Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage  (/ˈbæbɪdʒ/; 26 Dujember 1791  -  18 Tubeṛ 1871) yella d amussnaw anglizi. Babbage d amussnaw n tusnakt, d afilusfu, d amesnulfu, d amesnulfu amekanik, d netta i d-yefkan agemmay n uselkim amatu.Whalen, Terence (1999). Edgar Allan Poe and the masses: the political economy of literature in antebellum America. Princeton University Press. p. 254. ISBN . Retrieved 18 April 2013.
Babbage yettwaḥsab d "ababat n uselkim". Yettwaḥsab d win i d-yesnulfan aselkim amenzu amekanik, s yisem-is " Difference Engine ", ay d-yessawḍen ɣer usnulfu n isekkilen i yessewhamen ugar, ɣas akken akk tiktiwin tiqburin n iselkimen imaynuten ad ttwafen deg uselkim-is " Analytical Engine " (Asenfar n unadi), ay d-yettwaselken s useqdec n unamek i d-yettwaker s tufsut seg uselkim n Jacquard. Babbage yella yesεa aṭas n tɣawsiwin i d-yettmeslayen ɣef uselkim deg udlis-is n 1832 "Economy of Manufactures and Machinery" (Tamsertit n yimenɣiyen d tmeskinin).  Yella d amedyaz ameqqran deg umezruy n tmetti deg London, yerna yettwasen s usekcem n " scientific soirée " seg Fransa s tmeskanin-is n yimensi n ssebt i d-yettwaḥerzen s waṭas. Aṭas n leqdic i yexdem deg iẓuran-nniḍen, d ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yettwaḥsab d "ameqran" gar waṭas n imusnawen n lqern-is.

Babbage, yemmut uqbel ad ifakk usnulfu n waṭas n tmusniwin-is, gar-asent Tasnilest n umgired d Tasnilest n usnefli, yeqqim d amedyaz ameqqran deg usnulfu n uselkim. Kra n yiḥricen n tmesbaniyin-is ur nfak ara, ttwaḥerzen deg Aẓawan n tussna deg London. Deg useggas n 1991, yebna-d yiwen n umutur n umgired ixeddmen seg isegzawalen imezwura. Yettwabna-d akken ad yessaweḍ yiwen ad yeṭṭef deg lqern wis 19, amennuɣ n umutur-nni ifukken yesbeggen-d dakken tamacint n Babbage tili txeddem.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage#cite_note-Whalen1999-1
vignette|Charles Babbage (1820)

 Tudert tazwara 
Babbage yella d yiwen seg ṛebεa n warraw n Benjamin Babbage d Betsy Plumleigh Teape. Baba-s yella d amdakel n William Praed deg ubennu n Praed's & Co. n Fleet Street, London, deg useggas n 1801.  Deg useggas n 1808, twacult n Babbage tguǧǧent ɣer wexxam aqdim n Rowdens deg East Teignmouth. Mi yesεa 8 n yiseggasen, wwin-t Babbage ɣer yiwen uɣerbaz n tmurt deg Alphington, ɣer tama n Exeter, akken ad d-yuɣal seg yiwet n tawla i d-yecqan ɣef tudert-is. Kra n lweqt, iruḥ ɣer tesdawit n King Edward VI di Totnes, deg Wenẓul n Devon, maca imi yella d ameɣnas, yuɣ-it lḥal ad yuɣal ɣer yiselmaden iserdasiyen.Moseley 1964, p. 39

Babbage ikcem-d ɣer tesdawit n Holmwood s 30 n yinelmaden, deg Baker Street, Enfield, Middlesex, sɣur Reverend Stephen Freeman.  Tacadimit tella tesɛa taktabt i d-yeǧǧan Babbage iḥemmel tusnakt. Yeɣra d sin imselmaden nniḍen s tugdut mi yeffeɣ seg tkadimit. Amezwaru yella d yiwen n unelmad deg tama n Cambridge; sɣur-s i d-yemlal Babbage d Charles Simeon d imseḍfaren-is ineggura, maca taselmadt mačči d ayen i s-ilaqen. Yettwasekcem s axxam, ad iɣer deg uɣerbaz n Totnes: aya yella deg 16 neɣ 17 n yiseggasen.  Aneggaru yella d aselmad n Oxford, sɣur-s i yewweḍ Babbage ɣer yiwen n uḥric deg tsekla i d-yefkan ad yettwaqbel sɣur tesdawit n Cambridge.Collier, Bruce; MacLachlan, James (2000). Charles Babbage: And the Engines of Perfection. Oxford University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-19-514287-7.

 Deg tesdawit n Cambridge 
Babbage yewweḍ ɣer tesdawit n Trinity, Cambridge, deg Tubeṛ 1810.[ 20] Yella yakan yesselmad iman-is deg kra n yiḥricen n tusnakt tatrart; yeɣra Robert Woodhouse, Joseph Louis Lagrange, d Maria Gaetana Agnesi. S wakka, yexṣer deg uselmed n tusnakt yellan deg tesdawit. Swade, Doron. "Babbage, Charles". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/962. (Subscription or UK public library membership

Deg 1812, Babbage yettwasuqel ɣer Peterhouse, Cambridge. Yella d amussnaw ameqran n tusnakt, maca ur yeqḍiɛ ara deg uɣerbaz-nni. Deg useggas n 1814, yeṭṭef-d agerdas mebla ma yeṭṭef-d akayad. Yeḥrez ɣef yiwet n tezrawt i yettwaḥesben d tin i d-yettmeslayen ɣef ddin n Ṛebbi deg umennuɣ aɣelnaw amezwaru, maca ur yettwassen ara ma yella tidet-a tettili deg wayen yeɛnan ur yeqqim ara deg ukayad. 
vignette|Ɣef usegmi n usnulfu n tnezzut (On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures), 1835

 Ɣef tdamsa n tmeskinin d tgecrar (s teglizit: On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures)Gleick, J. (2011). The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood. London: Fourth Estate. p. 104. 
Babbage yura On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures (1832), ɣef usegmi n usnulfu n tnezzut. D yiwen n uxeddim amezwaru yesεan azref deg unadi n umahil.  John Rennie the Younger mi d-yemmeslay i Tiddukla n Inegniyen Iɣermanen deg usnulfu deg useggas n 1846, yemmeslay-d s waṭas ɣef tmuɣliwin deg yisenfaren, yerna adlis n Babbage yella d amezwaru d amagrad deg Encyclopædia Metropolitana, deg talɣa i t-id-yessegza Rennie, deg terbaɛt n leqdic i d-yellan sɣur John Farey Jr., Peter Barlow d Andrew Ure.  Seg An essay on the general principles which regulate the application of machinery to manufactures and the mechanical arts (1827), i d-yeqqlen d amagrad n Encyclopædia Metropolitana n 1829, Babbage yesnulfa-d tasnilest n tmeskinin i d-yellan, s umeslay ɣef tɣiwanin, i d-yefkan agraw amezwaru n udlis-nni. Tazrawt tis snat, d "tasertit taɣelnawt d tsertit" n tneṣliyin.M. Lucertini; Ana Millán Gasca; Fernando Nicolò (2004). Technological Concepts and Mathematical Models in the Evolution of Modern Engineering Systems. Springer. p. 30. ISBN 978-3-7643-6940-8.

 "Azamul n Babbage" 
Deg Economy of Machinery (Aḥezzeb n tmeskinin), yettwafhem wayen iwumi qqaren tura "Azamul n Babbage". Yessken-d deg-s lfayda n tnezzut i d-iteddun s tazɣent n uxeddim i d-yettwaḥerzen. Akken i d-yenna Babbage s timmad-is, yella yakan deg leqdic n Melchiorre Gioia deg useggas n 1815. Isem-a yusa-d deg useggas n 1974 sɣur Harry Braverman. Tiɣawsiwin iqqenen d "azamul n tmenɣiwin" n Philip Sargant Florence, d "aẓar n yimenzayen".P. Sargant Florence (1953). The Logic of British and American Industry: A Realistic Analysis of Economic Structure and Government. Routledge. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-415-31350-6.

Babbage yenna-d dakken ixeddamen imussnawen s umata ttaken-d kra n wakud deg wakud-nsen i leqdic i d-yeqqimen ddaw n tmusni-nsen. Ma yezmer ad yettwabḍu unnar n uxeddim gar waṭas n yixeddamen, yezmer ad yekker uṣurdi n uxeddim s uheggi n yixeddamen yesɛan tasnilest meqqren kan i ixeddamen yesɛan ssuma meqqren, s usekles n yixeddamen nniḍen i ixeddamen yesɛan ssuma meẓẓiyen.  Yessekna-d daɣen dakken aselmed neɣ aselmed n uselmed yezmer ad yettwaḥseb d isental i yeqqimen; maca d ayen ara d-yerren ɣer uḍebsi i d-yezgan s tmuɣli-s n usemres n yixeddim, ɣef waya i d-yettak afus i uḍebsi n tnezzut. Tamuɣli-s ɣef tnezduɣt tamdanit teqqen ɣer uḥezzeb n wakud i usekles n yisental n uselmed. Pere Mir Artigues; Josep Gonza ́lez Calvet (2007). Funds, Flows and Time: An Alternative Approach to the Microeconomic Analysis of Productive Activities. Springer. p. 72 note 15. ISBN 978-3-540-71291-6.

 Tazmert n Babbage 
Yura belli " ayen i d-yefka Arthur Young i tmazirt, d ayen i d-yefka Charles Babbage i tmessiwin d tmeskinin ". Ashworth, William J. (1996). "Memory, Efficiency, and Symbolic Analysis: Charles Babbage, John Herschel, and the Industrial Mind". Isis. 87 (4): 629–653. doi:10.1086/357650. JSTOR 235196.  S2CID 143404822. Tamsirt n Babbage d tin i d-yefkan tazmert i usnulfu n Tamsirt tameqqrant n 1851 deg London, yerna tiktiwin-is sɛant azal meqqren ɣef George Julius Poulett Scrope. Karl Marx yenna-d dakken ssebba n usnulfu n tneẓruft d amgarad n weḥric n uxeddim akked tmeskinin, s usebded n Adam Smith, Babbage d Ure. Anida i d-yekker Marx ɣef Babbage yerna ur yemsefham ara d Smith yella-d ɣef usihel n weḥric n uxeddim i d-yettak umeskan: akken i yexdem Babbage, yura-d belli d ayen i d-yettaken lfayda, mačči d ayen i d-yettaken lxedma, yerna yessenfa-d ayen i d-yettak deg usentel n umeskanBen Fine; Alfredo Saad-Filho; Marco Boffo (2012). The Elgar Companion to Marxist Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 190. ISBN 978-1-78100-122-6..

 Amzwaru n uselkim 
vignette|Aḥric seg tmacint n umgarad n Charles Babbage (#1), i d-yemmugren mmi-s, Henry Prevost Babbage (1824 - 1918), s useqdec n yiḥricen i d-yufan deg umussu n Charles. Aẓawan n Whipple n umezruy n tussna, Cambridge, deg Legliz.
Tiɣawsiwin n Babbage llant gar tsenselkimin timecṭuḥin imezwura. Ur kfan ara s tidet s waṭas ɣef lǧal n wuguren n useḥbiber d wuguren n tdukli, ladɣa George Biddell Airy, Astronomer RoyalSwade, Doron (2000). The Cogwheel Brain. London: Little, Brown and Company. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-316-64847-9..

Babbage yessawel i usnulfu n kra n tmeskinin i yeddun s waḍu i d-yewwḍen kra n rrbeḥ amecṭuḥ, i d-yessugiren belli isekkilen zemren ad uɣalen d isekkilen. Ɣef ugar n mraw n yiseggasen, yeṭṭef-d idrimen n unabaḍ i usenfaṛ-is, i d-yewwin azal n £17,000, maca taggara, Aɣlaf n Tesriḥ yeǧǧa laman deg-s. 

Ɣas akken timacinin n Babbage llant d timikanin yerna d tiɣebbaḍin, taseddart-nsent tamezwarut tettemcabi ɣer tin n uselkim amaynut. Isekkilen d usmekti n uselkim llan bḍan, axeddim yella yebna ɣef uselmed, taḥbult n useḥbiber tezmer ad texdem tiɣriwin, yerna taḥbult-nni tesɛa taḥbult n usekkil d usekkil yemgaraden.
vignette|Aẓekka n Babbage deg Kensal Green Cemetery, London, 2014.

 Tamettant n Babbage 
Babbage yedder yerna yexdem ugar n 40 n yiseggasen deg 1 Dorset Street, Marylebone, anda i yemmut, deg leɛmer n 79 n yiseggasen, deg 18 Tubeṛ 1871; yettwamḍel di London.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage#Death

 Aseqqamu n tmuḍint 
vignette|Allaɣ n Charles Babbage attan tettwasken deg Aẓawan n tussna deg London.
Deg useggas n 1983, i d-yettwaf warraw n Charles Babbage, dɣa d mmi-s n mmi-s n mmi-s n Babbage i t-id-yessufɣenBabbage, Neville (June 1991). "Autopsy Report on the Body of Charles Babbage ( "the father of the computer ")". Medical Journal of Australia. 154 (11): 758–759. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb121318.x. PMID 2046574. S2CID 37539400.Williams, Michael R. (1998). "The "Last Word " on Charles Babbage". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 20 (4): 10–14. doi:10.1109/85.728225.(yettwaḥwaǧ usebter).  Tella daɣen yiwet n tesɣunt n unṣib"Postmortem report by John Gregory Smith, F.R.C.S. ". Science and society.co.UK. Retrieved 29 January 2009.. Azgen seg allaɣ n Babbage yettwaḥrez deg Aẓawan Hunterian deg Royal College of Surgeons di London"Babbage's brain". DanYEY.co.uk. Retrieved 29 January 2009..  Azgen-nniḍen n allaɣ n Babbage yella deg umezgun n tussna, di London"Visit the museum, Galleries, Computing, Overview". Science Museum. Yettwasekles-d seg umezwaru deg 20 Ctember 2010. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Tubeṛ 2010...

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