Diib

Diib bɛɛ Diid anɛ bunkanɛ ka bunvuya dit ka di tisidi ba niŋgbina biim nɛ paŋ."Food definition and meaning". Collins English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021."Low-Energy-Dense Foods and Weight Management: Cutting Calories While Controlling Hunger" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021. Di tun'e an kansa, dטgida, ka bטnkɔnbid ɔnbidi ba nɔɔrin, ka li sטŋidi ba ka ba nɔbigid, paamid laafi, nɛ malisim.

 Pa’alʋg nɛ buudi 
Diib anɛ bʋnlinɛ ka ba did ka li maan ningbina biim nɛ paŋi tisid ningbiŋ la."Food definition and meaning". Collins English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021."Low-Energy-Dense Foods and Weight Management: Cutting Calories While Controlling Hunger" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021. Fʋ tɔ’ɔn di si’eba ka pʋ dʋgɛ, si’eba mɛ dʋgʋd, ka bʋnkɔnbid diti li nɔɔrin ye ba nyaŋi nɔbig, mɔr laafi ka li mɛ malisi ba. Diib pʋʋgin mɔr ku'om, lipids, proteins, nɛ carbohydrates. Minerals (wʋʋ yaarim) nɛ organic substances (wʋʋ vitamins) mɛ bɛ diib pʋʋgin.Rahman, M. Shafiur; McCarthy, Owen J. (July 1999). "A classification of food properties". International Journal of Food Properties. 2 (2): 93–99. doi:10.1080/10942919909524593. ISSN 1094-2912. Bʋnbʋta nɛ bʋnvʋya si’eba maani ba mɛŋ diib."What is Photosynthesis". Smithsonian Science Education Center. 12 April 2017. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021. Ku'om bɛ diib bɛdigʋ ni ka lin mɛŋ mɛ anɛ diibi la."CPG Sec 555.875 Water in Food Products (Ingredient or Adulterant)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 11 February 2020. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021. Ku'om nɛ fiber pʋ tisid paŋ bɛdigʋ, bɛɛ kpaam, ka kpaam tisid paŋ bɛdigʋ. Si’elnam mɛ bɛ ka ka’a diibɔ ka li an tilas ye bʋnkɔnbid nɛ bʋnbʋta mɔr ka nyaŋi an titua.Zoroddu, Maria Antonietta; Aaseth, Jan; Crisponi, Guido; Medici, Serenella; Peana, Massimiliano; Nurchi, Valeria Marina (1 June 2019). "The essential metals for humans: a brief overview". Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 195: 120–129. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.013. ISSN 0162-0134. PMID 30939379. S2CID 92997696. Archived from the original on 11 April 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2022.

Diib kanɛ ka ninsaalib dit mɔr buudi kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb, lin an si’em bɛɛ ban maani li si’em.Sadler, Christina R.; Grassby, Terri; Hart, Kathryn; Raats, Monique; Sokolović, Milka; Timotijevic, Lada (1 June 2021). "Processed food classification: Conceptualisation and challenges". Trends in Food Science & Technology. 112: 149–162. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2021.02.059. ISSN 0924-2244. S2CID 233647428. Diib buudi kanl bɛn zuoe ya. Nidib bɛdigʋ la’asid diib nɛ zin’is anaasi ka li pa’an ban yi si’el na nɛ ban maan niŋgbina si’em: Vegetables nɛ wala, bi’elim bɛɛ biili diib, kpaam diib, nɛ ni’im.Nestle, Marion (2013) [2002]. Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health. University of California Press. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-0-520-27596-6. Vɛɛnsig kanɛ gɔsid diib sʋ’ʋm yela pʋdʋg diib zin’iszin’is biili/bi’elim, biili/bi’elim kanɛ nɛɛm, vegetables, wala, bi’elim, bi’elim banɛ kpi’em, banɛ mɔr pa’ad, gɛla, kpaam la’ad, zimi, ni’im zin’a, ni’im kanɛ ka ba dʋg, nɛ daam banɛ ka ba nɔk sikiri maal.Schwingshackl, Lukas; Schwedhelm, Carolina; Hoffmann, Georg; Lampousi, Anna-Maria; Knüppel, Sven; Iqbal, Khalid; Bechthold, Angela; Schlesinger, Sabrina; Boeing, Heiner (2017). "Food groups and risk of all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 105 (6): 1462–1473. doi:10.3945/ajcn.117.153148. ISSN 0002-9165. PMID 28446499. S2CID 22494319.Schwingshackl, Lukas; Schwedhelm, Carolina; Hoffmann, Georg; Knüppel, Sven; Preterre, Anne Laure; Iqbal, Khalid; Bechthold, Angela; Henauw, Stefaan De; Michels, Nathalie; Devleesschauwer, Brecht; Boeing, Heiner (2018). "Food groups and risk of colorectal cancer". International Journal of Cancer. 142 (9): 1748–1758. doi:10.1002/ijc.31198. ISSN 1097-0215. PMID 29210053.Schwingshackl, Lukas; Hoffmann, Georg; Lampousi, Anna-Maria; Knüppel, Sven; Iqbal, Khalid; Schwedhelm, Carolina; Bechthold, Angela; Schlesinger, Sabrina; Boeing, Heiner (May 2017). "Food groups and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies". European Journal of Epidemiology. 32 (5): 363–375. doi:10.1007/s10654-017-0246-y. ISSN 0393-2990. PMC 5506108. PMID 28397016. Lugur Kane gosid diib, kuob ne gu'ul yela nɛ World Health Organization la’as diibi pʋdʋg nɛ zin’is piinɛ awai: mɔɔg biili, nya’a, yam nɛ biili banɛ kpi’em, bin’isim, gɛla,  zimi, ni’im, bʋni’anda, vegetables, wala, kpaam, sikir, spices, daam, diib banɛ tisid niŋgbiŋ biim, la’abanɛ paasid malisim nɛ vɛnlim, diib banɛ ka ba maali la’as nɛ bʋnɔnbida."Food groups and sub-groups". FAO. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2021. Bʋnvʋya si’eba ya’a ka’asigɛ, vʋ’ʋm kʋ aan titua nɛ bɔzugɔ ba si’eba ti’akid pɛbis bɛ’ɛdnam ka li lɛbigid sʋ’ʋm tis ninsaalib vʋ’ʋsʋm. Pɛbis kaŋa ka ba buon Ammonia la tisid proteins, nucleic acids, nɛ vitamins bɛdigʋ. Ban pin’ili maan vɛɛnsig kanɛ buon Haber-Bosch Process, ka ba dɔlisidi maan ammonia la, ninsaal mɛŋi yʋ’ʋn maani li bɛdigʋ.Vaclav Smil (2004). Enriching the Earth Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262693134.

 Bʋnbʋta 
Bʋnbʋta banɛ tisid diib pʋdig nɛ bi’elim, wala, vaand, bi’elim banɛ ka pak ligil wʋʋ bɛŋa, mɔ’biili wʋʋ mui nɛ walkpi’ema wan wʋʋ atian biili.Fardet, Anthony (2017). "New Concepts and Paradigms for the Protective Effects of Plant-Based Food Components in Relation to Food Complexity". Vegetarian and Plant-Based Diets in Health and Disease Prevention. Elsevier. pp. 293–312. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803968-7.00016-2. ISBN 978-0-12-803968-7. Archived from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2022. Bʋnbʋta banɛ paas buudi bam ani bɛ kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb, ka banɛ an tiig wala si’eba an tomato, squash, nanzʋ’ʋs nɛ nyaadua bɛɛ biili wan wʋʋ bʋnlinɛ ka ba buon peas anɛ vaand buudi."FAQs". vric.ucdavis.edu. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2022. Diib line yit bunbuta ni anɛ wal, li zin’ig kanɛ dit la ya’a na nyaŋi bul bʋnpaalig. Wala zug biili, banɛ mɔr pa’ad, nɛ bi’elim anɛ wala."Nuts". fs.fed.us. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.Chodosh, Sara (8 July 2021). "The bizarre botany that makes corn a fruit, a grain, and also (kind of) a vegetable". Popular Science. Archived from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022. Banɛ dʋgʋd zin’igin, ban gɔs ka wal anɛ fʋ ya’a yis bi’elim yis tiig bɛɛ mɔɔg la vaang ni.Rejman, Krystyna; Górska-Warsewicz, Hanna; Kaczorowska, Joanna; Laskowski, Wacław (17 June 2021). "Nutritional Significance of Fruit and Fruit Products in the Average Polish Diet". Nutrients. 13 (6): 2079. doi:10.3390/nu13062079. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 8235518. PMID 34204541. Bi’elim anɛ biili banɛ ka ninsaalib dit bɛɛ kuod, ka mɔɔg biili (oats, wheat, mui, kawɛnna, barley, rye, sorghum nɛ ki) paas nɛ Poaceae (mɔɔg) buudiThomson, Julie (13 June 2017). "Quinoa's 'Seed Or Grain' Debate Ends Right Here". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022. nɛ biili banɛ yit Fabaceae (legume) buudi."Legumes and Pulses". The Nutrition Source. 28 October 2019. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022. Bi’el mum anɛ diib banɛ ka bi’elif la an si’em la kpɛlim aan ala ka pʋ ti’akɛ (bran, germ, and endosperm). "Definition of a Whole Grain | The Whole Grains Council". wholegrainscouncil.org. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022.Nuts mɛ anɛ wala banɛ kʋdʋg, ka pak kanɛ ligili ba la an wan wʋʋ daag nɛ.

Wal banɛ pʋ kʋdʋgɛ (ban bɛɛ ba kɔn’ɔ nɛ banɛ an kpi’ema wan wʋʋ bi’elim, biili bɛɛ banɛ pigid) lɛn mɔr kɔn’ɔb kɔn’ɔb pʋdʋgir ka ban an stone fruits (cherries nɛ peaches), pome fruits (apples, pears), berries (blackberry, strawberry), citrus (oranges, lemon), melons (watermelon, cantaloupe), Mediterranean fruits (grapes, fig), tropical fruits (banana, pineapple). Vegetables anɛ bʋnbʋtir la lɔkanɛ ka fʋ na nyaŋi di, wan wʋʋ nya’a, til, vaand, puum, pak bɛɛ tiig la wʋsa."Vegetables: Foods from Roots, Stems, Bark, and Leaves". U.S. Forest Service. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2022. Bama si’eba anɛ banɛ ka ba dit nya’a (potatoes nɛ carrots), bʋngbila (gabʋ buudi), banɛ maan puum (cauliflower nɛ broccoli), banɛ ka ba dit vaand (spinach nɛ lettuce) nɛ banɛ ka ba diti ba til (celery nɛ asparagus)."Vegetable Classifications". Vegetables. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2022.

Bʋnbʋta zin’is banɛ tisid paŋ, maan niŋgbina nɛ linɛ tisid kpaam ka’a yinnɛ. Zin’ig banɛ tisid paŋ la anɛ starch, fructose, glucose bɛɛ sikir buudi si’eba. Linɛ gu’ud ninsaal niŋgbiŋ ban’as pʋʋgin ka ba buon vitamins la yinɛ bʋnbʋta ni, ba si’eba banɛ pʋ yi bʋnbʋta ni anɛ vitamin D nɛ vitamin B12. Bʋnlinɛ maan niŋgbina ka ba buon Minerals la tɔ’ɔn zuoe bɛɛ lin an finn. Wala pʋʋgin tɔ’ɔn mɔr kuom piswai, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (90%), ka mɔr sikir buudinam bɛdigʋ linɛ kɛt ka li malis, ka mɛ mɔr vitamin C bɛdigʋ. Fʋ ya’a mak nɛ wal banɛ nan pʋ kʋdʋgɛ (ka yis kodu) vegetables mɔr starch, potassium,Slavin, Joanne L.; Lloyd, Beate (1 July 2012). "Health Benefits of Fruits and Vegetables". Advances in Nutrition. 3 (4): 506–516. doi:10.3945/an.112.002154. ISSN 2156-5376. PMC 3649719. PMID 22797986. dietary fiber, folate nɛ vitamins bɛdigʋ ka lɛɛ mɔr kpaam finn."Vegetables". myplate.gov. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022. Bi’elim anɛ banɛ mɔr diib bʋʋlim bɛdigʋ ka banɛ ka ba pak kpi’em la mɛ tisid protein, fiber, vitamin E nɛ B bɛdigʋ. Biili anɛ diib hali tis bʋnkɔnbid bɔzugɔ, ba mɔr pa’ad nɛ kpaam kanɛ zɛnmis, wan wʋʋ omega-3 fats.Lundgren, Jonathan G.; Rosentrater, Kurt A. (13 September 2007). "The strength of seeds and their destruction by granivorous insects". Arthropod-Plant Interactions. 1 (2): 93–99. Bibcode:2007APInt...1...93L. doi:10.1007/s11829-007-9008-1. ISSN 1872-8855. S2CID 6410974. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022."The nutrition powerhouse we should eat more of". BBC Food. Archived from the original on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2022. Tikpi’ema si’eba ya’a la’as taaba na nyaŋi kɛ ka bʋnlinɛ tisid niŋgbiŋ laafi la paas bɛɛ si’e bɛ bʋnbʋta ni. Phytates anɛ bʋnlinɛ na nyaŋi kɛ ka sikir buudi si’eba nɛ vitamins pʋ zuoe bʋnbʋta la nii.

Ba buon bʋnkɔnbid banɛ an yam bɛɛ mɔɔg ma’a la nɛ ye herbivores, ka banɛ dit tiis wala ka ba buoni ba ye frugivores,Kanchwala, Hussain (21 March 2019). "What Are Frugivores?". Science ABC. Archived from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022. ka banɛ dit vaand nɛ li daad la mɛ an folivores (pandas) ka banɛ ɔnbid daad la an xylophages (termites)."Herbivore". National Geographic Society. 21 January 2011. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022. Banɛ dit tiis wala la si’eba anɛ banɛ yi annelids paae wabid, waamis nɛ niiŋ si’eba.Hagen, Melanie; Kissling, W. Daniel; Rasmussen, Claus; De Aguiar, Marcus A.M.; Brown, Lee E.; Carstensen, Daniel W.; Alves-Dos-Santos, Isabel; Dupont, Yoko L.; Edwards, Francois K. (2012). "Biodiversity, Species Interactions and Ecological Networks in a Fragmented World". Advances in Ecological Research. 46. Elsevier: 89–210. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-396992-7.00002-2. hdl:10261/64172. ISBN 978-0-12-396992-7. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.Scanes, Colin G. (2018). "Animals and Hominid Development". Animals and Human Society. Elsevier. pp. 83–102. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805247-1.00005-8. ISBN 978-0-12-805247-1. Archived from the original on 9 June 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2022.Fleming, Theodore H. (1992). "How Do Fruit- and Nectar-Feeding Birds and Mammals Track Their Food Resources?". Effects of Resource Distribution on Animal–Plant Interactions. Elsevier. pp. 355–391. doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-091881-5.50015-3. ISBN 978-0-12-361955-6. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2022. Zimi wan wʋʋ kɔbiga nɛ pisnii nɛ ayi (182) dit wala bɛɛ biili.Correa, Sandra Bibiana; Winemiller, Kirk O.; LóPez-Fernández, Hernán; Galetti, Mauro (1 October 2007). "Evolutionary Perspectives on Seed Consumption and Dispersal by Fishes". BioScience. 57 (9): 748–756. doi:10.1641/B570907. ISSN 0006-3568. S2CID 13869429. Bʋnkɔnbid (banɛ bɛ yaan nɛ mɔɔgin) ɔnbid nɛ mɔɔd kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb ye ba paam niŋgbina biim."Describe the utilization of grass in forage-livestock systems". Forage Information System. 28 May 2009. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2022.

Ninsaalib dit bʋnbʋta buudi-buudi tusa-tusa; bʋnbʋta banɛ maan puum anɛ wan wʋʋ ban buudi-buudi tusa pisyɔpɔi nɛ anu (75,000), ka ba dit wan wʋʋ ban tusa yɔpɔi (7,000).Şerban, Procheş; Wilson, John R. U.; Vamosi, Jana C.; Richardson, David M. (1 February 2008). "Plant Diversity in the Human Diet: Weak Phylogenetic Signal Indicates Breadth". BioScience. 58 (2): 151–159. doi:10.1641/B580209. S2CID 86483332. Ba mɔr bʋnbʋta maan bodobodo, pasta, cereals, daam nɛ jams bɛɛ la’asi’eba wan wʋʋ sikir, ti’nya’a, linɛ niŋid diib ka ba buon spices la nɛ kpaam. Biili banɛ tisid kpaam mɔr kpaam bɛdigʋ ba pʋʋgin – sunflower, flaxseed, rapeseed (ka si’eba an canola oil) nɛ sesame.McGee, Chapter 9.

Bʋnkɔnbid nɛ bʋnbʋta bɛdigʋ la’asi duoe ka li yʋ’ʋn an ye ba wala la anɛ bʋnlinɛ tisid bʋnkɔnbid la niŋgbina biim, ka ban mɛ kɛŋ nyɛ’ɛ biili la bas zin’ig si’a sa, ka bʋnbʋta la yaligidi tɔlisid tuon.Eriksson, Ove (20 December 2014). "Evolution of angiosperm seed disperser mutualisms: the timing of origins and their consequences for coevolutionary interactions between angiosperms and frugivores". Biological Reviews. 91 (1): 168–186. doi:10.1111/brv.12164. PMID 25530412. Bʋnkɔnbidi ɛɛti di biili kɛŋ nyɛ’ɛ bas la mɛ mɔr sʋŋir, bɔzugɔ, biili si’eba pʋ buod bʋnkɔnbid pʋʋginɛ.Heleno, Ruben H.; Ross, Georgina; Everard, Amy; Memmott, Jane; Ramos, Jaime A. (2011). "The role of avian 'seed predators' as seed dispersers: Seed predators as seed dispersers". Ibis. 153 (1): 199–203. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2010.01088.x. hdl:10316/41308. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022.Spengler, Robert N. (1 April 2020). "Anthropogenic Seed Dispersal: Rethinking the Origins of Plant Domestication". Trends in Plant Science. 25 (4): 340–348. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2020.01.005. hdl:21.11116/0000-0005-C7E0-D. ISSN 1360-1385. PMID 32191870. S2CID 213192873. Bʋn’ian’ada anɛ banɛ dit biili bɛdigʋ, ka sinsa’as, tambaris nɛ gʋnya an banɛ widigid biili laligid zin’ig.Simms, Ellen L. (1 January 2001). "Plant-Animal Interactions". In Levin, Simon Asher (ed.). Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. New York: Elsevier. pp. 601–619. doi:10.1016/b0-12-226865-2/00340-0. ISBN 978-0-12-226865-6. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022. Niimis mɛ an banɛ widigid biili,Godínez-Alvarez, Héctor; Ríos-Casanova, Leticia; Peco, Begoña (2020). "Are large frugivorous birds better seed dispersers than medium- and small-sized ones? Effect of body mass on seed dispersal effectiveness". Ecology and Evolution. 10 (12): 6136–6143. Bibcode:2020EcoEv..10.6136G. doi:10.1002/ece3.6285. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 7319144. PMID 32607219. ba pʋ taa dit biili ka li an ba diib wala, ba nɔnya la kpi’em nɛ na nyaŋi bʋ’ak pak la di biilif la.Jennings, Elizabeth (15 November 2019). "How Much Seed Do Birds Eat In a Day?". Sciencing. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2022. Bʋnkɔnbid banɛ dʋ’ad dit biili kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb, ban tɔ’ɔn mɔri ba nɔɔri kpi’em la pigisid pa’ad la ka dit biili la.Carpenter, Joanna K.; Wilmshurst, Janet M.; McConkey, Kim R.; Hume, Julian P.; Wotton, Debra M.; Shiels, Aaron B.; Burge, Olivia R.; Drake, Donald R. (2020). Barton, Kasey (ed.). "The forgotten fauna: Native vertebrate seed predators on islands". Functional Ecology. 34 (9): 1802–1813. Bibcode:2020FuEco..34.1802C. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.13629. ISSN 0269-8463. S2CID 225292938.

 Bʋnkɔnbid 
Ba mɔr bʋnkɔnbidi maan disi’eba bɛɛ dit ka li an ni’im. Nwa’ si’eba anɛ ni’im, gɛla, shellfish nɛ li kpaam wan wʋʋ milk nɛ cheese."Animal Products". ksre.k-state.edu. Archived from the original on 20 March 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022. Ba tisid niŋgbina biim ka mɔr niŋgbina maalig la’ad wʋsa ka ninsaal ya’a di ka li na nyaŋi sʋŋ o.Marcus, Jacqueline B. (2013). "Protein Basics: Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Food and Health". Culinary Nutrition. Elsevier. pp. 189–230. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-391882-6.00005-4. ISBN 978-0-12-391882-6. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2022. One 4-ounce (110 g) steak, nua bin’isa bɛɛ kurkur ni’im mɔr protein 30 grams. Gɛl tita’ar yinnɛ mɔr protein 7 grams. A 4-ounce (110 g) ba ya’a mak cheese wala bɛn tisid protein 15 grams. Ka milik kɔp yinnɛ (~240 mL) mɛ mɔr protein 8 grams. Niŋgbiŋ biim buudi banɛ ka ninsaal paamidi yit bʋnkɔnbid ni si’eba anɛ kpaam, vitamins (ka B12 paas) nɛ  (ka zinc, iron, calcium, magnesium paas).

Diib banɛ ka ti nyɛti yit bʋnkɔnbid ni si’eba anɛ milik, lin yit nɛ bin’isa ni, ka si’eba nuud ala ka si’eba mɛ mɔri li maan disi’eba (cheese, butter, etc.). Gɛla banɛ ka bʋnkɔnbid banɛ mɔr kʋkpama nyɛ’ɛt la siing diti maan siind, ka yisid bʋnsi’eba bɛ puum ni la’asidi li ka di malis. Buud si’eba nud ziim, diib wan wʋʋ ziim ni’im, ziim ka ba mɔri bʋligid ni’im ka paasid yaarim digin ka di yʋʋgin, ka si’eba mɛ mɔr ziim maan stew wan wʋʋ dikanɛ ka ba buon jugged hare la.Davidson, 81–82.

 Nɔɔrin lɛmig 
Bʋnkɔnbid, li kaskas ninsaalib, ya’a lɛ’ɛm si’eli ba nɔɔrin, li pa’an bʋnama anu nwa’: li tɔ’ɔn malis, an zɛn’ɛm, an yaarim, an tɔɔg, bɛɛ din on an ni’im. Ba lɛmid diib nɔɔrini nyaŋidi bakidi ba nɛ taaba, anina ka ba baŋid banɛ maan niŋgbina nɛ banɛ an yabidi tis niŋgbiŋ.Yarmolinsky, David A.; Zuker, Charles S.; Ryba, Nicholas J.P. (16 October 2009). "Common Sense about Taste: From Mammals to Insects". Cell. 139 (2): 234–244. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.10.001. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 3936514. PMID 19837029. Bʋnkɔnbidi paasid la, banɛ tisid paŋ anɛ banɛ ka ba diib malis la,"Evolution of taste receptor may have shaped human sensitivity to toxic compounds". Medical News Today. Archived from the original on 27 September 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2015. amaa ninsaalib tɔ’ɔn ti’aki ba pʋtɛn’ɛri bɔɔd dikanɛ ka ba daa pʋ nɔŋa. Ku'om an bʋnlinɛ ya’a kae ka vʋ’ʋm kae la pʋ mɔr malisim bɛɛ tɔɔlim nɔɔrinɛ."Why does pure water have no taste or colour?". The Times of India. 3 April 2004. Archived from the original on 30 December 2015.

Bʋnlinɛ kɛt ka si’el malis ninsaal nɔɔrin anɛ sikir buudi banɛ ka ba si’eba an  glucose, fructose, bɛɛ disaccharides ka ban si’eba mɛ an sucrose, lin la’as nɛ glucose nɛ fructose. New Oxford American Dictionary Fʋ ya’a lɛ’ɛm si’el nɔɔrin ka li an zɛn’ɛm, linɛ kɛt ka li an ala anɛ zɛn’ɛsim, ka si’eba anɛ vinegar kanɛ ka ba niŋid daam banɛ mɔr pataasi li pʋʋgin la. Dibama buudi si’eba an citrus, li kaskas anɛ lemons nɛ limes. Diib ya’a pʋ Malisa, li an sʋ’ʋm bɔzugɔ li pa’an saŋsi’eba ye diib la san’am nɛ.States "having an acid taste like lemon or vinegar: she sampled the wine and found it was sour. (of food, esp. milk) spoiled because of fermentation." New Oxford American Dictionary Diib ya’a an yaarimyaarim, li pa’al ye yaarim kuguri paasi li pʋʋgin wan wʋʋ sodium nɛ potassium. Li bɛ diib bɛdigʋ ni zɛnmis nɛ ye li kɛ ka li diib malis. Tɔɔg anɛ bʋnlinɛ ka ba pʋ bɔɔda lin tɔi la zug. Bʋnlinɛ pʋ Malisa si’eba anɛ chocolate sabilig, caffeine, lemon rind, nɛ tiis wala si’eba. Umami, mɛ anɛ malisim kanɛ bɛ fʋn na dʋg ni’im pʋʋgin.Fleming, Amy (9 April 2013). "Umami: why the fifth taste is so important". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 January 2023.Fleming, Amy (9 April 2013). "Umami: why the fifth taste is so important". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 January 2023. Diib banɛ ka fʋ ya’a lɛmi ba ka ba pa’an ni’im malisim anɛ cheese, ni’im nɛ abʋʋd.Wilson, Kimberley (9 December 2022). "Food aversion: A psychologist reveals why you hate some foods, but could learn to love them". BBC Science Focus Magazine. Retrieved 5 January 2023.

Bʋnkɔnbid bɛdigʋ mɔr dinɛ lɛmid diibi baŋid malisim la nɛ ba nɔɔrin, bʋnian’ada si’eba bɛɛ mɔri ba nɔba lɛmid diib, ka zimi mɛ mɔri ba niŋgbiŋ zin’ig wʋsa tɔ’ɔn lɛmid diib.Langley, Liz (14 September 2018). "Some Insects Taste With Their Feet and Hear With Their Wings". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2023.Kasumyan, Alexander O. (10 April 2019). "The taste system in fishes and the effects of environmental variables". Journal of Fish Biology. 95 (1): 155–178. Bibcode:2019JFBio..95..155K. doi:10.1111/jfb.13940. ISSN 0022-1112. PMID 30793305. S2CID 73470487. Baa, amus nɛ niis dinɛ lɛmid diib la pɔɔd nɛ (nɔɔs mɔr wan wʋʋ ban pistan’),Gary, Stuart (12 August 2010). "Do animals taste the same things as humans?". Australian Broadcasting Corporation Science. Retrieved 5 January 2023. Ninsaalib banɛ an kpɛɛmnam mɔr ka li wa’ae tusayi nɛ tusa anaasi yela,"How does our sense of taste work?". InformedHealth.org. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care. 17 August 2016. Archived from the original on 10 January 2024 – via NCBI. ka zimi mɔr ka li gaad million. Bʋnkɔnbid banɛ ɔnbid mɔɔd mɔr ka li gaad banɛ ɔnbid ni’im, lin ka ba nyaŋidi baŋid mɔɔg banɛ an yabid.Gary, Stuart (12 August 2010). "Do animals taste the same things as humans?". Australian Broadcasting Corporation Science. Retrieved 5 January 2023. Bʋnkɔnbid wʋsa pʋ lɛ’ɛmid yinnɛ, kuus lɛmmidi gɔsid diib bʋʋlim, amus kʋ nyaŋi lɛ’ɛm diibi baŋi li malisim bɛn nɛ, ka bʋnkɔnbid banɛ ɔnbid ni’im bɛdigʋ (ka si’eba an hyenas, dolphins, nɛ sea lions) kʋ nyaŋi lɛ’ɛm gɔs diib malisim bɛɛ di tɔɔlim zin’is anu banɛ bɛ Ninsaal ni la.Scully, Simone M. (9 June 2014). "The Animals That Taste Only Saltiness". Nautilus. Archived from the original on 14 June 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.

 Diib buor 
Diib kpɛn’ɛd ningbina ni an biim nɛ dɔlisid lin na buoe kpɛn’ɛ giinla nɛ kɔnba ni."Digestion: Anatomy, physiology, and chemistry". Medical News Today. 28 June 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2023. Diibi na niŋ si’em ka buoe niŋgbiŋin anɛ fʋn na ɔnbi li nɔɔrin ka bʋnvʋya si’eba bɛ pʋʋgin mɛ ɔnbi li bʋlʋg).Patricia, Justin J.; Dhamoon, Amit S. (2022). "Physiology, Digestion". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 31334962. Retrieved 6 January 2023.Inman, Mason (20 December 2011). "How Bacteria Turn Fiber into Food". PLOS Biology. 9 (12): e1001227. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001227. ISSN 1544-9173. PMC 3243711. PMID 22205880. Diibi dɔlisid si’em buodi bɛ bʋnkɔnbid banɛ ɔnbid mɔɔd nɛ bʋnkɔnbid banɛ ɔnbid ni’im bɛ kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb bɔzugɔ mɔɔg pʋ buod na’ana’a."Herbivore | National Geographic Society". education.nationalgeographic.org. Retrieved 6 January 2023. Bʋnkɔnbid banɛ ɔnbid ni’im la, Wina’am maali ba nɔnya la nɛ ka ba tɔ’ɔn aansid ka ga’ad ka bʋnkɔnbid banɛ ɔnbid mɔɔg la lɛɛ bugusud yam la. Bʋnkɔnbid banɛ ɔnbid mɔɔg la mɔr pʋya ka li zuoe lin na niŋ si’em ka diib la buoe ka diibi dɔlisid suor si’a ka buod la mɛ wa’am."An toàn Thực phẩm". www.who.int (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 26 December 2023."WHO: Các bệnh do thực phẩm ở trẻ em dưới 5 tuổi chiếm gần một phần ba số ca tử vong - Chương trình mục tiêu quốc gia - Cổng thông tin Bộ Y tế". moh.gov.vn. Retrieved 26 December 2023.

 Diib sʋ’ʋm yela 
Labaar bɛ World Health Organization (WHO), ye nidib 600 million dunia wʋsa bɛn’ɛd ka 420,000 ɛɛti kɔ’ɔŋi ba nyɔɔr dɔlisid nɛ ban di dibanɛ sa’am pʋʋgin."Hơn 600 triệu người mắc bệnh do ăn phải các thực phẩm ô nhiễm - Chương trình mục tiêu quốc gia - Cổng thông tin Bộ Y tế". moh.gov.vn. Retrieved 26 December 2023."An toàn Thực phẩm". www.who.int (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 26 December 2023. Diarrhea, ban’a kanɛ ka ba tiind ka saand la anɛ wikanɛ yinɛ fʋn na di dikanɛ san’am, ka nidib 550 million ka li gban’adi ba, ka ba pʋʋgin, nidib 230,000 dɔlisid anina kɔ’ɔŋidi ba nyɔɔrr yʋʋm wʋsa. Biis banɛ pʋ paae yʋma anu anɛ pisnaasi, kɔbiga pʋʋgin ka li dɔlisid nɛ diib ban’as ni ka ba kɔ’ɔŋidi ba nyɔɔr, biis 125,000 kɔ’ɔŋidi ba nyɔɔr yʋʋm wʋsa."WHO: Các bệnh do thực phẩm ở trẻ em dưới 5 tuổi chiếm gần một phần ba số ca tử vong - Chương trình mục tiêu quốc gia - Cổng thông tin Bộ Y tế". moh.gov.vn. Retrieved 26 December 2023.

Yʋʋm tusayi nɛ atan’ ni (2003) World Health Organization (WHO) da yis labaar na ka ye nidib banɛ dit diib kanɛ san’am ka ban’as mɔri ba bɛ WHO European Region pistan’ kɔbiga pʋʋgin (30%) yitnɛ nidib yaan."Several foodborne diseases are increasing in Europe". World Health Organization. 16 December 2003. Archived from the original on 16 April 2005. Retrieved 26 December 2023. WHO nɛ CDC gbana pʋʋgin, US tɛŋin ma’a, yʋʋm wʋsa, nidib 76 million ka ban’as gban’adi ba dɔlisid diib ni, nidib 325,000 pʋ lɛn nyaŋidi tʋm si’ela ka nidib 5,000 ɛɛnti kɔ’ɔŋid ba nyɔɔr."Food safety and foodborne illness". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2010.

Lin yi yʋʋm tusayi nɛ piinɛ yinnɛ (2011) paae yʋʋm tusayi nɛ piinɛyuobʋ ni (2016), nidib wan wʋʋ 668,673 ka ban’as gban’a ba dɔlisid diib ni ka li dɔlisid anina ka nidib pisi nɛ yinnɛ kɔ’ɔŋidi ba nyɔɔr yʋʋm wʋsa."Hơn 5.000 người bị ngộ độc thực phẩm mỗi năm". Báo Nhân Dân điện tử (in Vietnamese). 5 June 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2023."Chỉ 10% số người dân tin vào thực phẩm an toàn". laodong.vn (in Vietnamese). 6 June 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2023.Tran, Lanh. "Dịch vụ nhận đặc tiệc tại nhà 24h". yte.nghean.gov.vn (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 26 December 2023."Cảnh giác ngộ độc thực phẩm từ bếp ăn tập thể - Hoạt động của địa phương - Cổng thông tin Bộ Y tế". moh.gov.vn. Retrieved 26 December 2023. Linɛ lɛn paas ya’as, yʋʋm bama saŋa, diib ban’as kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb 1,007 ka ba da nyɛ ka lin da gban’a nidib si’eba an 30,395.

 Gbanvɛɛnsa