Mezweɣ

Akdu-ines yettawaṭ ɣer wazal n 6792 km, ayen yegdan azgen n ukdu n tegnit, akken iga d amtiweg ameẓyan wis sin deg wudus anafuk send n uziweɣ, anda tajumma-ines tla (tesɛa) azal n wezgen n tjumma n tegnit.

Mezweɣ itezzi ɣef tfukt deg tmezzit yaggugen (ibeɛden) fell-as s wazal n 228 km (1,5 n tikkal n westum gar n tegnit d tfukt). Amda agafan deg ugafa n tsegla iteddel azal n 40% n umtiweg, ayen i d-igellun s usemdu meqqren fell-as. Yeager, Ashley (July 19, 2008). "Impact May Have Transformed Mars". ScienceNews.org. Retrieved August 12, 2008. Sample, Ian (June 26, 2008). "Cataclysmic impact created north-south divide on Mars". London: Science @ guardian.co.uk. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
Mezweɣ ila (yesɛa) sin n wayyuren, amezwar isem-is Dimus (anamek-is d arameɣ s tutlayt Tagrikt) ma d wis sin d Fubyus (anamek-is d Tugdi), isin-nsen meẓẓiy-it ur mgadan ara deg talɣa akken izemren ad ilin d izunyuren i d-ildey am 5261 EurekaYeomans، Donald K.، "5261 Eureka (1990 MB)"، JPL Small-Body Database Browser، NASA، yettwaɣra deg wass n 13 yebrir 2016., igan d atṛuyan amazwaɣ. Trilling, David; Rivking, Andrew; Stansberry, John; Spahr, Timothy; Crudo, Richard; Davies, John (2007). "Albedos and diameters of three Mars Trojan asteroids". Icarus 192 (2): 442–447. arXiv:0709.1921. Bibcode:2007Icar..192..442T. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.08.002. Alsaru yettwaklasen 24 ɣuct 2017 deg tansa n Wayback Machine.

Taẓɣelt tajummant tafellayt deg umtiweg-a d tin yettawaṭen alamma d 27° ma d taẓɣelt taddayt -133°, ma d tignut-is d tin igebren seg usinuksid n ukaṛbun d unitrujin d wergun d yirragen n waman d kracn igazen niden.  Azamul-is asnallun d ♂.

Ussan d tsemhuyin n useggas deg mezweɣ d wid yemrawasen i wayen yellan deg tegnit acku tallit n tuzzya d umili n tedɣert n tuzzya d tid yettemcabin s waṭas, Dɣa imusnawen ttɣilen d akken amtiweg n mezweɣ yella yeččur d aman send n 3,8 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen ayen i d-ten-iǧǧan ad brun i teẓri n tilit n tudert deg-s ɣas ma zik-nni, akken illant deg-s idurar yugaren wid yellan deg tegnit yakk d isafen yeqquren. Akken i tella deg-s teẓrumest tameqqṛant yakk deg wudus anafuk isem-is Olympus Mons yeddmen isem-a seg wedrar n ulimpus,Akken ig yella deg-s wasif n Marineris igan d yiwen seg tiɣa meqqren yakk deg wudus anafuk.

Asekkud n Mezweɣ s wallen d ayen yefraren (isehlen) s waṭas, Azal-is amaskad yettawaṭ ɣer -2.94, dɣa azal amaskad n Yebter  d tatrit d wayyur d tafukt ugaren agla n Mezweɣ Mallama, Anthony; Hilton, James L. (October 2018). "Computing apparent planetary magnitudes for The Astronomical Almanac". Astronomy and Computing. 25: 10–24. arXiv:1808.01973. Bibcode:2018A&C....25...10M. doi:10.1016/j.ascom.2018.08.002.. 

S unect n tezrawt n sin n imusnawen n Marikan, Mezweɣ yezmer ad yili d amtiweg ur yesmid ara (ur ikemmel ara) gemmu-ines seld mi ig slek seg waṭas n imickaṭen yakk d yesmilen d iseffuden d tfekkiwin tigennawin niden i d-illan seg wass mi i d-innulfa wudus anafuk (ayen i d-iglan s temɣer n yimtiwgen akken ma llan), Anecta yessegzaw-d temẓi n ubleɣ n mezweɣ s wassaɣ ɣer tegnit d tatrit, Dɣa sin n imusnawen-a ffɣen-d s ugemmud-a seld n tezrawt taminigt i ifuras n werjan imezzerzen deg iseffuden.

 Iylanen n umtiwen n mezweɣ 
Tajumma mezweɣ d tin yugaren amacemma akuẓ n tjumma n tegnit (28,4% n tjumma n Tagnit), name="69">Williams, David R. (September 1, 2004). "Mars Fact Sheet". National Space Science Data Center. NASA. Archived from the original on June 12, 2010. Retrieved June 24, 2006. yerna tineẓẓi n mezweɣ de tin yemgaraden ɣef tneẓẓi n tegnit, anda ableɣ-is isgensis-d  azal n 15% n ubleɣ n tegnit. Ma d takura-ines tegda amraw (1/10) neɣ 11% n tkura n tegnit, ma d taldayt tajummant n mezweɣ tegda 38% s umerwes ɣer teldayt n tegnit, adad agennaw deg tjumma n mezweɣ 0,75% n wadad agennaw deg tegnit.

Udem azeggaɣ/ačinay n tjumma n mezweɣ yegla-d yis [[uksyd n wuzzal (III) yakk d ubṛac (ṣṣdid) Peplow, Mark (May 6, 2004). "How Mars got its rust". Nature. Macmillan Publishers Ltd. Retrieved March 10, 2007.NASA – Mars in a Minute: Is Mars Really Red? (Transcript), ma d initen imezdiyen nniden deg tjumma-ines gan d aras, azegza d urɣan (s ugani ɣef telmas n yimɣuzen yellan.

Azwu n mezweɣ yegber seg 95% n usinuksid n ukaṛbun, 3% uẓut, 1,6% argun  Chang, Kenneth (November 5, 2015). "Solar Storms Strip Air From Mars, NASA Says". The New York Times. Retrieved November 5, 2015. d kra n wuksujin d waman.Staff (November 5, 2015). "VIDEO (51:58) – MAVEN – Measuring Mars' Atmospheric Loss". NASA. Retrieved November 5, 2015. dɣa deg useggas n 2000 kra n imusnawen ssawṭen ɣer igemmuden i d-iqqaren s tilin n tudert deg mezweɣ deg yizri seld n tmuɣli n tgezmiwin n yiwen n useffud ufant deg Antraktika yekka-d seg mezweɣ, maca tiẓri ayi mači d tin deg wacu i d-yella usentem ummid.Northon, Karen (November 5, 2015). "NASA Mission Reveals Speed of Solar Wind Stripping Martian Atmosphere". NASA. Retrieved November 5, 2015.

Mezweɣ yettumeggez d amtiwen anamur, u tuget n tjumma-ines zeggaɣ-t anagar kra n icamiṭen imsullsen s usrag n wakal-is d yiẓra-ines. Ma d tineẓẓi n adad-is agennaw d tamidrust, tegber s talɣa tagejdant seg usinuksid n ukaṛbun d kra seg yirragen n waman. Anezwu n mezweɣ semmeṭ ugar n tegnit ma d aseggas degs 687 seg wussan n tegnit.Wall, Mike (November 5, 2015). "Mars Lost Atmosphere to Space as Life Took Hold on Earth". Space.com. Retrieved November 6, 2015.

Tafelwit i d-immalen imgaraden n iylanen ger n mezweɣ d tegnit:

Iylanen Mezweɣ Tagnit Amgarad Aggad anafuk 3 396.2 ± 0.1  km 6 378.1  km 53.3 % Tizgelt taraklant 3376.2 ± 0.1 km 6356.8 km 53.1 % Isig n waqqaṛ 3389.5 km 6371.0  km 53.2 % Tajumma 144798500 km² 510072000 km² 28.4 % Ableɣ 1.6318×1011 km³ 1.083207 3×1012 km² 15.1 % Takura 6.4185 ×10²³ kg 5.9736 ×10²⁴ kg 10.7 % Tineẓẓi 3933.5 ± 0.4 kg/m³ 5515 kg/m³ 71.3 % Taldayt n tjumma 3.711  9.780327 m/t² 37.9 % Tazzla n teslullit 5027 m/t 11186  m/t 44.9 % Tallit n tuzya 75 1.025956 wussan 88642.663 tsinin  86164.098903691 tsinin 102.9 % Annuz agellusan 25.19° 23.439281° Asafet n Bond 0.25 0.29 Asafet anzeggan 0.15 0.367 Aqqaṛ ameqran d umeẓyan 227939100 km 149597887.5 km 152.4 % Annfal amezzay 0.093315	 0.016710219 558.4 % Tallit tamezzayt 686.971 wussan 365.256366  wussan 188.1 % Aceffalu 249209300 km 152097701 km 163.8 % Isig n teẓɣelt −63  C 210  K 14  C 287  K Taseddart tafellayt −3  C 270   Kelvin 58  C 334   Kelvin Taseddart taddayt −133  C 140   Kelvin −89  C 184   Kelvin

 Tasuddest tagensawt 
Yeṭra i mezweɣ ayen yetran i tegnit seg tmagarda tamtiwgant, tamagarda dagi d tamhelt i d-ittfarasen amgirred deg tneẓẓi d isegran n yal tissi n tiddiwin n umtiweg, anda ul n umtiweg yettili tneẓẓi-ines teflal ma d ayen i d-izgan dennig-s tineẓẓi-ines tettili ddaw n tneẓẓi n wul.Nimmo, Francis; Tanaka, Ken (2005). "Early Crustal Evolution of Mars". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 33 (1): 133–161. Bibcode:2005AREPS..33..133N. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122637.

 Tignut tamtiwgant 
Mezweɣ yeẓli-as (iṛuḥ-as) wadad-is adekran send n 4 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen,Philips, Tony (2001). "The Solar Wind at Mars". Science@NASA. Archived from the original on October 10, 2006. Retrieved October 8, 2006. ahat s usrag n imickaḍen i imeknen amtiweg-a,"Multiple Asteroid Strikes May Have Killed Mars's Magnetic Field". Wired. January 20, 2011. ihi, d ayen i yettaǧǧan aḍu anafuk yessikkic srid yakked A-ionosfir n Mezweɣ, dɣa anecta igellu-d s usedres n tneẓẓi n tegnut tamtigwant s tukksa n tissi tuffiɣt i yibelkimen. Mars Express yesnarem-d tizelɣiwin n tegnut tamtigwant tA-ionosfirant i d-ittmaren ɣer tallunt akin i mezweɣ,Lundin, R; et al. (2004). "Solar Wind-Induced Atmospheric Erosion at Mars: First Results from ASPERA-3 on Mars Express". Science. 305 (5692): 1933–1936. Bibcode:2004Sci...305.1933L. doi:10.1126/science.1101860. PMID 15448263. akken i d-tettili tezrawt-nsent sɣur n tsenqadt n MAVEN. Ass-a, addad agennan n mezweɣ yegda seg 30 paskal (0,030 k/p) deg wedrar n Ulimpus alamma d 1,155 paskal di Hellas Planetia, ma d isig alemanas n wadad deg tiggi yegda 600 paskal (0,60 k/p).Bolonkin, Alexander A. (2009). Artificial Environments on Mars. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 599–625. ISBN 978-3-642-03629-3.

Taneẓẓi tafellayt yakk deg mezweɣ tegda tin yellan deg teflel n 35 km di tegnit.Atkinson, Nancy (July 17, 2007). "The Mars Landing Approach: Getting Large Payloads to the Surface of the Red Planet". Retrieved September 18, 2007. ma d isig n wadad id ittwagemḍen iga kan 0,6% seg wadad n tegnit (101,3 k/p).
Teflel n tegnut tamtiwgant tga azal n 10,8 kmCarr, Michael H. (2006). The surface of Mars. Cambridge planetary science series. 6. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-521-87201-0., dɣa tugar agla n tegnit i yeflalen s 6 km, acku taldayt n mezweɣ ur tugar ara 38% seg tin n tegnit, ihi asemdu-ayi tettmagar-it-id tudra deg teẓɣelt d 50% n yisig yeflalen seg wazuk axeclawan i tegnut tamtiwgant n mezweɣ.
Tignut tamtiwgant n mezweɣ tegber seg wazal n 96% n usinuksid n ukaṛbun, 1,9% n waṛgun, 1,89% n nitrujin yakk d ufimiḍi meẓẓiyen n waman d wuksijin.Mahaffy, P. R.; Webster, C. R.; Atreya, S. K.; Franz, H.; Wong, M.; Conrad, P. G.; Harpold, D.; Jones, J. J.; Leshin, L. A.; Manning, H.; Owen, T.; Pepin, R. O.; Squyres, S.; Trainer, M.; Kemppinen, O.; Bridges, N.; Johnson, J. R.; Minitti, M.; Cremers, D.; Bell, J. F.; Edgar, L.; Farmer, J.; Godber, A.; Wadhwa, M.; Wellington, D.; McEwan, I.; Newman, C.; Richardson, M.; Charpentier, A.; et al. (July 19, 2013). "Abundance and Isotopic Composition of Gases in the Martian Atmosphere from the Curiosity Rover". Science. 341 (6143): 263–266. Bibcode:2013Sci...341..263M. doi:10.1126/science.1237966. PMID 23869014. tignut tamtiwgant n mezweɣ d tagedṛurant s waṭas, tegber seg txeclawin aqqaṛ-nsent iga 1,5 mikṛumiter, dɣa tixeclawin-a i d-ittaken ini amsekkef i tegnawt n mezweɣ mi ara ad yettwaskad seg tiggi.Lemmon, M. T.; et al. (2004). "Atmospheric Imaging Results from Mars Rovers". Science. 306 (5702): 1753–1756. Bibcode:2004Sci...306.1753L. doi:10.1126/science.1104474. PMID 15576613.
Isalan imezwura ɣef tegnawt n mezweɣ llan-d s tezrart n yinigen n Mariner 3 d Mariner 4, anda i d-yella usentem (uwekked) d akken amtiweg-a ila tignut tamtiwgant sdiden (rqiqen) yegda 0,01 seg tignut tamtiwgant n tegnit. Tignut-a sdiden tegber seg CO2 di tuget-is anda i yettaweḍ ufimiḍi-ines ɣer 95% seg yisegran-is. sin akin tella-d tesladṭ n yisegran n tegnawt sɣur n Viking 1 i wakken ad tessufeɣ tagrayt ɣef tsuddest n tegnawt akken i tella di tfelwit-a:

 Tanga  Afimiḍi  % CO2 95.3 N2 2.7 Ar 1.6 O2 0.3 CO 0.07 H2O 0.03

Seg tfelwit, nettwali d akken afimiḍi n yirragen n waman deg tegnawt n mezweɣ d win idrusen s waṭas, ayen yettaǧǧan tignewt-is d taɣurart. Maca s usrag n usemmiḍ imsullsen, afimiḍi-ayi idrusen n yirragen n waman keffun-d i wakken ad t-sseṛwun.

 Anezwu 
Gar n yimtiwgen n wudus anafuk yakk, d tisemhuyin n mezweɣ i yettemcabin s waṭas i tsemhuyin n tegnit, s usrag n wannuz yemgadan n ugellus n tuzzya n sin n imtiwegen-a. Tanzagt n tsemhuyin n mezweɣ gdant snat n tikkal n tenzagt n tsemhuyin n tegnit acku amaccaq n mezweɣ ɣer tfukt yugar amaccaq n tegnit ɣer tfukt (yiwet n tuzzya n tegnit ɣef tfukt, tettqabal-itt snat n tuzzyiwin n mezweɣ ɣef tfukt). Dɣa taẓɣelt deg mezweɣ temgarad seg izaduren anda tettili -143 C (-225 F) deg tegrest tasafaylut"What is the typical temperature on Mars?". Astronomycafe.net. Retrieved August 14, 2012. alamma d yiswiren anda tettawaṭ ɣer 35 C (95 F) deg unebdu asbegsan."Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Spotlight". Marsrover.nasa.gov. June 12, 2007. Retrieved August 14, 2012.

Amgarad hrawen deg tezɣelt yettuɣal usrag-is (sebba-ines) ɣer wadad agennaw usdid ur nezmir ara ad iffren aṭas seg teẓɣelt n tfukt d waẓaẓ drusen n wakal n mezweɣ."Mars' desert surface..." MGCM Press release. NASA. Archived from the original on July 7, 2007. Retrieved February 25, 2007. mezweɣ yaggug (yebɛed) 1,52 n tikkal ɣef tfukt seg wala tagnit, ayen i s-d-itfarasen 43% kan n tesmekta n tafat n tfukt.Kluger, Jeffrey (September 1, 1992). "Mars, in Earth's Image". Discover Magazine. 13 (9): 70. Bibcode:1992Disc...13...70K. Retrieved November 3, 2009.

Awah tmezzit yecban agla n tegnit i mezweɣ, tili tisemhuyin-is ad ilint am wagla n tegnit acku annuz-is agellusan yemmug am tmezzit n tegnit.

Llan deg mezweɣ iluɣluɣen (aṭu n wakal) imeqqren yakk deg wudus anafuk, anda tettawaṭ tazzla-ines ar ugar n 160 km/t. Zemren ad mgaraden seg iluɣluɣen deg tjumma meẓẓiyen alamma d iluɣluɣen icafcalen i zemren ad ffren amtiweg s timmad-is. iluɣluɣen-a ttmagen-d aladɣa mi ara ad yades (ad iqerreb) ɣer tfukt .Philips, Tony (July 16, 2001). "Planet Gobbling Dust Storms". Science @ NASA. Archived from the original on June 13, 2006. Retrieved June 7, 2006.


 Timezzit n mezweɣ d tuzzya-ines 

 Tudert deg mezweɣ 

 Ayyuren n mezweɣ 

 Asnirem n mezweɣ  

 Tamawin timazrayin 

 Mezweɣ deg yidles 

 Tiwlafin 

 Ẓeṛ daɣen 
 Imniren 

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