បណ្ណាល័យជាតិ

បណ្ណាល័យជាតិ គឺជាបណ្ណាល័យមួយប្រភេទដែលសាធារណជនទូទៅអាចចូលទៅប្រើប្រាស់បាន ហើយជាទូទៅត្រូវបានគាំទ្រផ្នែកហរិញ្ញាវត្ថុដោយប្រភពសាធារណៈ (ដូចជាថវិកាពីពន្ធ) និងស្ថិតក្រោមការគ្រប់គ្រងដោយ civil servants ។ There are five fundamental characteristics shared by public libraries.  The first is that they are generally supported by taxes (usually local, though any level of government can and may contribute); they are governed by a board to serve the public interest; they are open to all and every community member can access the collection; they are entirely voluntary in that no one is ever forced to use the services provided; and public libraries provide basic services without charge. Rubin, Richard E. Foundations of Library and Information Science (3rd ed). 2010. Neal-Schuman Publishers: New York.

Public libraries exist in many countries across the world and are often considered an essential part of having an educated and literate population. Public libraries are distinct from research libraries, school libraries, and other special libraries in that their mandate is to serve the general public's information needs (rather than the needs of a particular school, institution, or research population). Public Libraries also provide free services such as preschool story times to encourage early literacy, quiet study and work areas for students and professionals, or book clubs to encourage appreciation of literature in adults. Public libraries typically allow users to take books and other materials off the premises temporarily; they also have non-circulating reference collections and provide computer and Internet access to patrons.

សេវាកម្មដែលផ្ដល់ជូន

In addition to print books and periodicals, most public libraries today have a wide array of other media including audiobooks, e-books, CDs, cassettes, videotapes, DVDs, and video games, as well as facilities to access the Internet and inter-library loans (borrowing items from other libraries).  Readers' advisory is a fundamental public library service that involves suggesting fiction and nonfiction titles (often called "readalikes").

Public libraries may also provide other services, such as community meeting rooms, storytelling sessions for infants, toddlers, preschool children, or after-school programs, all with an intention of developing early literacy skills and a love of books. In person and on-line programs for reader development, language learning, homework help, free lectures and cultural performances, and other community service programs are common offerings. One of the most popular programs offered in public libraries are summer reading programs for children, families, and adults. In rural areas, the local public library may have, in addition to its main branch, a mobile library service, consisting of one or more buses furnished as a small public library, serving the countryside according to a regular schedule.

Public libraries also provide materials for children, often housed in a special section.  Child oriented websites with on-line educational games and programs specifically designed for younger library users are becoming increasingly popular. Services may be provided for other groups, such as large print or Braille materials, Books on tape, young adult literature and other materials for teenagers, or materials in other than the national language (in foreign languages).

California and Nevada now offer a new service called Link+. This new program links county libraries across the two states, allowing patrons access to books their library may not have in their collection.

Librarians at most public libraries provide reference and research help to the general public, usually at a reference desk but can often be done by telephone interview. As online discussion and social networking allow for remote access, reference is becoming available virtually through the use of the Internet and e-mail. Depending on the size of the library, there may be more than one desk; at some smaller libraries all transactions may occur at one desk, while large urban public libraries may employ subject-specialist librarians with the ability to staff multiple reference or information desks to answer queries about particular topics at any time during regular operating hours. Often the children's section in a public library has its own reference desk.

Public libraries are also increasingly making use of web 2.0 services, including the use of online social networks by libraries.

Public libraries in some countries pay authors when their books are borrowed from libraries.  These are known as Public Lending Right program.

Digital divide
As more commercial and governmental services are being provided online (e-commerce and e-government), public libraries   increasingly  provide Internet access for users who otherwise would not be able to connect to these services.

Part of the Public Library mission has become attempting to help bridge the digital divide. A study conducted in 2006 found that "72.5 percent of library branches report that they are the only provider of free public computer and Internet access in their communities".Bertot, J.C., Jaeger, P.T., Langa, L.A. and McClure, C.R. (2006). "Public access computing and Internet access in public libraries: The role of public libraries in e-government and emergency situations."  First Monday.  11(9)Retrieved May 30, 2009, from http://firstmonday.org/issues/issues11_9/bertot/index.html  A 2008 study found that "100 percent of rural, high poverty outlets provide public Internet access, a significant increase from 85.7 percent last year".Bertot, J.C., McClure, C.R., Jaeger, P.T. and Ryan, J. (2008).  Public libraries and the Internet 2008: Study results and findings.  Retrieved May 31, 2009 from Florida State University, Information Use Management and Policy Institute Website: http://www.ii.fsu.edu/plinternet_reports.cfm 

The American Library Association (ALA), addresses this role of libraries as part of "access to information"American Library Association (ALA) Access to Information. Retrieved July 16, 2009, from http://www.ala.org/ala/issuesadvocacy/access/accesstoinformation/index.cfm and "equity of access";American Library Association (ALA). Equity of Access. Retrieved July 16, 2009, from http://www.ala.org/ala/issuesadvocacy/access/equityofaccess/index.cfm part of the profession's ethical commitment that "no one should be denied information because he or she cannot afford the cost of a book or periodical, have access to the internet or information in any of its various formats."American Library Association (ALA). Access. Retrieved July 16, 2009, from http://ala.org/ala/issuesadvocacy/access/index.cfm 

In addition to access, many public libraries offer training and support to computer users. Once access has been achieved, there still remains a large gap in people's online abilities and skills. For many communities, the public library is the only agency offering free computer classes and information technology learning. As of 2008, 73.4 percent of public libraries offered information technology training of some form, including information literacy skills and homework assignment help. A significant service provided by public libraries is assisting people with e-government access and use of federal, state and local government information, forms and services.

Internationally, public libraries offer information and communication technology (ICT) services, giving "access to information and knowledge" the "highest priority."Haavisto, T. (2006). Libraries and the WSIS action lines: Guideline for international, regional and local advocacy for libraries in relation with implantation of the WSIS by action line 2005-2015. [Update. Mincio, D. (2007)] [Electronic Version]. Page 2. International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions and World Summit on the Information Society: Geneva 2003 – Tunis 2005. Retrieved July 15, 2009, from http://www.ifla.org/files/wsis/Documents/libraries-and-the-wsis-action-lines-en.pdf. While different countries and areas of the world have their own requirements, general services offered include free connection to the Internet, training in using the Internet, and relevant content in appropriate languages. In addition to typical public library financing, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and business fund services that assist public libraries in combating the digital divide.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (2009). Global Libraries: Opening a World of Information and Opportunities. Retrieved July 15, 2009, from http://www.gatesfoundation.org/libraries/Pages/global-libraries-projects-update.aspx .

Origins as a social institution
The culmination of centuries of advances in the printing press, moveable type, paper, ink, publishing, and distribution, combined with an ever growing middle class, increased commercial activity and consumption, new radical ideas, massive population growth and higher literacy rates forged the public library into the form that it is today. Public libraries are not a new idea; Romans made scrolls in dry rooms available to patrons of the baths, and tried with some success to establish libraries within the empire. Naturally, only those few that could afford an education would be able to use the library, where those less than rich or without control of money; women, children and slaves could not. In the middle of the 19th century, the push for truly public libraries, paid for by taxes and run by the state gained force after numerous depressions, droughts, wars and revolutions in Europe, felt mostly by the working class.  Matthew Battles states that:
"It was in these years of class conflict and economic terror that the public library movement swept through Britain, as the nation's progressive elite recognized that the light of cultural and intellectual energy was lacking in the lives of commoners".Matthew. Library: An Unquiet History. New York, N.Y.: Norton, 2004, p. 135.
Libraries had often been started with a donation, an endowment or were bequeathed to various, parishes, churches, schools or towns, and these social and institutional libraries formed the base of many academic and public library collections of today.  Andrew Carnegie had the biggest influence in financing libraries in the United States of America, from the east to west coast.  From just 1900 to 1917, almost 1,700 libraries were constructed by Carnegie's foundation, insisting that local communities first guarantee tax support of each library built.Bill, Katz. Dahl's History Of The Book, No. 2. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1995, p. 238.

ការបង្កើតបណ្ណាល័យចរាចរដោយអ្នកលក់សៀវភៅ និងអ្នកបោះពុម្ពផ្សាយបានផ្តល់មធ្យោបាយនៃការទទួលបានប្រាក់ចំណេញ និងការបង្កើតមជ្ឈមណ្ឌលសង្គមនៅក្នុងសហគមន៍។ បណ្ណាល័យ​ដែល​ចរាចរ​មិន​ត្រឹម​តែ​ផ្តល់​កន្លែង​លក់​សៀវភៅ​ប៉ុណ្ណោះ​ទេ ប៉ុន្តែ​ថែម​ទាំង​ជា​កន្លែង​សម្រាប់​ជួល​សៀវភៅ​ក្នុង​តម្លៃ​ផង​ដែរ​។ បណ្ណាល័យ​ដែល​កំពុង​ចរាចរ​ទាំង​នេះ​បាន​ផ្តល់​នូវ​សម្ភារ​ផ្សេងៗ​រួម​ទាំង​ប្រលោមលោក​ដែល​មាន​ការ​ពេញ​និយម​កាន់​តែ​ខ្លាំង។ ទោះបីជាបណ្ណាល័យដែលកំពុងចរាចរបានបំពេញតួនាទីដ៏សំខាន់នៅក្នុងសង្គមក៏ដោយ ក៏សមាជិកនៃវណ្ណៈកណ្តាល និងថ្នាក់ខ្ពស់តែងតែមើលងាយបណ្ណាល័យទាំងនេះដែលលក់សម្ភារៈជាប្រចាំពីការប្រមូលរបស់ពួកគេ និងផ្តល់សម្ភារៈដែលមិនសូវទំនើប។ បណ្ណាល័យចរាចរក៏បានគិតថ្លៃជាវផងដែរ ទោះជាយ៉ាងណាក៏ដោយ ថ្លៃសេវាត្រូវបានកំណត់ដើម្បីទាក់ទាញអ្នកឧបត្ថម្ភរបស់ពួកគេ ដោយផ្តល់ការជាវជារៀងរាល់ឆ្នាំ ប្រចាំត្រីមាស ឬប្រចាំខែ ដោយមិនរំពឹងថាអតិថិជននឹងទិញចំណែកនៅក្នុងបណ្ណាល័យ។

បណ្ណារក្សចរាចរមិនមែនជាស្ថាប័នផ្តល់ប្រាក់កម្ចីផ្តាច់មុខទេ ហើយជារឿយៗផ្តល់កន្លែងសម្រាប់ទម្រង់ផ្សេងទៀតនៃសកម្មភាពពាណិជ្ជកម្ម ដែលអាចឬមិនទាក់ទងនឹងការបោះពុម្ព។ នេះជាការចាំបាច់ ពីព្រោះបណ្ណាល័យដែលកំពុងចរាចរមិនបង្កើតមូលនិធិគ្រប់គ្រាន់តាមរយៈថ្លៃជាវដែលប្រមូលបានពីអ្នកខ្ចីរបស់ខ្លួន។ ក្នុងនាមជាក្រុមហ៊ុនបណ្តាក់ទុនពាណិជ្ជកម្ម វាមានសារៈសំខាន់ណាស់ក្នុងការពិចារណាលើកត្តារួមចំណែកដូចជាទំនិញ ឬសេវាកម្មផ្សេងទៀតដែលមានសម្រាប់អ្នកជាវ។Raven, James. "Libraries for sociability: the advance of subscription library." The Cambridge History Of Libraries In Britain And Ireland. 3 vols. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 251-253.

Many claims have been made for the title of "first public library" for various libraries in various countries, with at least some of the confusion arising from differing interpretations of what should be considered a true "public library". Difficulties in establishing what policies were in effect at different times in the history of particular libraries also add to the confusion.

The first libraries open to the public were the collections of Greek and Latin scrolls which were available in the dry sections of the many buildings that made up the huge Roman baths of the Roman empire.  However, they were not lending libraries.

The "halls of science" run by different Islamic sects in many cities of North Africa and the Middle East in the 9th century were open to the public.  Some of them had written lending policies, but they were very restrictive.  Most patrons were expected to consult the books on site.

បណ្ណាល័យរបស់សាកលវិទ្យាល័យអឺរ៉ុបក្រោយៗមកមិនបើកសម្រាប់សាធារណជនទូទៅទេ ប៉ុន្តែអ្នកប្រាជ្ញអាចចូលប្រើបាន។

ស្លាកសញ្ញាណជាតិ

មើលផងដែរ
History of Public Library Advocacy
 Library science
 បណ្ណារក្ស
 Public space
 បញ្ជីរាយនាមបណ្ណាល័យ
 Public Library Advocacy
Library assessment

ឯកសារយោង

អានបន្ថែម
Barnett, Graham Keith (1987) Histoire des bibliothèques publiques en France de la Révolution à 1939; traduit de l'anglais par Thierry Lefèvre et Yves Sardat. Paris: Promodis (Translation of: The history of public libraries in France from the Revolution to 1939, London: Library Association, 1973)
 Bobinski, George S. (1969) Carnegie Libraries: their history and impact on American public library development. Chicago: American Library Association ISBN 0-8389-0022-4
Garrison, Dee (1979) Apostles of Culture: the public librarian and American society, 1876-1920. New York: Free Press ISBN 0-02-693850-2
 Jones, Barbara M., "Libraries, Access, and Intellectual Freedom", American Library Association, 1999.
Kelly, Thomas (1966) Early Public Libraries: a history of public libraries in Great Britain before 1850. London: Library Association
McCook, Kathleen de la Peña (2011), Introduction to Public Librarianship,  2nd ed. New York, Neal-Schuman.
 Minow, Mary; Lipinski, Tomas A., "The Library's Legal Answer Book", American Library Association, 2003.
Stockham, K. A., ed. (1969) British County Libraries: 1919-1969. London: André Deutsch ISBN 0-233-96111-9

តំណភ្ជាប់ខាងក្រៅ

Format Proliferation in Public Libraries
Stimulating Growth and Renewal of Public Libraries: The Natural Life Cycle as Framework 
Security Issues in Ohio Public Libraries 
"How did public libraries get started?"  from The Straight Dope
Seminar in Public Libraries 
"Go Ahead, Name Them: America's Best Public Libraries" from the American Library Association
Hennen's American Public Library Ratings
Public libraries in the United States of America; their history, condition, and management. Special report, Department of the Interior, Bureau of Education (1876) at Internet Archive,
Public library for community sharing 
Public library statistics  from the National Center for Education Statistics

Category:ប្រភេទនៃបណ្ណាល័យ