ರಸಾಯನಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ

ರಸಾಯನಶಾಸ್ತ್ರಕ್ಕೆ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ
ರಸಾಯನಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಯು ವಾರ್ಷಿಕವಾಗಿ ರಸಾಯನಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾಧನೆಗಳಿಗೆ ರಾಯಲ್ ಸ್ವೀಡಿಷ್ ಅಕ್ಯಾಡಮಿ ಆಫ್ ಸೈನ್ಸಸ್ ನೀಡುವ ಒಂದು ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ. ಆಲ್ಫ್ರೆಡ್ ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಅವರು ೧೮೯೫ರಲ್ಲಿ ತಮ್ಮ ಉಯಿಲಿನ ಮೂಲಕ ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಿದ ೫ ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಇದೂ ಒಂದು.
೨೦೧೬ ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ
ಸ್ಟಾಕ್‌ಹೋಮ್‌ : ಅಣು ಚಾಲಿತ ಯಂತ್ರಗಳನ್ನು (ಮಾಲಿಕ್ಯುಲರ್‌ ಮೆಷಿನ್‌) ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ ಪಡಿಸಿದ ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್‌ನ ಜೀನ್‌ ಪಿರ್ರೆ ಸುವಾಜ್‌, ಬ್ರಿಟನ್ನಿನ ಜೆ.ಫ್ರೇಸರ್‌ ಸ್ಟೊಡಾರ್ಟ್‌ ಮತ್ತು ನೆದರ್‌ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್ಸ್‌ನ ಬರ್ನಾರ್ಡ್‌ ಫೆರಿಂಗಾ ಅವರು ಈ ಸಾಲಿನ ರಸಾಯನ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ  ನೊಬೆಲ್‌ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಗೆ ಭಾಜನರಾಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಅಣುಗಳಿಂದ ರೂಪಿಸಿರುವ ಈ ಸಾಧನಗಳು ಜಗತ್ತಿನ ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಪುಟ್ಟ ಯಂತ್ರಗಳಾಗಿವೆ.

‘ನಿಯಂತ್ರಿತ ಚಲನೆಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಅಣುಗಳನ್ನು ಈ ಮೂವರು ವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿಗಳು  ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ ಪಡಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಶಕ್ತಿ ತುಂಬಿದಾಗ ಈ ಯಂತ್ರಗಳು ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ಕೆಲಸಗಳನ್ನು ಮಾಡಬಲ್ಲವು’ ಎಂದು ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಯ  ಆಯ್ಕೆಗಾರರ ಮಂಡಳಿ ಹೇಳಿದೆ.
ಅಣು ಯಂತ್ರದ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ ಪಥ...
ಮೊದಲ ಘಟ್ಟ
ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್‌ನ ಜೀನ್‌ ಪಿರ್ರೆ ಸುವಾಜ್‌ 1983ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅಣು ಯಂತ್ರದ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿಗೆ ಮುನ್ನುಡಿ ಬರೆದಿದ್ದರು. ಬಳೆ  ಅಥವಾ ಉಂಗುರ ಆಕಾರದ ಎರಡು ಅಣುಗಳನ್ನು ಪರಸ್ಪರ ಕೂಡಿಸುವ ಮೂಲಕ ಅಣುಗಳ ಸರಪಣಿ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಸುವಲ್ಲಿ ಯಶ ಕಂಡಿದ್ದರು. ಅಣು ಯಂತ್ರಗಳ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಇದು ಮೊದಲ ಹಂತ ಎಂದು ಬಣ್ಣಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ.

‘ಯಂತ್ರವು ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಬೇಕಾದರೆ,  ಪರಸ್ಪರ ಚಲಿಸುವಂತಹ ಭಾಗಗಳನ್ನು ಅವು ಹೊಂದಿರಬೇಕಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಸುವಾಜ್‌ ಅವರು ಸಂಪರ್ಕ ಬೆಸೆದ ಎರಡು ಅಣು ಬಳೆಗಳು ಈ ಅಗತ್ಯವನ್ನು ಪೂರೈಸಿವೆ’ ಎಂದು ನೊಬೆಲ್‌ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ತೀರ್ಪುದಾರರ ಮಂಡಳಿ ಹೇಳಿದೆ.

ಎರಡನೇ ಘಟ್ಟ
1991ರಲ್ಲಿ ಜೆ.ಫ್ರೇಸರ್‌ ಸ್ಟೊಡಾರ್ಟ್‌ ಅವರು ಅಣು ಯಂತ್ರ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿಯ ಎರಡನೇ ಹಂತವನ್ನು ಕೈಗೆತ್ತಿಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದರು. ಅಣು ಬಳೆಗಳನ್ನು ತೆಳ್ಳನೆಯ ಅಣು ದಂಡಕ್ಕೆ (ಆ್ಯಕ್ಸಲ್‌) ಅವರು ಪೋಣಿಸಿದ್ದರು. ಅಲ್ಲದೇ ಈ ದಂಡದ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಅಣು ಬಳೆಗಳೂ ಚಲಿಸುತ್ತವೆ ಎಂಬುದನ್ನು ಪ್ರಾತ್ಯಕ್ಷಿಕೆ ಮೂಲಕ ತೋರಿಸಿದ್ದರು. ಸ್ಟೊಡಾರ್ಡ್‌ ಅವರು ಅಣುಗಳ ಲಿಫ್ಟ್‌, ಅಣು ಆಧಾರಿತ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್‌ ಚಿಪ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಈಗಾಗಲೇ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ ಪಡಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ. 
ಮೂರನೇ ಘಟ್ಟ
ಅಂತಿಮವಾಗಿ ಅಣು ಯಂತ್ರವನ್ನು ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ ಪಡಿಸಿದ್ದು ಬರ್ನಾರ್ಡ್‌ ಫೆರಿಂಗಾ. ಒಂದೇ ದಿಕ್ಕಿನಲ್ಲಿ ನಿರಂತರವಾಗಿ ತಿರುಗುವ ಅಣು   ಬ್ಲೇಡ್‌  ರೂಪಿಸಲು 1999ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರು ಯಶಸ್ವಿಯಾಗಿದ್ದರು. ಅಣು ಯಂತ್ರಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸಿ ನ್ಯಾನೊ ಕಾರುಗಳನ್ನು ರೂಪಿಸಿದ ಹೆಗ್ಗಳಿಕೆಯೂ ಫೆರಿಂಗಾ ಅವರಿಗಿದೆ.ಅಣುಯಂತ್ರ ರೂವಾರಿಗಳಿಗೆ ನೊಬೆಲ್‌;6 Oct, 2016

 ಪುರಸ್ಕೃತರು 
ವರ್ಷಪುರಸ್ಕೃತರು ದೇಶ ಕಾರಣ190175pxಜಾಕೊಬಸ್ ಹೆನ್ರಿಕಸ್ ವಾಂಟ್ ಹೊಫ್ನೆದರ್‌ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್ಸ್"[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions"190275pxಹೆರ್ಮನ್ ಎಮಿಲ್ ಫಿಷರ್ಜರ್ಮನಿ"[for] his work on sugar and purine syntheses"190375pxಸ್ವಾಂಟೆ ಅರ್ಹೇನಿಯಸ್ಸ್ವೀಡನ್"[for] his electrolytic theory of dissociation"1904 75pxಸರ್ ವಿಲಿಯಮ್ ರಾಮ್ಸೆಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಮ್"[for his] discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system"1905 75pxಅಡಾಲ್ಫ್ ವಾನ್ ಬಾಯರ್ಜರ್ಮನಿ"[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"190675pxಹೆನ್ರಿ ಮೊಯ್ಸಾನ್ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್"[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him"1907 75pxಎಡ್ವಾರ್ಡ್ ಬುಕ್ನರ್ಜರ್ಮನಿ"for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation"190875pxಅರ್ನೆಸ್ಟ್ ರುದರ್‌ಫೋರ್ಡ್ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಮ್ನ್ಯೂ ಜೀಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances"1909 75pxವಿಲ್ಹೆಲ್ಮ್ ಓಸ್ಟ್ವಾಲ್ಡ್ಜರ್ಮನಿ"[for] his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction"191075pxಆಟ್ಟೊ ವಾಲ್ಲಾಚ್ಜರ್ಮನಿ"[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"191175pxಮರಿ ಕ್ಯೂರಿಪೋಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್"[for] the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element"191275pxವಿಕ್ಟರ್ ಗ್ರಿಗ್ನಾರ್ಡ್ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್"for the discovery of the [...] Grignard reagent"75pxಪಾಲ್ ಸಬಾಟಿಯರ್ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್"for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals"191375pxಆಲ್ಫ್ರೆಡ್ ವೆರ್ನರ್ಸ್ವಿಟ್ಜರ್‌ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್"[for] his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules [...] especially in inorganic chemistry"191475pxಥೊಯೊಡೊರ್ ವಿಲಿಯಮ್ ರಿಚರ್ಡ್ಸ್ಅಮೇರಿಕ ದೇಶ"[for] his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements"191575pxರಿಚರ್ಡ್ ಮಾರ್ಟಿನ್ ವಿಸ್ಟಾಟ್ಟರ್ಜರ್ಮನಿ"for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll"1916Not awarded1917Not awarded191875pxಫ್ರಿಟ್ಜ್ ಹೇಬರ್ಜರ್ಮನಿ"for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"1919Not awarded192075pxವಾಲ್ಥರ್ ಹರ್ಮನ್ ನರ್ಸ್ಟ್ಜರ್ಮನಿ"[for] his work in thermochemistry"1921ಫ್ರೆಡ್ರಿಕ್ ಸಾಡ್ಡಿಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ"for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes"1922ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸಿಸ್ ವಿಲಿಯಮ್ ಆಸ್ಟನ್ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಂ"for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule"192375pxಫ್ರಿಟ್ಜ್ ಪ್ರೆಗ್ಲ್ಆಸ್ಟ್ರಿಯ"for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances"1924Not awarded1925ರಿಚರ್ಡ್ ಅಡಾಲ್ಫ್ ಸಿಗ್ಮಾಂಡಿಜರ್ಮನಿ"for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used"1926ಥಿಯೊಡೋರ್ ಸ್ವೆಡ್ಬರ್ಗ್ಸ್ವೀಡನ್"for his work on disperse systems"1927ಹೆನ್ರಿಕ್ ಒಟ್ಟೊ ವೀಲಂಡ್ಜರ್ಮನಿ"for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances"1928ಅಡಾಲ್ಫ್ ಒಟ್ಟೊ ರೀನ್ಹೋಲ್ಡ್ ವಿಂಡಾಸ್ಜರ್ಮನಿ"[for] his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins"1929Arthur HardenUnited Kingdom"for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes"Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpinಜರ್ಮನಿ1930Hans Fischerಜರ್ಮನಿ"for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin"1931Carl Boschಜರ್ಮನಿ"[for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods"Friedrich Bergiusಜರ್ಮನಿ193275pxIrving LangmuirUnited States"for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry"1933Not awarded193475pxHarold Clayton UreyUnited States"for his discovery of heavy hydrogen"1935Frédéric JoliotFrance"[for] their synthesis of new radioactive elements"Irene Joliot-CurieFrance193675pxPetrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debyethe Netherlands"[for his work on] molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases"1937Walter Norman HaworthUnited Kingdom"for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C"Paul KarrerSwitzerland"for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2"1938Richard Kuhnಜರ್ಮನಿ"for his work on carotenoids and vitamins"1939Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandtಜರ್ಮನಿ"for his work on sex hormones"Leopold RuzickaSwitzerland"for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes"1940Not awarded1941Not awarded1942Not awarded1943 75pxGeorge de HevesyHungary"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"1944Otto Hahnಜರ್ಮನಿ"for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei"1945Artturi Ilmari VirtanenFinland"for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method"1946James Batcheller SumnerUnited States"for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized"John Howard NorthropUnited States"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"Wendell Meredith StanleyUnited States1947Sir Robert RobinsonUnited Kingdom"for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids"1948Arne Wilhelm Kaurin TiseliusSweden"for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins"1949William Francis GiauqueUnited States"for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"1950Otto Paul Hermann DielsFederal Republic of Germany"for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis"Kurt AlderFederal Republic of Germany1951Edwin Mattison McMillanUnited States"for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements"  Glenn Theodore SeaborgUnited States1952Archer John Porter MartinUnited Kingdom"for their invention of partition chromatography"Richard Laurence Millington SyngeUnited Kingdom1953Hermann StaudingerFederal Republic of Germany"for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry"195475pxLinus Carl PaulingUnited States"for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances"1955Vincent du VigneaudUnited States"for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"1956Sir Cyril Norman HinshelwoodUnited Kingdom"for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions"Nikolay Nikolaevich SemenovUSSR1957Lord (Alexander R.) ToddUnited Kingdom"for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes"195875pxFrederick SangerUnited Kingdom"for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin"1959Jaroslav Heyrovský Czechoslovakia"for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis"1960Willard Frank LibbyUnited States"for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"196175pxMelvin CalvinUnited States"for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"1962Max Ferdinand PerutzUnited Kingdom"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"75px|John Cowdery KendrewJohn Cowdery KendrewUnited Kingdom1963Karl ZieglerFederal Republic of Germany"for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers"Giulio NattaItaly1964Dorothy Crowfoot HodgkinUnited Kingdom"for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"1965Robert Burns WoodwardUnited States"for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis"1966Robert S. MullikenUnited States"for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method"1967Manfred EigenFederal Republic of Germany"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy"Ronald George Wreyford NorrishUnited KingdomGeorge PorterUnited Kingdom1968Lars OnsagerUnited States"for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"1969Derek H. R. BartonUnited Kingdom"for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"Odd HasselNorway197075pxLuis F. LeloirArgentina"for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates"1971Gerhard Herzbergಕೆನಡಾ"for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals"197275pxChristian B. AnfinsenUnited States"for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"Stanford MooreUnited States"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"William H. SteinUnited States1973Ernst Otto FischerFederal Republic of Germany"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds"Geoffrey WilkinsonUnited Kingdom1974Paul J. FloryUnited States"for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules"1975John Warcup CornforthAustraliaUnited Kingdom"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions"Vladimir PrelogSwitzerland"for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions"1976William N. LipscombUnited States"for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding"1977Ilya PrigogineBelgium"for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"1978Peter D. MitchellUnited Kingdom"for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory"1979Herbert C. BrownUnited States"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"Georg WittigFederal Republic of Germany198075pxPaul BergUnited States"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"75px|Walter GilbertWalter GilbertUnited States"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"75px|Frederick SangerFrederick SangerUnited Kingdom1981Kenichi FukuiJapan"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"Roald HoffmannUnited States1982Aaron KlugUnited Kingdom"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"1983Henry TaubeUnited States"for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes"1984 Robert Bruce MerrifieldUnited States"for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"1985Herbert A. HauptmanUnited States"for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"Jerome KarleUnited States198675px|Dudley R. HerschbachDudley R. HerschbachUnited States"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"Yuan T. LeeUnited StatesJohn C. PolanyiCanada1987Donald J. CramUnited States"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"75px|Jean-Marie LehnJean-Marie LehnFranceCharles J. PedersenUnited States1988Johann DeisenhoferFederal Republic of Germany"for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre"75px|Robert HuberRobert HuberFederal Republic of GermanyHartmut MichelFederal Republic of Germany1989Sidney AltmanCanadaUnited States"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"75px|Thomas R. CechThomas R. CechUnited States1990Elias James CoreyUnited States"for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"1991Richard R. ErnstSwitzerland"for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy"199275pxRudolph A. MarcusUnited States"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"1993Kary B. MullisUnited States"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method"Michael SmithCanada"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies"1994George A. OlahUnited States"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"1995Paul J. Crutzenthe Netherlands"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"75px|Mario J. MolinaMario J. MolinaUnited States75pxF. Sherwood RowlandUnited States1996Robert F. Curl Jr.United States"for their discovery of fullerenes"75px|Harold KrotoSir Harold W. KrotoUnited KingdomRichard E. SmalleyUnited States1997Paul D. BoyerUnited States"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"John E. WalkerUnited KingdomJens C. SkouDenmark"for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase"199875px|Walter KohnWalter KohnUnited States"for his development of the density-functional theory"John A. PopleUnited Kingdom"for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry"1999Ahmed H. ZewailEgyptUnited States"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy"2000Alan J. HeegerUnited States"for their discovery and development of conductive polymers"Alan G MacDiarmidUnited StatesNew ZealandHideki ShirakawaJapan2001William S. KnowlesUnited States"for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions"75px|Ryoji NoyoriRyoji NoyoriJapanK. Barry SharplessUnited States"for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"200275px|John B. FennJohn B. FennUnited States"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"Koichi Tanakaಜಪಾನ್75px|Kurt WüthrichKurt WüthrichSwitzerland"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution"2003Peter AgreUnited States"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels"75px|Roderick MacKinnonRoderick MacKinnonಅಮೇರಿಕ ದೇಶ"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"200475pxAaron Ciechanoverಇಸ್ರೇಲ್"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"75pxAvram Hershkoಇಸ್ರೇಲ್75pxIrwin Roseಅಮೇರಿಕ ದೇಶ2005Yves ChauvinFrance"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"75px|Robert GrubbsRobert H. Grubbsಅಮೇರಿಕ ದೇಶRichard R. Schrockಅಮೇರಿಕ ದೇಶ200675pxRoger D. KornbergUnited States"for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"200775pxGerhard Ertlಜರ್ಮನಿ"for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"200875pxOsamu ShimomuraUnited StatesAs of 26 October 2008, the nobelprize.org website page for the 2008 award gives Shimomura's country as "USA". However, the press release from the Nobel Foundation on 8 October 2008, announcing the award, states that Shimomura is a Japanese citizen. "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"75pxMartin Chalfieಅಮೇರಿಕ ದೇಶ75pxRoger Y. Tsienಅಮೇರಿಕ ದೇಶ2009ವೆಂಕಟರಾಮನ್ ರಾಮಕೃಷ್ಣನ್ ಭಾರತ, ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಮ್"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"ಥಾಮಸ್ ಸ್ಟೀಟ್ಜ್ಅಮೇರಿಕ ದೇಶಆಡ ಯೊನಾಥ್ಇಸ್ರೇಲ್

 ಮೂಲಗಳು 

ವರ್ಗ:ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ
*
ವರ್ಗ:ರಸಾಯನಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ