Tamnekda Tarumanit

Tamnekda Tarumanit, (s talatint :  Imperium romanum), d tallit deffir Tagduda Tarumanit, d tamnekda taqburt (27 s.t.-S-Ɛ – 395 / 476 / 1453), tamanaɣt-ynes tamezwarut d Roma, asmi teǧhed maḍi deg 117, tamnekda-nni tella d tilin tasertant ed tanmettit tameqqrant akk deg taɣerma utaram Empire Romain, deg worldhistory.org..

 Tazwara n Temnekda: Seg Tegduda ar Tgelda (27 Q.A - 14 S.A) 
Tamnekda Tarumanit tebda s unecta deg useggas n 27 send n tlalit n Ɛisa, mi yefka ugraw Arumani isem n Augustus i Uctavyanus. Wagi d azmul n taggara n tegduda d tazwara n temnekda. Augustus ur yeqbil ara isem n ugellid neɣ n umenkad deg tazwara, yeṭṭef kan azwel n "Princeps" - anamek-is amezwaru ger yimdanen. Maca tidet, d netta i yeṭṭfen akk tanbaḍt.

Abeddel-a seg tegduda ar temnekda ur yeddi ara deg yiwen wass. Augustus yeḥrez udem n yinagrawen n tegduda - agraw yezga yella, ikunsulen ttwafernen yal aseggas - maca tidet akk adabu yella ger ifassen-is. Tagi d taɣawsa i wumi qqaren "Principat", anagraw anda amenkad yettban am umezwaru ger yegduden mačči d agellid.

 Tidyanastiyin Timezwura d Unerni n Temnekda 

 Tidyanasti Julyu-Cludyan (27 Q.A - 68 S.A) 
Ugustus (27 Q.A - 14 S.A) yesbedd talwit n 45 n yiseggasen. Yebna anagraw adblan amaynut, yessemɣer tilisa n temnekda, yerna yeǧǧa-d ayen wumi neqqar "Pax Romana" - talwit n lehna deg akk temnekda.

Wid i d-yusan deffir-s: Tibiryus (14-37), Kaligula (37-41), Cludyus (41-54), d Niru (54-68). Cludyus yekcem Britannya deg 43 S.A. Niru, amenkad aneggaru n tidyanasti-a, yenɣa aṭas n yemdanen gar-asen yemma-s Agrippine, arnu daɣen seld tadyant n tmes n uɣrem n Ruma deg 64, d waṭas iɣeblan nniḍen, Niru yenɣa iman-is deg 68.

 Tidyanasti Flavyan (69-96 S.A) 
Deffir n useggas n kraḍ n yimenkaden deg 69, Vespasyanus yeṭṭef adabu. Yebna Culuzzum ameqqran di Ruma. Mmi-s Titus (79-81) yekcem Urcalim deg 70 S.A, yessenger taqubbet n Yihuden. Dumisyanus (81-96), gma-s n Titus, yenɣa-t deg 96.

 Imenkaden Inelfanen (96-180 S.A) 
Talwit-a tettwassen d tin n "Imenkaden Imaɣlazen": Nirva (96-98), Trajanus (98-117), Hadriyanus (117-138), Antuninus Piyus (138-161), d Marcus Urilyus (161-180).

Trajanus yessewḍ tilisa tineggura n temnekda, yekcem Dasya d waṭas n tmura. Hadriyanus yebna aɣrab-is ameqqran di Britannya. Marcus Urilyus, afelzuf-amenkad, yura "Takrebbut", ayen yellan d yiwet seg teɣlafin timeqqranin n tfelsuft tastuysit.

 Ineḍruyen Igejdanen n Temnekda 

 Aqheṛ n Tmasiḥit 
Deg tallit n Niru (64 S.A) yebda leqheṛ ɣef yimasiiyen. Aṭas n yimenkaden ten-neɣɣen am Dyuklisyanus (284-305). Maca deg 313, Kunstantin yefka azref n ddin s wulɣu n Milan, yerna deg 380, Tyudusyus yerra tamasiḥit d ddin unṣib n temnekda.

 Tikriḍt n Useggas n 235 
Seg 235 ar 284, temnekda tekcem deg tikriḍt tameqqrant. 50 n yimenkaden ɛerḍen ad ḥekmen deg 50 n yiseggasen. Tiserdasin ttnaɣent timeṛṛa, tadamsa teɣli, iberraniyen kecmen seg akk idisan.

 Tisemmaskalin n Dyuklisyanus 
Dyuklisyanus (284-305) yebḍa tamnekda ɣef kuẓ n teɣmarin, ayen wumi neqqar "Tetrarchie". Yebɣa ad yessejhed tanbaḍt n temnekda tameqqrant, maca abeddel-a yeǧǧa amkan i beḍḍu aneggaru.

 Kunstantin d Ubeddel ar Tamasiḥit 
Kunstantin Ameqqran (306-337) yuɣal d amenkad awḥid deg 324. Yebna tamdint tamaynut, Cunstantinupl (Istanbul n wassa), yuɣal-itt d tamanaɣt tamaynut deg 330. S webrid n Milan deg 313, yefka tilelli i tmasiḥit, ayen i beddlen amezruy n temnekda.

 Tazrirt n Temnekda Tarumanit 

 Tanbaḍt d Udbel 
Irumaniyen sbedden anagraw adblan yettwassen deg akk umaḍal. Timdinin sɛant timanit-nsent, maca ttawint awal n Ruma. Anagraw n uzref arumani yuɣal d lsas n uṣaduf deg waṭas n tmura n wassa.

 Tadamsa d Tanezzut 
Tamnekda tesbedd anagraw n tanezzut ameqqran, s yiberdan yesdukklen akk timdinin. Denarius, tafadist tarumanit, tella d tadrimit i yettwassen deg akk ilel agrakal. Ruma tuɣal d ammas n tanezzut amaḍlan.

 Idles d Tussna 
Deg tallit n temnekda, talatinit d tegrigit llant d tutlayin n yimusnawen. Tasegda tarumanit tban deg yibennayen am Pantiyun, tiberdgin, d yiberdan iɣezfanen. Imyura am Vergilius (Aeneid), Afulay (Tuttya), d Takitus ǧǧan-d tasekla tameqqrant.

 Taserdasit 
Taserdasit tarumanit tella d tameqqrant deg umezruy. Iserdasen n Ruma, s umsedday-nsen uḥkik d taktikt-nsen, rnan aṭas n tmura i temnekda. Limes, tilisa n temnekda yettwaḥerzen s tugrint d yiserdassen, tella tettwassen aṭas.

 Abeḍḍu n Temnekda d Taggara-s 

 Abeḍḍu ɣef Temnekda n Umalu d Tin n Usamer (395 S.A) 
Tyudusyus Amezwaru yemmut deg 395, yebḍa tamnekda ger sin warraw-is: Hunuryus deg umalu, Arkadyus deg usamer. Abeḍḍu-a, yellan deg tazwara amzun s "tamment", yuɣal d "arẓagan" deg kra n iseggasen ɣer zdat.

 Taɣelaft n Temnekda n Umalu (376-476 S.A) 
Seg useggas n 376, iberraniyen bdan ttaɣen tilisa n temnekda. Iwiziguten kecmen Galia d Spanya, Ivandalen wḍen ar Tefriqt Ugafa, Ihunnen n Attila ggzen ɣef Italia. Deg 410, Alaric n Yiwiziguten yeṭṭef Roma, ayen ur yeḍrin ara seg 800 n yiseggasen.

 Amenkad Aneggaru (476 S.A) 
Deg useggas n 476, Uduaker, aqerday abaṛbaṛi, yekkes Rumulus Ugustulus, aqcic n 14 n yiseggasen yellan d amenkad aneggaru n temnekda n umalu. Yesiweḍ tiselkin n tgelda i umenkad n Kunstantinupl. Ass-a yettwassen d tagara n temnekda tarumanit n umalu.

 Tamnekda n Byzantium 
Tamnekda n usamer, i wumi neqqar Tamnekda n Byzantium, tedder armi d 1453, mi tt-yeṭṭfen Iturken Iɛutmaniyen. Justinianus (527-565) yeɛreḍ ad yerr tilisa tiqdimin, maca ur yezmir ara ad yeḥbes aḍar n umezruy.

 Ssebba n Uɣelluy 
Aṭas n ssebba-t i yeǧǧan tamnekda ad teɣli:

 Tikriḍt tadamsant d unɣas n lexlaṣ
 Tamsezwert tagensast d ubeḍḍu n tanbaḍt
 Abeddel n ummas n tanbaḍt seg Ruma ar Kunstantinupl
 Anṭag n yiberraniyen d yimrigen
 Abeddel n tidmi seg temnekda ɣer tamasiḥit
 Tafellaḥt n tanezrut n tilisa d unqas n yiserdassen

 Tagrawt 
Tamnekda Tarumanit tedder azal n 500 n yiseggasen deg umalu (27 Q.A - 476 S.A) d 1500 n yiseggasen ma nessekcem Byzantium. Teǧǧa-d azal ameqqran deg umezruy n talsa. Taqanunit-is, tasegda-s, tutlayt-is, d yinsayen-is mazal ttbanen ass-a deg tmura n Turuft, Tefriqt Ugafa, d Asya Talemmast. Talatinit tuɣal d tutlayt n tussna d ddin deg Turuft n tallit talemmast. Anagraw adblan arumani d lsas n tanbaḍt deg aṭas n tmura n tura. Taggara n temnekda n umalu ur d-tusi ara taggara n yidles arumani, maca abeddel ameqqran deg umezruy n umaḍal aɣerbi.

 Tizmilin