Tastuysit

Tastuysit d yiwet seg tfelsfatin timeqqranin akk deg umezruy n tidmi tagreɣlant. Tebda deg temdint n Atin deg lqern wis kraḍ send n tallalit tamirant, tuɣal d tasnakta tagreɣlant yesɛan tazrirt meqqren ɣef yedles agraɣlan d tfelsafit n tuṛuft. Isem-is yekka-d seg "Stoa Poikile", afakan anida i d-ttaɣen imezwura n tasnakta-agi tilsawin-nsen.

 Laṣel d Umezruy 

 Asbeddi n Tstuysit 
Deg useggas n 300 send n tallalit tamirant, yiwen n ufelsuf n tegzirt n Qubrus, isem-is Zinun n Kitium, yuɣal-d ɣer temdint n Atin. Zinun yella d amnagan amezwaru, yeɣra tafelsuft ɣur yimfelsefen n lweqt-nni am Krates akiniki d Stilpun amegaṛiki. Maca ur yeqniɛ ara s tiktiwin-nsen, yebna tasnakta-ines timaynut deg yiwen n umkan iwumi qqaren "Stoa Poikile", tazeqqa n teɣzi yeqqnen s tugniwin.

Zinun yelmed tiktiwin n Suqraṭ d flạṭun, yerna ɣur-sen kra n temhazt seg tfelsafit takinikt d tmegaṛikt. Yexleq anagraw afelsfan yebnan ɣef kraḍ n yimenzayen: tasnimant n ugama, tameẓla tameɣẓant, d timliliɣi. Anagraw-agi yuɣal d lsas n Tstuysit.

 Talliyin Timeqqranin n Tstuysit 
Tastuysit Tamezwarut (300-100 send n tallalit tamirant) tebda s Zinun, tkemmel s Kliyuntis d Krysippus. Tallit-agi tella d tin n usbeddi n yimenzayen igejdanen. Chrysippos ilmend yexdem aṭas deg unnar n tmeẓla, yettwassen d "amaswaḍ wis sin n Tstuysit" deffir Zinun.

Tastuysit Talemmast (100 send - 100 deffir tallalit tamirant) d tallit n beṭṭu d usemyezg. Panaetius d Posidonius wwin-d tibeddliyin, ssefrurxen kra n yilugan iqeṣḥen n imezwura, rnan-d tiktiwin timaynutin seg tfelsafit taflaṭunt d tarisṭutant. Deg tallit-agi, Tastuysit tkeccem s wazal ɣer tmurt n Ruma.

Tastuysit n Tmurt n Rum (100-200 deffir tallalit tamirant) d tallit n yimfelsefen imeqqranen: Seneka, Epiktitus d Marcus Urilyus. Wigi ur xedmen ara kan deg usnerni n tiẓri, xedmen daɣen deg usnas n tiktiwin tistuysyin deg tudert tamagdezt n yal ass.

 Aɛeddi ɣer Tmurt n Rum 
Tastuysit tekcem ɣer Rum deg lqern wis sin send n tallalit tamirant s ufus n Panaetius n Ṛudus. Panaetius yesseɣ tiktiwin tistuysyin akken ad ilint d tid yesseḥlen i tugdut tarumanit. Irumaniyen qeblen s lferḥ tafelsuft-agi imi temṣada d wansayen-nsen n tugrint d tanfa.

Imḍebren irumaniyen am Siserun d Catun Amecṭuḥ uɣalen d imceyyeɛen n tiktiwin tistuysyin. Seneka, afelsef d umaru, yuɣal d yiwen seg yimfelsefen imeqqranen n Tstuysit, yura aṭas n yidlisen ɣef tuẓult d tudert telha.

 Imfelsefen Igejdanen d Tiktiwin-nsen 

 Zinun n Kitium (334-262 send n tallalit tamirant) 
Amesnulfu n Tstuysit, yebna tasnakta ɣef tlata n yimenzayen. Yenna-d belli agama d amadwan, maca yesɛa taɣẓint d unaḍ. Amdan yesɛa tallaɣt taɣẓinant, ihi yezmer ad yegzu anaḍ-agi d ad yedder yid-s s umṣada.

 Krysippus n Suli (279-206 send n tallalit tamirant) 
Yesnerni tameẓla tastuysit, yexdem aṭas deg unnar n tmeẓla tameslukant. Yura azal n 705 n yidlisen, ɣas akken ur d-yeqqim ula d yiwen. Krysippus yefka-d tiẓri n "uqbal amesbaḍ", yenna-d belli amdan yesɛa azaraf deg tikta-ines d tegnitin-ines, ɣas akken tilawt tabaṛṛanit ur telli deg tanezmart-is.

 Epiktitus (55-135 deffir tallalit tamirant) 
D akli yuɣalen d afelsef, yeɣra ɣur Musunius Rufus. Tiktiwin-is llan deg udlis "Enchiridion" i d-yura uɣmis-is Arrian. Epiktitus yebḍa tiɣawsiwin ɣef snat: tid yellan deg ufus-nneɣ d tid ur nellin. Yenna-d belli tafat tella deg uqbal n wayen yellan deg tanezmart-nneɣ kan.

 Tiktiwin d Yimenzayen Igejdanen 

 Tasnimant Tastuysit 
Istuysyen ttamnen belli agama d yiwen, d amadwan yesɛan tanezmart d wallaɣ. Qqaren-as "pneuma" neɣ "logos" i tezmert-agi taɣẓinant i d-yettaken anaḍ i umaḍal. Agama ur yelli d ayen ara yesɛu tagara, d timezgit yettbeddilen, yettnernin.

Amdan d amur seg ugama-agi, yesɛa "hegemonikon", tazmert n teɣẓint i t-yerran yemgarad ɣef lmal. S tezmert-agi, amdan yezmer ad yefhem anaḍ n ugama d ad yedder yid-s deg umṣada.

 Tameẓla d Teɣẓint 
Tameẓla deg Tstuysit d afecku agejdan i wakken ad naweḍ ɣer tidet. Krysippus yesnulfa-d anagraw n tmeẓla tameslukant yebnan ɣef "tigzi" (axioma) d "taseddart" (syllogisme). Istuysyen ttamnen belli tidet tezmer ad tettwaf s useqdec n teɣẓint telha.

 Timliliɣi d Tuẓult 
Iswi agejdan n tudert tastuysit d "eudaimonia", taɣzi n tudert. Taɣzi-agi ur tettili ara s teɣawsa tabaṛṛanit, tettili-d kan seg tuẓult d tudert yemṣadan d teɣẓint. Istuysyen sbedden kkuẓ n tuẓulin tigejdanin:

Timusni - tamusni n wayen yelhan d wayen n diri, d ufhem n tidet. Timusni tɛawan amdan ad yexdem tiɣtas tiɣẓinin deg tudert.

Taɣdemt - ad nefk i yal yiwen ayen yuklal, ad neḥkem s lɛedl. Taɣdemt tettwali belli imdanen akk d atmaten deg teɣẓint.

Tabɣest - d iṭij d uṣebber mgal uguren d wayen yesseɛtaben. Tabɣest teɛawan amdan ad yeqqim ibedd zdat n tlufa.

Tirrugza - ad nexdem ayen ilaqen ɣas ma yella d ayen iweɛren neɣ yesɛan amihi. Tirrugza d tazmert n uɛeddi ɣef tugdi.

 Apatiya d Ataraxia 
Istuysyen nnan-d belli amdan ilaq ad yaweḍ ɣer "apatiya", ur d-nettemmal ara talwit seg taḍist ur yelhin. Ayagi ur yemmal ara belli amdan ur yesɛi ara taḍist, maca ad yeḥkem fell-asen s teɣẓint. "Ataraxia" d talwit n wallaɣ d lehna tagensant i d-yettilin seg uḥekkum n taḍist.

 Ayen Yellan deg Ufus-nneɣ 
Tikti tagejdant n Epiktitus d tafraqt gar wayen yellan deg tanezmart-nneɣ d wayen ur nelli. Timuɣliwin-nneɣ, tiɣtas-nneɣ, d tegnitin-nneɣ llan deg ufus-nneɣ. Tazmert, ccbaḥa, tamurt, d wayen i ɣ-d-yezzin ur llin ara deg tanezmart-nneɣ.

 Tazrirt d Temhazt 

 Tazrirt ɣef Taglisya Takristyant 
Tastuysit tesɛa tazrirt meqqren ɣef usnulfu n tglisit takristyant. Aṭas n yimezwura n tglisit am Klimens n Iskenderya d Urigenes seqdecen tiktiwin tistuysyin. Tikti n "lugus" tastuysit tuɣal d tin n "Awal n Ṛebbi" deg tglisit.

 Tazrirt ɣef Tfelsefit Taɛrabt d Tinselmin 
Deg lqern wis ṭam d wis tẓa, imfelsefen iɛraben d yinselmen ɣren idlisen n yistuysyen, ladɣa wid n Epiktitus d Marcus Aurelius. Ssersen-ten ɣer taɛrabt, snernan-ten s tiktiwin tinselmin. Al-Farabi d Ibn Ruced seqdecen tiktiwin tistuysyin deg tfelsefit-nsen.

 Tastuysit deg Tallit Talemmast 
Deg tallit talemmast n Tuṛuft, Tastuysit teqqim d taɣuri tagejdant deg tesdawiyin. Thomas Aquinas d yimfelsefen n lweqt-nni seqdecen tiktiwin tistuysyin akken ad snernin tiẓri n tglisit. Adlis n Siserun "De Officiis" yella d aɣbalu agejdan n timliliɣi.

 Tiririt n Tstuysit deg Tlemmast 
Deg lqern wis 16 d wis 17, Tastuysit tuɣal-d s wazal s yimfelsefen am Justus Lipsius d Guillaume du Vair. Ssemyezgen tiktiwin tistuysyin d tglisitt takristyant, snulfan-d ayen iwumi qqaren "Tastuysit Takristyant". Spinuza d Descartes ddmen aṭas seg Tstuysit deg tfelsefit-nsen.

 Tazrirt ɣef Tfelsefit Tamirant 
Deg lqern wis 19 d wis 20, Tastuysit tesɛa tazrirt ɣef yimfelsefen am Cupenhawer, Nietzsche, d yimsujjay am Viktur Frankl. Tikti n "amor fati" (tayri n wayen yuran) n Nietzsche tekka-d seg Tstuysit. Frankl yesnulfa "logothérapie" yebnan ɣef tikti tastuysit n unamek deg tudert.

 Temhazt d Usnerni 

 Seg Tstuysit Tamezwarut ɣer Tin Tamirant 
Tastuysit tebeddel aṭas seg wasmi i d-tennulfa. Tastuysit tamezwarut tella teqseḥ, tettarra aṭas n lwelha ɣer tuẓult d teɣẓint. Tastuysit talemmast tessefrurex kra n yilugan, teqbel tiktiwin n ugama d taḍist.

Tastuysit n tmurt n Rum tuɣal d tin yessehlen aktar i tudert tamagdezt. Seneka yura ɣef wamek ara nedder deg wexxam n umenkad, Epiktitus yesselmed isemẓiyen d yeklan, Marcus Aurelius yesseqdec Tastuysit deg unbaḍ.

 Tastuysit Tamirant 
Deg iseggasen n 1980, tebda wayen iwumi neqqar "Tastuysit Tamirant" s yimesnimanen am Albert Ellis d Aaron Beck. Wigi snulfan "asejhad n tikta d tegnitin" yebnan ɣef tiktiwin tistuysyin. Ass-a, Tastuysit tettwaseqdac deg usejhad n wallaɣ, deg tanezmart n yimahilen, d deg uselmed.

 Tastuysit deg Umaḍal Atrar 
Deg tallit-nneɣ, Tastuysit tuɣal d tin yettwassnen aṭas. Idlisen n yistuysyen ttwasuqlen ɣer tutlayin akk n umaḍal. Imdanen seqdacen tiktiwin tistuysyin akken ad ɛeddin tudert s talwit deg umaḍal yettnernin s urured.

Tastuysit tettwaseqdac deg:

 Tanezmart n yimahilen akken ad ḥekmen iman-nsen
 Asejhad n wallaɣ i senɣes n uguren n wallaɣ
 Tanfa n tnezzut akken ad yefhem umahil ayen yellan deg tanezmart-is
 Aselmed akken ad nsemɣer tazmert n yinelmaden

 Taggrayt 
Tastuysit d tafelsuft i yesɛan azal n 2300 n yiseggasen, maca mazal-itt d tin i nezmer ad tt-nesseqdec ass-a. Tiktiwin-is ɣef tuẓult, taɣẓint, d umṣada d ugama ttakent-d tisuraf i yimdanen n yal tallit. Seg temdint n Atin armi d timdinin n umaḍal atrar, Tastuysit teqqim d tafelsuft n tudert telha, n teɣẓint, d n tuẓult.

Tastuysit ur telli ara kan d tasnakta tafelsfant, d abrid n tudert i d-yettaken afecku i wakken ad naweḍ ɣer teɣzi d talwit. Timsal-is ɣef tefraqt gar wayen yellan deg ufus-nneɣ d wayen ur nellin, ɣef tuẓult d teɣẓint, d ɣef tudert yemṣadan d ugama, ttaken-d tisuraf i yal amdan yebnin ad yedder tudert s unamek d telqeyt.