Flaṭun

Flaṭun (s tegrigit Πλάτων, 428/427-348/347 Qε) yella d afelsaf agrigi. Ilul-d di taddart n Atena di tmurt n Tmaqdunit (Masedwan). Yella d anelmad n Suqraṭ di tkadimit.

Flaṭun d yiwen seg yifelsafen imeqqranen n Ugrik atrar, d anelmad n Suqraṭ daɣen d aselmad n Arisṭu. Yella d win yeǧǧan lfayda tameqqrant i tfelsuft n Ugrik d tfelsafit n ddunit s umata.

 Tudert n Flaṭun: 
Ilul Flaṭun deg Atina deg useggas n 428/427 uqbel Ɛisa, deg yiwet n twacult tameqqrant yerna tesɛa azal. Isem-is n tidet d Arisṭuklis (Aristoclès). Yemmuger-d Suqrat asmi yella d ilemẓi, tuɣal temlilit-agi d tin yebedlen amecwar n tudert-is. Lmut n uselmad-is Suqrat, i ɣef yettwaḥkem s lmut sɣur ugraw n tugdut n Atina, tesseɣli-d fell-as yiwen usemdu ameqran, teǧǧa-t ad yettxemmim ɣef wamek ara yebnu taɣdemt n tidet.

Mi gemmut Suqrat, Flaṭun yessikel ɣer Maṣer, Ṭṭelyan d Sisin (Sicile). Deg usikel-agi, yelmed aṭas ɣef tsenzeggit d tussniwin nniḍen. Mi d-yuɣal ɣer Atina, deg useggas n 387, yesbedd-d aɣerbaz-is, Lakadimiya, anda yella yesselmad tafelsafit, tusnakt, d tussniwin n ugama. Ikemmel yesselmad dinna almi d lmut-is deg useggas n 348/347 uqbel Ɛisa.

 Tafelsafit n Flaṭun: 
Tafelsafit n Flaṭun tebna ɣef yiwen amenzay  agejdan: Tamuɣli n Telɣiwin.

 1. Tamuɣli n Telɣiwin 
Flaṭun yebḍa ameɣraḍ ɣef sin:

 Ameɣraḍ n tɣawsiwin i ikeččmen deg wallen: D ameɣraḍ anda nettidir, win i neṭṭef s yiḥulfan-nneɣ. Ayen akk yellan deg-s d anagi kan i yellan, mačči d tidet tamagdezt.
 Ameɣraḍ n Telɣiwin: D ameɣraḍ uhlis yerna d ameɣẓan, ur ikeččem ara deg wallen. Dinna i llant Telɣiwin, yellan d tidet n yal taɣawsa. Talɣa n tɣawsa (am "Taɣdemt", "Tahuski", "Tamsawit" ) d tin i ilhan, d taneblalt yerna d timezgit. Tɣawsiwin i nwali deg umaḍal-nneɣ d lemtel ur nkemmel ara n Telɣiwin-agi. d tallunt n tidmiwin timadwanin tineblalen. Tidmiwin-agi d tid yesɛan tilawt taɣisant, ur ttnernin ur tnuqqsen. Ayen nettwali deg umaḍal-nneɣ d lemtel kan n tidmiwin-agi.

Akken ad issefhem tamiḍrant-agi, Flaṭun yefka-d umedya n Lɣar. Deg-s, yewsef imdanen yeṭṭfen seg wasmi llan d meẓẓiyen zdaxel n yiwen axxjiḍ , walan kan tili n tɣawsiwin yettaɛdawen ɣef uɣrab. I nutni, tidet d tili-nni. Ma yella yiwen deg-sen yeffeɣ-d ɣer beṛṛa, ad iwali tafat n yiṭij d tɣawsiwin n tidet, ad yeɣli deg-s yixef belli ayen yella yettwali d awal kan. Afelsuf, i Flaṭun, am umdan-nni i d-yeffɣen, d win i iwalan tidet n Telɣiwin, mačči kan anagi-nsent.

 2. Tugdut d Tɣedemt 
Deg udlis-is "Tagduda", Flaṭun yessefham-d amek ara tili tmetti taneblalt. Yenna-d dakken ilaq ad ḥekmen yifelsafen imi d nutni kan yessnen tilawt n tɣedemt. Yebḍa timetti ɣef kraḍ n tesmiltin: ifelsafen iḥekkmen, iɛessasen iḥemmlen tamurt, d ixeddamen yesseqdacen ifassen-nsen.

Yal tasmilt ilaq ad teqqim deg wemkan-is yerna ad texdem ayen i as-ilaqen, akken ad yili lewqam d taɣdemt  deg tmetti.

 3. Tafrit d tussna n tidet 
Flaṭun yumen dakken tafrit n wemdan tettwaxlaq send ad d-ilal, tettidir din din mi ara yemmet urgaz. Deg yidlisen-is am "Fidun" d "Tagduda", yessefham-d amek tafrit tettemcabi d tallunt n tidmiwin, d amek ara taweḍ ɣer tmusni n tidet.

Flaṭun yenna-d dakken almad d asmekti. Mi tella tfrit deg tallunt n tidmiwin send ad d-ters ɣer umaḍal, tesɛa tussna n tidet. Mi ara d-tlal, tettu ayen tessen, maca tezmer ad t-id-tesmekti s uselmed d tmuɣli n tfelsafit.

 4. Lwert d Tazrirt 
Azal n Flaṭun deg umezruy n tidmi tameɣradant d ameqqran. Idlisen-is am "Tugna", "Fidun", "Asqerdec", "Timesbaniyin" d "Tagduda" ṭṭfen azal ameqqran deg tfelsafit tatrart. Tikta-s ɣef tugdut, tɣedemt, tussna d tfrit ɛawnen-t aṭas deg usnerni n tidmi taɣerbit.

Flaṭun yemmut deg useggas n 348 send n Sidna Ɛisa, yeǧǧa-d tagemmi tameqqrant i tfelsafit. Takademya-s teqqim teldi azal n 900 n yiseggasen, tettawi-d aṭas n yifelsafen d yimusnawen imeqqranen.

Ass-a, tikta n Flaṭun mazal-itent ttwaɣrant, ttwaselmadent deg tseddawiyin n umaḍal. Tamussni-s ɣef temsalt n tilawt, tɣedemt d tussna teǧǧa-d asirem ameqqran deg tfelsafit, tasnimant, tasertit d tɣerma n wemdan s umata.

"La République": anda yemmeslay ɣef wamek ara tili tmetti n tidet

"Le Banquet": anda yemmeslay ɣef tayri d lebɣi

"Phédon": anda yemmeslay ɣef tmettant d rruh

"Timée": anda yemmeslay ɣef tussna d ddunit

Taggayt:TafelsuftCategory:Tameddurt