daar yinne la pʋ mɔr zi’esim kanɛ pa’al ye di anɛ sida vɛɛsʋg pʋʋgʋnɛ. Gbaʋŋ zamisʋg pa’al ye sɔ’ ya’a nu’ ku’om tʋʋg, di kas-kas nwɛnɛ mili lita nam ban kɔbisnu (18 imp fl oz; 17 U.S fl oz) diib saŋa, ta’asid ka nidib tɛbisim sied.https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24899383https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/08/100823142929.htmhttps://doi.org/10.1038%2Fijo.2011.130https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2859815https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3809630https://doi.org/10.3945%2Fajcn.112.055061 Fʋ ya’a nu ku’om ka di zɛmis sʋŋidi kɛt ka dikanɛ ka fʋ di la buoed.http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/water-a-fluid-way-to-manage-constipation

U.S. National Research Council kʋgʋr kanɛ gɔsid diib yɛla la da yi yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pisnaasi nɛ anu (1945) ni na pa’al ye ba num ku’om mililita yinne ba ya’a di naae wʋsa.https://www.nap.edu/read/10925/chapter/6 Nɛ’ɛŋa sieba bɛ dibanɛ ka bam aal la ni.

Bakir pʋʋgʋnɛ, banɛ mɔr pʋʋg nɛ bima nam nar ye ba paam ku’om ka di sʋŋi ba ka ba bɛ sʋ’ʋŋa. US institute of Medicine mɛ yɛl ye, dap nar ye ba nu ku’om litanam atan’ (0.66 imp gal; 0.79 U.S.gal) ka pʋ’ab mɛ nu litanam 2.2 (0.48 imp gal; 0.58 U.S. gal); pʋ’apʋʋs num litanam 2.4 (0.53 imp gal; 0.63 U.S. gal) ka bima nam mɛ num litanam atan, bɔzugɔ ku’om bɛdegʋ yiti ba niŋgbina nib a ya’a mu’asidi ba biis.http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/water/NU00283  Dinɛ nari ye ti baŋ anɛ ye, ku’okanɛ ka ti mɔri ti niŋgbina ni la fʋ ya’a gɔs kɔbiga pʋʋgʋn, pisi (20%) yitnɛ dibanɛ ka ti dit la ni, ka dinɛ kpɛlim la yi ku’okanɛ ka ti nuud la nɛ bʋn-nuudanam ni. Ku’om mɔr zi’esim kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb kanɛ yit niŋgbiŋ la ni; ba anɛ dʋ’ʋnʋm nɛ bin, di mɛ dɔlisid ɔnsir ni ka sieba mɛ dɔl tinamɛ vʋ’ʋsʋd la nii yit. Ti ya’a tʋm tʋʋmkpi’ema bɛɛ bɛ tʋʋlʋgʋn, ku’okanɛ yit niŋgbiŋin la na zu’oe ka di nar ye ti paasidi di daar wʋsa.

Ninsaalib bɔɔdi ku’okanɛ ka dian’ad pʋ zu’oe.https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho Bʋmbanɛ na bɛ ku’omin ka di an dian’ad anɛ kunt yaarim, nɛ kuntnam. Bʋnvʋya sieba mɛ bɛ, ba ya’a bɛ ku’omin ba kɛ ka ku’om la pʋ an nyainnɛ.https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho 

Kɔdaʋg kanɛ ku’om an nyain ka nidib nuud nananna anɛ Lake Baikal dinɛ bɛ Siberia bɛ Russia la ma’aa.https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ujf0kkNF2H8C

 Piesʋg 
Piesʋg anɛ suokanɛ ka ti dɔlisidi maan la’ad nyain, saŋa pamm ɛɛnti anɛ ku’om nɛ ki’ibʋ. Ti ya’a piesidi ti mɛŋ nɛ ti fuud saŋa wʋsa pa’al ye ti bɛnɛ nyain ka na mɔr laafi.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6600116https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/23/well/live/shower-every-day.htmlhttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15398285.2019.1710981

Nidib ɛɛnti nɔknɛ ki’ibʋ bɛɛ Omo piesi ba la’ad ka di yis kpaam bɛɛ dian’ad banɛ bɛ la’ad bɛɛ niŋgbiŋin la. Ba tun’e nɔk ki’ibʋ la niŋ bɛɛ ba nɔk sappʋ sʋŋi pie.

Nidib piesidi bamɛŋ bɛɛ sʋʋd saŋsieba ka di anɛ pʋ’ʋsim bɛɛ ti’ebʋg yɛla ka sieba mɛ nɔk ka di an di’ema.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-630-2 Fʋ ya’a paae Europe, ninsieba ya’a nyɛ’ɛ naae ba ɛɛnti pienɛ ba gbinvɔɔr ka ba pʋ duusid nɛ karata.https://www.buysimplynatural.com/go-green-with-eco-friendly-cleaning-cloth/ Tʋʋmkaŋa pɛ’ɛlnɛ zin’ibanɛ an Catholic tɛmis la, zin’ikanɛ ka ba gɔs ka ku’om an bʋnsʋŋkanɛ nar ye ba nɔki pie ba gbinvɔnya.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780721625973

Dinɛ ka nidib mɔr ku’om piesid na’ana anɛ nu’us, tituunli anɛ ba ya’a ye ba pin’ili dʋk bɛɛ di diib nɛ ba ya’a dʋg bɛɛ dii naae, ba ya’a keŋ bangida, ba ya’a zanl/ si’is laʋk kanɛ milik. Nu’us piesʋg anɛ sʋm bɔzugɔ di sʋŋidi gu’ud ka ban’as pʋ widigid yɔɔg-yɔɔgɔ.https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/why-handwashing.htmlhttps://web.archive.org/web/20070701082831/http://www.raiterclinic.com/health%20articles/cleanhands.html ti mɛ lɛm mɔr ku’om piesidi ti nindaas, dinɛ ka ti maan bɛʋgʋn ti ya’a duoe gbɛɛmin, bɛɛ ti ya’a bɔɔd ye ti niŋ ma’ae nintaŋ saŋa. Ku’om mɛ lɛn anɛ bʋnkanɛ ka ti mɔri piedi ti nyina ka di kɛ ka ti bɛ nyain ka mɔr laafi.

Ti mɛ piesidi ti fuud bɛɛ la’ad nwɛnɛ gadʋg fuug, di tun’e an nɛ ti nu’us bɛɛ nasin kanɛ piesid fuud, ti mɔr ku’om piesid lɔɔm/ lɔnam, ti ɛɛnti sɔndig lɔr la nɛ ki’ibʋ ka yʋ’ʋn nɔk ku’om sʋkʋ di ka di ka dian’ad la yi ka di lieb nyain.

 Pies galisʋg mɛ tun'e kɛ ka zuobid la san'am, di tun'e kɔɔd, di mɛ tun'e kɛ ka niŋgbiŋ la gbirib.https://www.organicauthority.com/energetic-health/you-wash-your-hair-too-muchhttps://books.google.com/books?id=1yKh_AT0UZwC&pg=SA6-PA13

 Di’ema zin’ig 
Ninsaalib mɔr ku’om tʋmidi ba di’ema tʋʋma, la’anɛ ninwisigir di’ema nam wʋsa. Di’embama sieba anɛ lugʋb, mi’ib, mɔr aarʋŋ kat taaba, ba zɔt ku’okanɛ kilim bilɔk zug nɛ di’emsieba bɛdegʋ. Kɔldaad, mua’a nɛ ku’om zin’is anɛ zin’ibanɛ ka nidib kennɛ vʋ’ʋsid, maan sumalism ka di’em. Ninsieba gɔs ku’okanɛ pʋbʋd ka di bʋgʋnnɛ ba sʋnya, ka mɛ an zin’ikanɛ vɛnl ka nar nɛ duorʋm. Ninsieba mɛ ku’om zi’esig bibisi ba yaani su’ad zimi nɛ ku’omin bʋnkɔnbsieba ye ba pa’al ye ba anɛ dap, ka sieba maan di’ema yɛla ka sieba mɛ nɔk bʋnkɔnb-ban ka baa an ba zuanam. Tensieba nii, nidib mɛ mɔr ku’om maan dinɛ an ku’okanɛ kilim bilɔk zug di’ema, amaa Kusaal pʋ mɔr dinɛ.

 Diib maalʋg 
Ku’om anɛ bʋnkanɛ an yil-yil ka ba mɔri dʋgʋt diib nwɛnɛ sa’ab, mui, bɛŋa nɛ dibanɛ kpɛlim wʋsa.https://books.google.com/books?id=xZHUAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA54 Suobanɛ ka ti mɔr ku’om dʋgʋd sieba anɛ fʋn na dʋg ku’omin la ka di lɛ’ɛg, fʋn na nɔk walim la dʋg nɛ sieba. Ku’om lɛn anɛ bʋnkanɛ ka ti mɔri piesid dʋgʋb la’ad. Diib nam yɛla vɛɛnsʋg ni anɛ dinɛ ka ku’om tʋʋma zu’oe hali mɛn. la’abanɛ buoed ku’omin nwɛnɛ siki nɛ yaarim mɔr daʋŋ ku’om ni. Bʋmbama nɛ pɛbisim kɛ ka ku’om lɛ’ɛgir nɛ di ma’ar mɔr daʋŋ, ka teŋ la zi'esim mɛ tulugi mɔr daʋŋ din ni mɛn.

Ku’obanɛ pʋ nɔkid ki’ibʋ na’ana’ la mɛ mɔr daʋŋ hali diib maalʋg ni ka tun’e tia’as si’elnam bɛdegʋ, ka mɛ na nyaŋi tiak ka di dɔlisidnɛ ban na paas kɛmikal nam. Nɛ’ tun’e tiak laʋk tɛbisim naanɛ aan si’em ka mɛ la’an sʋŋid maan zin’ig nyain.https://books.google.com/books?id=iCCsvwZrguUC Ku’om kpi’eŋ pʋ dɔlisidnɛ calcium carbonate kanɛ ka ku’om la mɔri zɛm si’em.Ku’om ya’a mɔr CaCo3 ka di pʋ paae 100 mg/li (UK)http://dwi.defra.gov.uk/consumers/advice-leaflets/hardness_map.pdf bɛɛ 60 mg/Li (US), di anɛ ku’obʋgʋsʋg.https://water.usgs.gov/edu/hardness.html

Vɛɛnsʋg kanɛ ka Water Footprint dim da maal yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ piiga la yina pa’al ye, naaf ni’im kilogiram yinne ma’aa na bɔɔd ku’om litanam ban tusa piinɛ nu (3.3×103 imp gal; 4.0×103 U.S. gal). Nɛ wala wʋsa vɛɛsidib la daa pian’ pa’al nyain ye nɛ’ anɛ dunia wʋsa gɛligir amaa yɛl sieba mɛ tun’e ta’as ka di nar ye ba nɔk ku’om si’em bɛn maal naaf ni’im.http://www.waterfootprint.org/Reports/Report-48-WaterFootprint-AnimalProducts-Vol1.pdf

 Tiim tʋʋma 
Ku’okanɛ ka ba mɔri kunsid nidib la bɛ World Health Organisation tima gbauŋ la ni.http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/93142/1/EML_18_eng.pdf?ua=1

 Ban pʋ si'em 
Band 5 ALMA receiver anɛ masin kanɛ ka ba mɔri ied bɛɛ baŋid ku’om bɛ zin’isi’a dunia wʋsa ni.

 Dunia ni 
Dunia wʋsa ku’om la pamm yinɛ nwadibibis naamʋg nya’aŋ la’ad ni. Nwadibibis naamʋg ɛɛnti dɔlnɛ nɛ sisi’etita’akanɛ da’ad nɛ uusug. La’abama wʋsa ya’a ti la’asi gilig nɛ pɛbisim la, nwiis banɛ naam la ɛɛnti muknɛ ka tʋlʋg pɛbisim la. Ku’okanɛ ka ti nyɛt la yʋ’ʋn ɛɛnti naamnɛ yi pɛbisim la tʋlʋg ka ma’ad la ni.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics

Yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ piinɛ yinne nwadisa ayɔpɔi la dabpisi nɛ yi’ daar la, labaar da yina ye ba nyɛnɛ saŋgbaʋŋ tita’akanɛ ziid ku’om walim ka di gat dunia wʋsa ku’om la nɔɔrʋm tiriliyɔnnam kɔbʋga nɛ pisnaasi. Vɛɛnsidib la pa’al ye ku’om da pʋn dɛŋim bɛ dunia di pin’ilʋg saŋa.http://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/features/universe20110722.htmlhttp://www.space.com/12400-universe-biggest-oldest-cloud-water.html

 Wada, pɔlitis nɛ tɔɔg saŋa. 
Ku'om pɔlitis nwɛ'ɛb anɛ pɔlitis linɛ ka Ku'om nɛ Ku'om la'ad ta'as daʋŋ ken li ni na. Ku'om ni, kas-kas anɛ ku'okanɛ an nyain anɛ tʋʋma laʋk kanɛ paae dunia la wʋsa ni, ka lɛn an nimmua bʋn tis pɔlitis nwɛ'ɛb nɔgbannwa'asim. Li tisid laafi ka mɔr san'aʋŋ tisid bʋnvʋya banɛ bɛ teŋin la.

Ku'onuurim sʋŋ linɛ ka ti nyɛti nuud la suoya yʋ'ʋn yɔ'ɔgi yadig paae dunia zin'is bɛdegʋ saŋa banɛ gaad la, amaa nidib wʋʋ tusa-tusa yinne la nam kpɛm bɛ ka nyɛt bɛɛ Paamid ku'onuurim sʋŋ nuura, ka nidib mɛ tʋʋg wʋʋ 2.5 million la ka pʋ nyɛt ku'onuurim linɛ an nyain ka sʋ'ʋlʋm la mɛ an nyain nɛ. Ala mɛn ka vɛɛnsidib sieba gɛlig lin ti ye paae yʋʋm 2025 ni la, ka dunia la pʋsʋk na nyɛt ku'osan'aʋŋ bɛɛ ku'odian'ad ka li zu'oe. Labaar da vɛɛnsʋgʋn na yʋʋm 2009 li nwadis awai la ni na ye, lin ti ye paae yʋʋm 20230 ni la ka dunia la sʋ'ʋlʋm titada ni ba na bɔɔd ku'om ka li gaad ban tisid Ku'om la wʋʋ 50% nɛ.  

Nidib 1.6 million nyaŋi paam ku'onuurim sʋŋ yʋʋm 1990 la ni sa. Nidib bɛɛn banɛ bɛ tentitada banɛ nɔbigid ka paam suori nyɛ ku'onuurim sʋŋ nuud la, gɛligir pʋʋgin ba nɔbigi yi 30% yʋʋm 1970 la ni, ti paae 71%yʋʋm 1990 la ni, nɛ 79% yʋʋm 2000 la ni nɛ 84% yʋʋm 2004 la ni.  

Na'asaateŋ labaar kanɛ da yi yʋʋm 2006 ni na la pa'al ye,"Ku'om zu'oe bɛdegʋ na paae sɔ' wʋsa", amaa ban na niŋ si'em ka paam la anɛ yɛl ka zam bɛɛ li ni. Linɛ lɛm paas anɛ ye sʋŋir linɛ yit dunia zin'is kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb ni na ye li sʋŋ ka ku'om paae tɛɛns, nwɛnnɛ paris nɔzi'elʋg kat wa'anɛ sʋŋir tʋʋma yɛla la nam pʋ di'e suor nɛ sʋŋir la'ad si'a yi Ku'om lʋgʋr la ni ka li nwɛnnɛ lin tʋm si'em bɛ gbaʋŋ zamisʋg lʋgʋrin nɛ nimma'asim lʋgʋrin laa, ka lɛɛ mɔri sʋŋir tʋm tʋʋmkʋda banɛ pʋn dɛŋim bɛ sa ka si'el pʋ ken tuon nɛ. Gbaʋŋ sɔbidib banɛ sɔb Ku'om nyain nɛ li mɔrim yɛla bɛ kuob nɛ gʋ'ʋl tʋʋma ni yʋʋm 2007 yɛl ye gɔmma pʋ tʋm bɛɛ zanl teŋ la sʋm la anɛ bʋn yinnɛ kanɛ ta'as ka ku'om pasig. Ku'om mɔrim anɛ suoya kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb banɛ ni ka pʋtɛn'ɛr gban'ad kat wa'ae nɛ Ku'om mɔrim yɛla. Ku'om mɔrim sʋŋ vikki anɛ a-mi'i suobanɛ tʋm sʋm zin'isieba nɛ tʋʋm sieba ni. Saŋa sieba bɛ ka ba maan gbɛlima sieba n mɔɔ ba nɔk "blueprint" linɛ tʋm tembanɛ pʋn nɔbig ni, ken tʋm tembanɛ nam nɔbigid la ni. Mekong mu'ar la anɛ tituunli; international water management lʋgʋr kanɛ gɔsid zi'ela bɛ tɛɛns ayuobʋ ni la mak Mekong mu'ar bɔɔd ku'om la baŋ ya ye, nyain nɛ teŋ sʋ'ʋŋa vɛɛnsʋg tʋʋm da tɔi nɛ. Ba mɛ da lɛm baŋ ye Cambodia ku'om wada la daa kpi'em nɛ gaad lin nar ye li an si'em la.  

Yʋʋm 2004 ni, ka UK WaterAid dim da yɛl labaar ye biig kpiidnɛ mit 15 o ya'a nu ku'obɛ'ɛd linɛ ka ba na nyaŋi gu'u li la, lin ka ba kpɛlim pian'ad ye nyain bɛllim la kae la.  

Din yi yʋʋm 2003 ni sa, UN world water development labaar kanɛ yi UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme lʋgʋrin na la, tis ninbanɛ na gban'e pʋtɛn'ɛr nɛ la'ad ye li sʋŋ maal ku'om wada la sʋ'ʋŋa. Yʋʋm 2023 labaar pa'al ye nidib tusa-tusa ayi' ( nidib la kallin ka li an 26%) pʋ Paamid ku'onuurim nuuda ka nidib 3.6 million (46%) an banɛ ka ba zin'is ka' nyain nɛ.  

 Gbanvɛɛnsa