Nana Asma'u

Nana Asmaɛu neɣ Asma bint shehu Ousman dan Fodio (1793-1864) d tageldunt tafulanit, d tamedyazt, d taselmadt. D yelli-s n win ay d-yesbedden taselṭant n Sokoto, Shehu Ousman dan Fodio ed yiwet seg tlawin-nnes, Maimuna. Nana Asma’u tebda-d anabaḍ (système) n ussegmi i tlawin n Sokoto. Tettwassen daɣen imi tura aṭas n yidlisen d yiḍrisen iseklanen d yimusnawen(en) Jean Boyd et Murray Last, «  », Canadian Journal of African Studies,‎ 1985, p. 283-300 (lire en ligne [archive]).. 

Ttwaḥesben-tt aṭas ass-a d amedya (lemtel) n tmeṭṭut tamesnallunt (intellectuelle) ed tmaziɣt(en) Azuonye Chukwuma, «  », Meridians, vol. 6,‎ 2006, p. 54-77 (lire en ligne [archive] ). deg umezruy n Yinselmen n Tefriqt yerna mazal-itt d amdan yesɛan azal deg ugafa n Nijirya.

 Tasenudert 
Nana Asmaɛu tlul-d azal n 1793. Ssemman-as Asmaɛu i lmend n usmekti n Asma bint Abu Bakr, yelli-s n umdakkel n Nnbi Muḥemmed, Abu Bakr As-Siddiq. Nana Asma tesɛa gma-s akniwen umi semman Hassan ay yemmuten deg 1817Jean Boyd et Murray Last, «  », Canadian Journal of African Studies,‎ 1985, p. 291 (lire en ligne [archive] ).. Tamẓi-nnes teḍra-d deg tallit n ljihad n Ousman dan Fodio (1804-1808), d yiwen n uswir n yimenɣiyen ay d-yellan mgal tgeldiwin n Yiḥusayen. Deg tgara n Jihad, Ousmane dan Fodio yesbedd-d Tasultant n Sokoto, d tagelda (empire) tineslemt ay yesɛan tajumma n 400.000 n yikilumitren (km2), yerna tezga-d deg ugafa n Nijirya n wass-a. Nana Asmaɛu d yelli-s n Uselṭan amezwaru n Sokotu d weltma-s n Uselṭan wis sin, Muḥemmed Bellu. Tezweǧ d Gidadu b. Laima, yellan d tameddakelt d lwazir n Mohamed Bello i d-tesɛa yid-s xemsa warrac.

Nana Asmaɛu tuɣal d tanemhalt n gma-s asmi ay d-yeḍfer baba-tsen Ousman dan Fodio,. tettneṣṣaḥ Mohammed Bello d wid ay t-id-yezzin deg wakk tallit n tgelda-nnes armi d asmi ay yemmut deg 1837, am wakken ay tettneṣṣaḥ yessetma-s Maryam d Fatima d tlawin sɣur Ousman dan Fodio, Aïsha d Hawwa. D tidet, seg 1805, tilawin n twacult n lxalifa qqlent sɛant azal meqqren yerna llant tturarent tamlilt tasertit yerna ttgent-d tiɣawsiwin tiseklanin deg Sokoto.  Nana Asma’u and the ‘yan taru movement - Daily Trust. Yekker-d deg twacult n yimusnawen ed yimusnawen inselmen, am watmaten-nnes Asmaɛu ay d-yewwin aselmed n Leqran s telqey. Ousman dan Fodio ed wid ay t-id-yeḍfer, ḍefren-d ansay n qadiriyya n Suffis, llan ttgen ccɣel-nsen akken ad bḍun tamussni, ladɣa Sunna, d aḍris ineslem ay d-yettmeslayen ɣef tudert n Nnbi Muḥemmed. Ɣur-sen, almud war aselmed ur yesɛi ara anamek, aya war ccek d yiwen seg yiferdisen ay d-yesskanayen ayɣer Nana Asma'u, ay d-yefrurxen deg tgemmi-a, tefka azal ameqran deg tudert-nnes akk i usselmed n tlawin.https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynaked.com%2Fnana-asmau%2F#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url. Am waṭas n yiɛeggalen n twacult-is, tuɣal daɣen d tameskart n tmedyazt.

 Tamyarut d tnesɣamut 
Nana Asma’u tessawal 4 n tutlayin: taɛṛabt, tafulanit, taḥuṣit, d tamaṣ̣eqt yerna tessen idles yettwarun s taɛṛabt ed tmaziɣtJean Boyd et Murray Last, «  », Canadian Journal of African Studies,‎ 1985, p. 286 (lire en ligne [archive] ).. Teṭṭef aṭas n tbaḍniwin s tutlayin-a ed yemḍebbren imeqranen seg temdinin niḍen n txellift ed ula sdat-s.Ode to Nana Asma’u: Voice and Spirit - Muslim HeritageMuslim Heritage S yisem-nnes d tamesbaṭut tasertit n ccṛeɛ n Tgelda n Sokoto, tga-d aṭas n yiḍrisen ay yesɛan ccɣel-nsen, am tirawin niḍen ay d-ssuffɣen yiɛeggalen n Sokoto, d akken ad qqimen d abrid s talɣa n tmeẓdiyin (archives) i tsuta ay d-yetteddun n yemḍebbren. Sḍis n yixeddimen n Nana Asma, i tura deg tallit n 40 n yiseggasen, wwḍen-aɣ-d. Tessuffeɣ-d lḥir-is seg tmedyezt taɛrabt taqburt am wakken ay d-tessuffeɣ tizlatin tifulaniyin tiɣerfanin, dɣa d aya ay d-yesskanayen dakken ass-a, amur ameqran seg yisefra-nnesNana Asma’u : l’indépendance par le savoir - Lallab ttwarun s taɛṛabt, s tfulanit ed tḥusayt ay yettwarun s yisekkilen n taɛṛabt. Gar yixeddimen n Nana Asma, llant tmucuha n umezruy, tifelwiyin n tmedyazt, tifelwiyin n tmedyazt, tifelwiyin n lḥir d lewṣayat. Ttura-d aṭas n tmedyazin (élégies) aydeg tessemɣer leqdicat d tgemmi n baba-s. Tazlit-is tamezwarut yura-tt deg useggas n 1830, taneggarut deg useggas n 1865. Menɣir tira-nnes taseklant, Nana Asma tessuqel aṭas n yiḍrisen ɣer tutlayin niḍen war ma d taɛṛabt, gar-asen kra ay d-yura gma-s Mohammed Bello am: Kitàb al-Nisha ay d-yura deg 1836. Nnig waya, isefra-nnes ay d-yellan deg tlemmast n ussegmi n ddin ineslem uɣalen d allalen n uselmed n yimenzayen igejdanen n txellaft i yimezdaɣ. Sokoto’s religious moderation is rich lesson to a troubled world | TheCable. Imnadiyen n umezruy ttwalin dakken tira-nnes llant deg-sent s waṭas tgermanin ɣef tedyanin ay d-yellan deg tallit n ufares-nsent. Ɣef umedya (lemtel), deg 1821, tga-d yiwen n usefru s tfulanit umi semman Fa'inna ma'a a'sur yasuran mgal uqerru n Yituragiyen Ibra ay d-yesnekren tasultant-nni yerna tga-d daɣen yiwet n teqsiḍt n tmedyazt s uzwel n Wakar Gewaye ("asikel") ay yerzan ljihad . n baba-s.

 Aselmed n tlawin 
Tasertit n ussegmi ay d-yettwawehhan i teqcicin, llant yakan Ousman dan Fodio ay tt-id-yesbedden. Daxel n twacult-is n lmuqedmin inselmen, yemma-s d tmeṭṭut-is llant d tilawin d imusnawen yeɣran. Ousman dan Fodio yeḥseb d akken yessefk ad ttwassiwḍen usselmed ed wazalen n ddin daxel n twacult, ladɣa s tlawin yerna ɣef waya ay yella d aɛessas n usselmed-nsent s usseḍru n wallalen ara ten-yeǧǧen ad ḍefren aselmed. Tilawin tifulaniyin ed tlawin seg tdukli (élite) n temdint, ladɣa tilawin yettwaḥeqren (tilawin yettwaferqen ɣef umedya) ttwaɛerḍent ladɣa akken ad ḍefrent iselmaden-a, Nana Asma u tessekcem-d tilawin-a deg tɣellist (sécurité) ed leqder s lekmal-nnes . Qbel lǧihad-nni, Ousmane dan Fodio yella yesselmad deg tɣiwanin n tnezzut (commerce) n Yiḥusayen, yerna aselmed-nnes ay ḍefren aṭas n medden, yella yeldi imir-nni i tlawin am wakken ay yeldi i yergazen. S rrbeḥ n tḥemliwin n ljihad ay d-yellan deffir 1808, yerna azal ay yettunefken i temsalt n usselmed n tmeṭṭut.

Daxel n tselṭanat, Nana Asmaɛu tella tettkel ɣef usselmed n tlawin. Tella tettḥulfu ladɣa s dduṛ n tlawin deg unabaḍ (lḥukuma) ed yizerfan-nsent daxel n tmetti tinselmit n Sokoto. Armi d aseggas n 1815, tefka-d aselmed deg uxxam-is, anda tezdeɣ nettat d wergaz-is d warraw-is, syin timliliyin ttilint deg uxxam aqbur n Ousmane dan Fodio, anda yella uẓekka-s. Kra kra, aselmed-nnes yewwi-d ccbaḥa d tameqrant yerna aṭas n tlawin seg temdinin ed tuddar niḍen ay d-yusan ɣer Sokoto akken ad lemdent.. Nana Asma’u tesnulfa-d sakkin, azal n 1830, yiwen n ugraw n tlawin n yiselmaden umi semman jajiss, d tid ay yettɛeddayen deg wakk timnaḍin n txellaft akken ad sselmednt tilawin deg yixxamen n leqraya.  Nana Asma’u: A woman of knowledge in Africa - Saudi Gazette. Yal yiwen seg yijajiyen-a yella yettwabna ɣef leqdic n Nana Asma ed yimusnawen niḍen isufiyen., yerna mnemoniques-nsen tessefsay-d aḥezzeb Nana Asma’u : l’indépendance par le savoir - Lallab, Nana Asma tefka i yijajiyen-nni yiwet n tɣawsa n zik ay d-yesskanayen lmuqedmin n Gobir ay d-yellan d aḥeqqi, yerna ttwaqqnen-tt s tɣawsa taberkant. Ijajiyen uɣalen d azamul n Uwanak amaynut, n lqanun amaynut, d uselmed n Lislam ula berra i tmettiyin n tlawin., tinselmin neɣ ur nelli d tinselmin.

Azal n 1850, tesnulfa-d daɣen amussu n Yan Taru ay d-yesnulfan, “tadukli”, isem-nnes yettmeslay-d ɣef yiwet n terbaɛt n tlawin ay yelmed.   12 Muslim Women Who Are Modern Role Models That’ll Amaze And Inspire You – Thought.is akk d yiwen yerna ttgent-d yiwet n tdukli n tmeṭṭut yerna iswi-nnes d asselmed ed ussebɣes n tlawin n tgelda n Sokoto. Tilawin-a ilaq-asent ad ssiwḍent s ujemmal ɣer yiselmaden niḍen. Jajiss llan ttgen tikliwin-a n tlawin deg tallit n lḥejj. Tamesbanit n tlawin teddu mebla ma tella-d tmeṭṭut-is, tettcennu yerna tettkemmil deg berraJean Boyd et Murray Last, «  », Canadian Journal of African Studies,‎ 1986, p. 289 (lire en ligne [archive] ).. Amussu n Yan Taru yella yettwaḥrez ladɣa i teqcicin timeẓyanin d tlawin n leɛmer alemmasJean Boyd et Murray Last, «  », Canadian Journal of African Studies,‎ 1986, p. 290 (lire en ligne [archive] ).. Tilawin yezweǧen yesɛan izerfan n twacult ur ttekkant ara, maca ttakent-d lxir sɣur wid izemren ad awḍen din. Nana Asma’u tesseqdac lxir-agi i leqdic-is n lxir. Yan Taru mazal-itent d tiddukla n lḥejj n tlawin ass-a deg Sokoto..

 Agadar (ansay) amiran 
Tagzemt n Nana Asma'u ur tettwasbedd kan ɣef yixeddimen-nnes iseklanen ed yimusnawen, wanag tettwasbedd daɣen ɣef dduṛ ay turar deg ussebded n wazalen n Tgelda n Sokoto. Ass-a, deg ugafa n Nijirya, tuddsiwin n tlawin tinselmin, iɣerbazen ed yimukan n temliliyin ttawint-d s waṭas isem-nnes. Udem n Nana Asma’u yuɣal-d deg uskasi anagdud ay d-yellan ɣef uskasi ɣef dduṛ n tmeṭṭut deg Lislam deg lqern wis XXe. D nettat ay d asentel n waṭas n tezrawin, ladɣa tin n Jean Boyd deg Weltma n Xalifa: Nana Asmaɛu 1793–1865: Taselmadt, Tamedyazt ed Temḍebbert Taslemt (1989). Ameskar yettwali azal n yiḍrisen-is i yessawḍen ad t-id-sbedden s waṭas n tmuɣliwin n tmeṭṭut deg umezruy afriqi. D nettat daɣen ay d-yellan d asentel n wedlis n Yiwet n Tmeṭṭut Ljihad: Nana Asmaɛu, Tamussnawt ed Tamarut n Beverly B. Mack ed Jean Boyd (2000). Axeddim n Yixeddimen yettwajemɛen n Nana Asma’u, Yelli-s n Usman dan Fodiyo 1793–1864, i d-ssuffɣen Boyd d Mack, yeffeɣ-d deg useggas n 1997.https://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/d/7/wwh.html. Aḍris seg udlis n Yiḍrisen n Aysha II n Nana Asma yettwasmel deg tmezgunt n tmedyazt Timaynutin n Tefriqt (2019). ) t-id-tessuffeɣ Margaret Busby.. Deg 2019 lwali ay yellan d aselway n weɣlif n wakal d tnezduɣt deg Uwanak n Sokoto, Aminu Waziri Tambuwal, yefka-d akal i lebni n tesdawit n Tussniwin Tisnajyanin umi semman Tasdawit n Tussniwin Tisnajyanin n Nana Asma’u deg Sokoto ay d-tesfaydi Tdukli n Sultan.https://tribuneonlineng.com/ampeg-partners-bida-poly-on-affordable-housing-for-staff/.

 Tizmilin d yimniren 

 Adriraw 

 Abid, A. (2017). Nana Asma'u : A woman of knowlege in Africa. Récupéré sur Saudigazette: [lire en ligne [archive]]
 Azuonye, C. (2006). "Feminist or simply féminine? Reflections on the Works of Nana Asma'u, Nineteenh Century West African Woman Poet, Intellectual, and Social Activist", Meridians, pp. 54-77
 Bivins, M. W. (2007). Telling Stories Making Histories : Women, Words, and Islam in Nineteenth-Century Hausaland and the Sokoto Caliphate, Heinemann.
 Boyd, J. (1982). The Contribution of Nana Asma'u Fodio to the Jihadist Mouvement Of Shehu Dan Fodio from 1820 to 1865, London Metropolitan University.
 Boyd, J. (1989). The Caliph's Sister Nana Asma'u 1793-1865 : Teacher, Poet and Islamic Leader, Routledge.
 Busby, M. (2019). New Daughters of Africa : An International Anthology of Writing by Women of African Descent, Myriad Editions.
 Daily Trust. (2017). Nana Asma'u and The 'Yan Taru Mouvement. Récupéré sur Daily Trust : [lire en ligne [archive]]
 Mack, B. B. (s.d.). Women in World History. Récupéré sur Teaching Case Studies: [lire en ligne [archive]]
 Mack, B. B., & Boyd, J. (2000). One Woman's Jihad : Nana Asma'u, Scholar and scribe, Indiana University Press.
 Naked History. (2017). Nana Asma'u. Récupéré sur Naked History : [lire en ligne [archive]]
 Naylor, P. (2021). From Rebels to Rulers : Writing légitimacy in the Early Sokoto State, James Currey.
 Olakunle, M. (2019). Tambawal allocates land for proposed Nana Asma'u University in Sokoto. Récupéré sur Nigerian Tribune : [lire en ligne [archive]]
 Sablak, C. (2016). 12 Muslim Women Who ARE Modern Role Models That'll Amaze and Inspire You. Récupéré sur Thought Catalogue : [lire en ligne [archive]]
 Samuels, N. M. (2016). Ode to Nana Asma'u: Voice and Spirit. Récupéré sur Muslim Heritage : [lire en ligne [archive]]
 Tambuwal, A. (2016). Sokoto's religious moderation is rich lesson to a troubled world. Récupéré sur The Cable : [lire en ligne [archive]]
 Wayne, T. K. (2011). Feminist Writings from Ancient Times to the Modern World : A Global Sourcebook and History, Greenwood.