Tagduda Taṛumanit

Tagduda Tarumanit tebda deg useggas n 509 send n tlalit n Ɛisa, mi yettwakkes ugdud Arumani Tarquinius Superbus, agellid aneggaru n Ruma. Tamezwarut-a n tegduda tella d tagrawla mgal tanbaḍt tageldunt i yellan tettaɛna aṭas iseggasen. Lucius Junius Brutus d Marcus Horatius Pulvillus uɣalen d ikunsulen imezwura n tegduda tamaynut.

Azamul amezwaru n tegduda yebna ɣef uzaraf n "Senatus Populusque Romanus" (SPQR), anamek-is Agraw d ugdud Arumani. Anagraw-a yebḍa adabu ger sin ikunsulen i d-yettwafernen yal aseggas, d ugraw (Senatus) i d-yettwalin ɣef tsertit taɣelnawt.

 Tisektiwin n Unagraw Agdudan 
Tagduda Tarumanit tesbedd tisektiwin tigejdanin ara yeǧǧen tanbaḍt ur tettili ara deg ifassen n yiwen wemdan:

Ikunsulen: Sin imasayen i d-yettwafernen yal aseggas, ttawin tadbelt tiserdasant d tsertit. Sɛan azref n viṭṭu ɣef tiɣtas n wayeḍ.

Agraw (Senatus): Tajmaɛt n 300 ar 600 n yergazen, amur ameqran seg-sen d ipatrisyen. D nutni i d-yettakken iwellihen d yinaḍen i tegduda.

Agdud d Yimɣarin-is: Tribuni plebis ttwafernen iwakken ad ḥudden izerfan n wuɣref(aladɣa mgal i patrisyan). Sɛan azref n viṭṭu mgal tiɣtas n yikunsulen d ugraw.

Imḍebbren Inezrafen: Prituren ttawin taɣdemt, sinsuren ttɛassan agdud u ḥudden tikli n ugraw.

 Aswir d Unekcum Amezwaru (509-264 Q.A) 
Di tazwara, Ruma tella d tamdint tamecṭuḥt di tmurt n Latium. Maca s tizzya, tebda tettwasɛa s yimenɣa d yisaɣen. Ger 509 d 264, Ruma terbaḥ:

 Imenɣi mgal Timdinin n Latium (496 Q.A - Imenɣi n ubaliɣ Regillus)
 Ṭṭrad mgal Ivetrusken
 Amenɣi mgal Ivulsken d Yekwen
 Taɣlaft(asɣim) n Ruma sɣur Igallen deg 390 Q.A
 Ṭṭradat mgal Isamniten (343-290 Q.A)

Tagrawla n yiplebis deg 494 Q.A telha-d s usbeddi n tribunat n ugdud, ayen i yeǧǧan timsal ad ilint ger ipatrisyen d yiplebiyin.

 Ṭṭradat Tipunikiyin d Tanbaḍt n Yilel Agrakal (264-146 Q.A) 

 Ṭṭrad Tapunikt Tamezwarut (264-241 Q.A) 
Amenɣi amezwaru mgal Qarṭaj yebda ɣef Sisilya. Ruma tebna tafluka-s tamenzut iwakken ad tenaɣ deg yilel. Amenɣi yekfa s tnezmert n Roma di Mylas (260) d Yigzawen Egaten (241).

 Ṭṭrad Tapunikt Tis Snat (218-201 Q.A) 
Hannibal Barca yeɛreḍ ad yaɣ Ruma seg Spanya, yezger Alpen s yilwen. Yerbeḥ timenɣiwin timeqqranin di Trasimen d Kanna (216 Q.A). Maca Scipyu Afrikanus yuɣal-d s tnezmert di Zama (202 Q.A).

 Ṭṭrad Tapunikt Tis Kraḍt (149-146 Q.A) 
Ruma teqḍa ad tesfeḍ Qarṭaj. Scipyu Aemilianus yeṭṭef tamdint deg 146 Q.A, yesreɣ-itt, yerna yesswa tizemrin s tmelḥit(ɣas akken llan wid i d-iqqaren d akken macci d tidet waya).

 Timhalin Tigensanin d Tsemmeskelt n Tegduda (133-49 Q.A) 

 Tisemmaskalin n Watmaten Gracchi 
Tiberius (133 Q.A) d Gaius Gracchus (123-121 Q.A) ɛerḍen ad beddlen tikli n tmurt s wugar n wakal i yiplibiyin. Amenɣi-nsen yekfa s tmettant-nsen.

 Ṭṭrad Tanamurt 

 Amenɣi mgal Yugurten di Numidya (112-105 Q.A)
 Ṭṭrad mgal Isimbren d Yitunen (113-101 Q.A)
 Ṭṭrad Amettiwan (91-88 Q.A)
 Tagrawla n Spartacus (73-71 Q.A)

 Triumvirat Amezwaru (60-53 Q.A) 
Julyus Sisar, Pumpey d Krassus msefhamen ad bḍun tanbaḍt. Amtawa-ya yeɣli mi yemmut Crassus deg 53 Q.A.

 Taggara n Tegduda d Tlalit n Tgelda (49-27 Q.A) 

 Ṭṭrad Aɣerman 
Amenɣi ger Sisar d Pumpey (49-45 Q.A) yekfa s tnezmert n Sisar. Pumpey yerwel ar Maṣer anda yemmut deg 48 Q.A.

 Tanekra n Sisar 
Sisar yuɣal d adiktatur, yebda tibeddiliyin timeqqranin. Maca yenɣa-t unguz n isenaturiyen deg yiḍes n Mars 44 Q.A.

 Ṭṭrad Aɣerman Wis Sin 
Marcus Antunyus, Uctavyanus d Lepidus msefhamen deg 43 Q.A. Maca amenɣi yekker garasen, yekfa s tnezmert n Uctavyanus di Actium (31 Q.A).

 Uctavyanus Yuɣal d Ugustus 
Deg 27 Q.A, Utavyanus yeṭṭef akk adabu, yuɣal d Augustus, amenkad amezwaru n Ruma. Tagduda temmut, tebda Tgelda Tarumanit.

 Tamezduɣt d Yidelsa di Tegduda 
vignette|Timeẓri n unmager aṛumani seg usalay n ucapitul di ruma.
Tagduda Tarumanit teǧǧa-d aṭas n teɣlafin:

 Taqanunit Tarumanit (Lex Duodecim Tabularum)
 Tasegda timeqqranin am anmagar(afurum),tiqenṭyar, d yiberdan
 Tamedyazt d tsekla (Plutus, Tirense, Sisiru)
 Tafelsuft d tussna (azal n tuẓult, pietas, d dignitas)

 Tagrawt 
Tagduda Tarumanit teddam azal n 482 n yiseggasen, seg 509 ar 27 Q.A. Tebeddel seg temdint tamecṭuḥt ar tgelda tameqqrant yesɛan ilel Agrakal. Taggara-s tussa-d mi yuɣal wammus gar yimasayen d tikriḍt tagensant ur nezmir ara ad tt-frun yinagrawen iqdimen. Ugustus yerra-tt d tamenkda, maca yeḥrez aṭas n tɣawsiwin n tegduda di ṭṭerf-is. Tagduda Tarumanit teǧǧa-d azal ameqqran deg umezruy n tmura n Turuft d yilel Agrakal, ladɣa deg wayen yeɛnan tazarfit, tasertit, d tsekla.