Tussit

Azzelgi neɣ tussit neɣ inflwenza d aṭṭan amanṭaṭ igellu-d yis unfafad n tussit. Isekna n tussit zemren ad ilin fsus-it neɣ d uzmiren (ujhiden)"Key Facts about Influenza (Flu) & Flu Vaccine". cdc.gov. 9 September 2014. Yettwaẓra deg uzmez n 26 Wamber 2014. . Isekna ayyi gan d tusut, azzug n ugerjum, tazzla n yinzaren, takma tamaẓwalt, tawla, amaẓla d utmelli. Di tuget n tegnatin, isekna-ayi d wid i d-yettneflalin seld n sin n wussan seg tefsert ar unfafad d unekcum-is ɣer tfekka w ad ṭṭfen azal n 7 n wussan i wakken ad kksen, maca tusut tezmer ad teṭṭef ugar n 15 n wussan. Ɣer warrac meẓẓiyen yezmer ad yeglu ula s umuktu d yiriran maca isekna-ayi ur d-ttilin ara ɣer yimedanen imeqranen 

Timukrisin n tussit gant d: azzug n turin, azzug abektir n turin d unerni n wuguren idawsanen am uneggaf d yibriren n wul.

 Isragen (ssebbat) 
Llant 3 n telmas n infafaden n tussit ttaɣent amdan, tilmas-a gant d: Talmest A, Talmest B, Talmest C.Longo، Dan L. (2012). "187: Influenza". Harrison's principles of internal medicine. (taẓrigt 18th). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780071748896.Infafaden-a d wid yettenfufuden s wezwu d tusut d unezzu. aladɣa mi ara ad ilin seg yistumen gezzilen neɣ meẓẓiyen.Brankston G، Gitterman L، Hirji Z، Lemieux C، Gardam M (April 2007). "Transmission of influenza A in human beings". Lancet Infect Dis. 7 (4): 257–65. PMID 17376383. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70029-4. , Akken yezmer ad yenfufed s tuṭsa (anali) n tiggiwin yummsen s unfafad sin akin ad tili tuṭsa n yimi neɣ n wallen.. Amdan i tuɣ tussit yezmer ad yessigem (ad yessenṭeṭ) anfafad send d seld n teflalit n Isekna fell-as., Asentem n yigem yezmer ad yili s ukayed n unfafad deg ugerjum, alɣuɣ neɣ inzaren akken illan iberdan d tirrayin  tiruradin, maca imdanen imi i d-yeffeɣ ukayad-nsen d ibaw zemren ad ilin ddmen igem. Dɣa tella telmest n tsedmirt tanmezrit n Polimiraz (PCR) id yesnaramen (id ikeccfen) ɣef uzeffar aṛibuɣsan n unfafad, dɣa akayad-a igan yakk d usdid.

 Taggaẓt d ussuji 
Asired n yifassen yessedras (yessenqas) seg umihi n yigem acku anfafad yettmettat mi ara ad yessemres (yessexdem) wemdan aserrad. timelsiwt n  unaffar afetkan d ayen igerrzen daɣen.Michiels، B؛ Van Puyenbroeck, K؛ Verhoeven, V؛ Vermeire, E؛ Coenen, S (2013). "The value of neuraminidase inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of seasonal influenza: a systematic review of systematic reviews.". PLoS ONE. 8 (4): e60348. PMC 36148939px|link=|alt=Freely accessible|Tuwwṭa ɣures tettili-d s tlelli. PMID 23565231. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060348. , Tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsa tessmagel (tweṣṣa) s wegzay neɣ acraṭ amseggas (n yal aseggas) mgal tussit i wid yettwafesren i yimihiyen meqqren. Tigezt d tin yettilin d tamellilt mgal 3 neɣ 3 n telmas n tussit.Jefferson T، Del Mar CB، Dooley L، d wid iden. (2011). "Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (7): CD006207. PMID 21735402. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub4. 

Acraṭ

Tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsa d Ammasen i wsenɣed d tesɣilt ɣef waṭṭanen ssmetren (weṣṣan) s wecraṭ mgal tussit i yimdanen yettwafesren i wmihi am warrac meẓẓiyen d yimɣaṛen d yixeddaen deg tɣult n tasnujjya d wid ilan (yesɛan) aṭṭanen imezrayen am uneggaf d wuguren wul. Ma d imdanen imawaṭen izemren yettili-d ucraṭ ɣur-sen d amellil cwiyya deg usedres n yisekna yettemcabin agla n tussit, Dɣa anzaten (ttbut) ttɣananen tadersi deg yisig n tussit ɣer igerdan yugaren sin n iseggasen. Ɣer wid-ak  yettnegririfen (iɛetben) seg wecraṭ itekksasen cwiya waṭṭan n wergal aberfaw maca ur yiban ara ma iy tekkes aneggaf.

 Amezruy n tussit 
Deg yal aseggas, tussit tettenfufud deg tamiwin n umadal yakk. Ayen id igellun s 3 ar 5 n imelyan n tegnatin tinamsadin (qessiḥen) d wazal n 200,000 ar 500,000 n tegnatin n tmekkest (lmut)."Influenza (Seasonal) Fact sheet N°211". who.int. March 2014. Yettwaẓra deg wezmez n 25 Wamber 2014. , deg tamiwin tigafanin d tinaẓulin ttilin-d isefrurten deg tegrest s talɣa tagejdant ma deg yideggan isbegsanen d tamiwin id yezzin ttilin-d deg yal akud n useggas., Timekkest (lmut) tettili-d gar idrasen n ilemẓiyen ilan (yesɛan) uguren deg tdawsa-nsen d yimɣaren meqqren ., deg tsut tis 20 lfant-d (ḍrant-d) 3 n yirwasen n tussit: * Tussit Taspenyulit deg useggas n 1918 yegla-d s 50 n tmekkisin, * Tussit n Asya deg useggas n 1957 tegla-d s sin n imelyan n tmekkisin, * Tussit n Hong Kong deg useggas n 1968 tegla-d s umelyun n tmekkisin."Ten things you need to know about pandemic influenza". World Health Organization. 14 October 2005. Yettwaɣbeṛ seg aẓaṛ في 8 October 2009. Yettwaẓra deg 26 ctember 2009. . Tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsa telɣet-d s usefruret d unfufed n telmest tamaynut n tussit isem-is A / H1N1 id yeglan s Arwas n tussit A (H1N1) n 2009.World Health Organization. World now at the start of 2009 influenza pandemic. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2009/h1n1_pandemic_phase6_20090611/en/index.html, Tussit tezmer ad tessemdu w ad taɣ ula deg iɣersiwen am yilfan d iyas d yigṭaṭ.Palmer، S. R. (2011). Oxford textbook of zoonoses : biology, clinical practice, and public health control (taẓrigt 2.). Oxford u.a.: Oxford Univ. Press. Tasna 332. ISBN 9780198570028. thumb|upright=1.3|assegzi n uvidyu

 Isekna d yizmal 

Azal n 33% n yimdanen i tuɣ tussit ur lin ara (ur sɛan aran) isekna.Time Lines of Infection and Disease in Human Influenza: A Review of Volunteer Challenge Studies, American Journal of Epidemiology, Carrat, Vergu, Ferguson, et al., 167 (7): 775–785, 2008. "... In almost all studies, participants were individually confined for 1 week ..." See especially Figure 5 which shows that virus shedding tends to peak on day 2 whereas symptoms tend to peak on day 3. . Isekna n tussit zemren ad ssemtin (ad bdun) s tugnit (taswiɛt kan) seld n yiwen ar sin n wussan seld n yigem. Isekna imenza ttilin d aqiccew n weglim d ufray s usemmiṭ, maca ula d tawla tettili d timezdit deg wakud imizik n yigem s tseddart n teẓɣelt yettilin gar n 38° ar 39°C. Amur ameqran n imuṭan ttawin-d ussan n tudna-nsen deg wusu s usrag n wagazen deg yakk tamiwin n tfekkiwin-nsen aladɣa deg uzagur d iṭarren.Suzuki E، Ichihara K، Johnson AM (January 2007). "Natural course of fever during influenza virus infection in children". Clin Pediatr (Phila). 46 (1): 76–9. PMID 17164515. doi:10.1177/0009922806289588. "Influenza: Viral Infections: Merck Manual Home Edition". Merck. Yettwaẓra deg wezmez n 15 meɣres 2008. . Isekna n tussit d wid izemren ad ilin d: 

 Tawla d tergigit
 tusut
 asekfel n yinzaren
 iriran
 Tazzla n yinzaren
 Anezzu
 Agaz amaẓwal
 Atmelli
 Amaẓla
 Imeṭṭawen
 Tezweɣ Silva ME، Cherry JD، Wilton RJ، Ghafouri NM، Bruckner DA، Miller MJ (August 1999). "Acute fever and petechial rash associated with influenza A virus infection". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 29 (2): 453–4. PMID 10476766. doi:10.1086/520240. 
Ar warrac meẓẓiyen, Isekna n tussit ttilin deg unagraw amesgunef am beṛṛiṭ, Agaz n wadis (Isekna ayyi zemren ad ilin d inamsaden ɣer warrac i tuɣ tussit B.Kerr AA، McQuillin J، Downham MA، Gardner PS (1975). "Gastric 'flu influenza B causing abdominal symptoms in children". Lancet. 1 (7902): 291–5. PMID 46444. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(75)91205-2. Heikkinen T (July 2006). "Influenza in children". Acta Paediatr. 95 (7): 778–84. PMID 16801171. doi:10.1080/08035250600612272. 
Aserwes (ameyyez) gar n tussit d yidis d win imrayen (iweɛṛen) deg talliyin timezwura n wazzugen-a. Tussit d arway n yisekna n yidis d wazzug n turin asemmaṭ d igazen g tfekka d umaẓla d utmelli.Call S، Vollenweider M، Hornung C، Simel D، McKinney W (2005). "Does this patient have influenza?". JAMA. 293 (8): 987–97. PMID 15728170. doi:10.1001/jama.293.8.987. Richards S (2005). "Flu blues". Nurs Stand. 20 (8): 26–7. PMID 16295596. Hui DS (March 2008). "Review of clinical symptoms and spectrum in humans with influenza A/H5N1 infection". Respirology. 13 Suppl 1: S10–3. PMID 18366521. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01247.x. Eccles، R (2005). "Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza". Lancet Infect Dis. 5 (11): 718–25. PMID 16253889. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X. 

Mya isafaren inemgalen n infafaden d imellilen deg usuji n tussit ma ttwafken-d zik, ad yili d axatar i tukza (aɛqal) n tignatin deg wakud imizik. Akken i yezmer i tegrawin n tawla d tusut d wazzug n ugerjum neɣ asekfel n yinzaren ad sselhunt seg tseddi n twessna. Snat n tezrawin sseknen-tt-d d akken s isefrurten idiganen n tussit, isig n unfufed n waṭṭan yettugar 70%.Rothberg M، Bellantonio S، Rose D (2 September 2003). "Management of influenza in adults older than 65 years of age: cost-effectiveness of rapid testing and antiviral therapy" (PDF). Annals of Internal Medicine. 139 (5 Pt 1): 321–9. PMID 12965940. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-139-5_part_1-200309020-00007. Smith K، Roberts M (2002). "Cost-effectiveness of newer treatment strategies for influenza". Am J Med. 113 (4): 300–7. PMID 12361816. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01222-6. Monto A، Gravenstein S، Elliott M، Colopy M، Schweinle J (2000). "Clinical signs and symptoms predicting influenza infection" (PDF). Arch Intern Med. 160 (21): 3243–7. PMID 11088084. doi:10.1001/archinte.160.21.3243. 
Ikayaden inamalen zeddiɣ (mazal) lehhun, immasen n usenɣed n waṭṭanen (CDC) di Marikan tetteffer agzul amsetrer i yikayaden inamalen n isnuda s unect n CDC, ikayaden n twessna taruradt tla (tesɛa) tanefrayt 50-75% d tulmist 90-95% mi ara ad yettwaserwes s yidles anvirus."Rapid Diagnostic Testing for Influenza: Information for Clinical Laboratory Directors". ammasen i wsenɣed d tesɣil ɣef  waṭṭanen. 13 October 2015. Yettwaẓra deg wezmez n 02 fuṛaṛ 2016. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lab Diagnosis of Influenza. Retrieved 1 May 2009 .
Deg kra n tikwal, Tussit tezmer ad teglu s waṭṭan anamsad am wazzug n turin anvirus. Akken illan isekna ibanen am wemray n usgunef.

 Anfafad n tussit 
Tilmas n infafaden n tussit

Anfafad n tussit s unect n usesmel n infafaden yettwameggez d anfafad n ARN yettmag-d seg 5 n tewsitin n twacult n  infafaden inezɣiwen uzmiren.Kawaoka Y (editor) (2006). Influenza Virology: Current Topics. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-06-6. 
 Anfafad n tussit A
 Anfafad n tussit B
 Anfafad n tussit C

Infafaden-a teqqnen kan ar infafaden n tussit n yilfan talsant, igan d infafaden n uzeffar aṛibuɣsan yeṭṭafaren tawacult n Maramixeros yettumeggezen d asrag (ssebba) imezdi i wazzug n unagraw amesgunef ar warrac meẓẓiyen am waṭṭan n taɣiṭṭ, akken i yezmer ad yeglu s waṭṭan yettemcabin i tussit ar imeqqranen.Hall CB (June 2001). "Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus". N. Engl. J. Med. 344 (25): 1917–28. PMID 11419430. doi:10.1056/NEJM200106213442507. Vainionpää R، Hyypiä T (April 1994). "Biology of parainfluenza viruses". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 7 (2): 265–75. PMC 3583209px|link=|alt=Freely accessible|Tuwwṭa ɣures d talellayt. PMID 8055470. doi:10.1128/CMR.7.2.265. 

Tettwasumer-d twacult tis 4 n infafaden n tussit igan d (Anfafad n tussit D).Hause BM، Collin EA، Liu R، Huang B، Sheng Z، Lu W، Wang D، Nelson EA، Li F (2014). "Characterization of a novel influenza virus in cattle and swine: proposal for a new genus in the Orthomyxoviridae family". MBio. 5 (2): e00031–14. doi:10.1128/mBio.00031-14.Collin EA، Sheng Z، Lang Y، Ma W، Hause BM، Li F (2015). "Cocirculation of two distinct genetic and antigenic lineages of proposed influenza D virus in cattle". J Virol. 89 (2): 1036–1042. PMC 43006239px|link=|alt=Freely accessible|Tuwwṭa ɣures tettili-d s tlelli. PMID 25355894. doi:10.1128/JVI.02718-14. Ducatez MF، Pelletier C، Meyer G (2015). "Influenza D virus in cattle, France, 2011-2014". Emerg Infect Dis. 21 (2): 368–371. doi:10.3201/eid2102.141449.Song H، Qi J، Khedri Z، Diaz S، Yu H، Chen X، Varki A، Shi Y، Gao GF (2016). "An open receptor-binding cavity of hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion glycoprotein from newly-identified Influenza D Virus: Basis for its broad cell tropism". PLoS Pathog. 12 (1): e1005411. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005411.Sheng Z، Ran Z، Wang D، Hoppe AD، Simonson R، Chakravarty S، Hause BM، Li F (2014). "Genomic and evolutionary characterization of a novel influenza-C-like virus from swine". Arch Virol. 159 (2): 249–255. doi:10.1007/s00705-013-1815-3.Quast M، Sreenivasan C، Sexton G، Nedland H، Singrey A، Fawcett L، Miller G، Lauer D، Voss S، Pollock S، Cunha CW، Christopher-Hennings J، Nelson E، Li F (2015). "Serological evidence for the presence of influenza D virus in small ruminants". Vet Microbiol. 180 (3–4): 281–285. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.09.005.Smith DB، Gaunt ER، Digard P، Templeton K، Simmonds P (2016). "Detection of influenza C virus but not influenza D virus in Scottish respiratory samples". J Clin Virol. 74: 50–53. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2015.11.036., Talmest-a tamaynut iga d tussit n tsita yettwasinfen (yettwaɛezlen) i tikkelt tamezwarut deg useggas n 2012

 Anfafad n tussit A 
Igṭaṭ n waman gan d imsnugaten igamanen i tegrawt meqqren n tussit A, Tikwal infafaden-a ttenṭaṭen i telmas n iɣersiwen n iden, sin akin yessisrig-d s unfufed d usefruret id igellun s twaɣit i yiwuzaṭ imegruden id t-yessenṭaṭen s iman-is ar wemdan i wakken ad telfu (ad teḍru) tẓidmelt n tussit gar n imdanen. Dɣa infafaden A i yemrayen (i weɛṛen) yakk gar n 3 n infafaden n tussit acku ttaken-d Aṭṭanen inamsaden. Yezmer ad yili beṭṭu n infafaden n tussit A ar waɣanen d inawen yemgaraden s usizder ɣer tririt n tfekkamgalin i yinfafaden-a, inawen inmegzayen i yessentamen ar wemdan gant d:Klenk, Hans-Dieter؛ Matrosovich, Mikhail؛ Stech, Jürgen (2008). "Avian Influenza: Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Host Range". Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-22-6. 

 Anfafad n tussit A H1N1 id yeglan s  terwast n tussit 1918 d terwast n tussit A (H1N1) n 2009
 Anfafad n tussit A H2N2 yegla-d s tnelfuyt n Anfafad n tussit A H2N2 deg useggas n 1957
 Anfafad n tussit A H3N2 yegla-d s Tussit n Hong Kong deg useggas n 1968
 Anfafad n tussit (H5N1) id yeglan s  tussit n yigṭaṭ deg  2004
 Anfafad n tussit A - H7N7 Anfafad-a d  aɣressagma Fouchier، RAM؛ Schneeberger، PM؛ Rozendaal، FW؛ Broekman، JM؛ Kemink، SA؛ Munster، V؛ Kuiken، T؛ Rimmelzwaan، GF؛ d wiyyaṭ. (2004). "Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (5): 1356–61. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.1356F. PMC 3370579px|link=|alt=Freely accessible|Tuwwṭa ɣures tettili-d s tlelli. PMID 14745020. doi:10.1073/pnas.0308352100. 
 Anfafad n tussit A H1N2 - yettidir deg yimdanen d yilfan d yigṭaṭ
 H9N2
 Anfafad n tussit A H7N2
 Anfafad n tussit A H7N3
 Anfafad n tussit A H10N7
 Anfafad n tussit A H7N9

 Anfafad n tussit B 

Anfafad n tussit B yettaɣ imdanen kan (maca yezmer daɣen ad yaɣ snat n telmas n iɣersiwen: isifer d unessas), Dɣa tussit B ur telli ara s tuget am tussit A, Talmest-a n tussit yesniffil s yisig n 2 ar 3 n tikkal s ddaw n telmest A, s usrag n tdrwsi ayyi n tuggta tasemgalt tettili-d tseddart n waffal mgal n tussit B deg temẓi, ɣas akken tussit B tesdeṛmis ɣer tfesna anda ur yettili ara waffal amaɣlal mgal-is, isig-a anamum (uḍɛif) i wessnifel asemgal yakk d tegrawt n umesnubget (asekref n tuddit n telmas s usemgal) s wakka ad yettwasegger (ad yettwaḍman) ur ttilin ara irwasen n tussit B.Hay، A؛ Gregory V؛ Douglas A؛ Lin Y (29 December 2001). "The evolution of human influenza viruses". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 356 (1416): 1861–70. PMC 10885629px|link=|alt=Freely accessible|Tuwwṭa ɣures tettili-d s tlelli. PMID 11779385. doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0999. Zambon، M (November 1999). "Epidemiology and pathogenesis of influenza" (PDF). J Antimicrob Chemother. 44 Suppl B (90002): 3–9. PMID 10877456. doi:10.1093/jac/44.suppl_2.3. R، Webster؛ Bean W؛ Gorman O؛ Chambers T؛ Kawaoka Y (1992). "Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses". Microbiol Rev. 56 (1): 152–79. PMC 3728599px|link=|alt=Freely accessible|Tuwwṭa ɣures tettili-d s tlelli. PMID 1579108. Jakeman KJ، Tisdale M، Russell S، Leone A، Sweet C (August 1994). "Efficacy of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluororibosides against influenza A and B viruses in ferrets". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38 (8): 1864–7. PMC 2846529px|link=|alt=Freely accessible|tuwwṭa ɣures tettili-d s tlelli. PMID 7986023. doi:10.1128/aac.38.8.1864. Osterhaus، A؛ Rimmelzwaan G؛ Martina B؛ Bestebroer T؛ Fouchier R (2000). "Influenza B virus in seals". Science. 288 (5468): 1051–3. Bibcode:2000Sci...288.1051O. PMID 10807575. doi:10.1126/science.288.5468.1051. Nobusawa، E؛ Sato K (April 2006). "Comparison of the mutation rates of human influenza A and B viruses". J Virol. 80 (7): 3675–8. PMC 14403909px|link=|alt=Freely accessible|Tuwwṭa ɣures tettili-d s tlelli. PMID 16537638. doi:10.1128/JVI.80.7.3675-3678.2006. 

 Anfafad n tussit C 
Tussit C tettaɣ imdanen d yiqjan d yilfan. Aṭṭanen inamsaden gellun-d s tzitmura tidiganin. Maca talmest-a d tin ur nelli ara s tuget yakk yerna tettaɣ kan arrac meẓẓiyen s tefses.Matsuzaki، Y؛ Katsushima N؛ Nagai Y؛ Shoji M؛ Itagaki T؛ Sakamoto M؛ Kitaoka S؛ Mizuta K؛ Nishimura H (1 May 2006). "Clinical features of influenza C virus infection in children". J Infect Dis. 193 (9): 1229–35. PMID 16586359. doi:10.1086/502973. Katagiri، S؛ Ohizumi A؛ Homma M (July 1983). "An outbreak of type C influenza in a children's home". J Infect Dis. 148 (1): 51–6. PMID 6309999. doi:10.1093/infdis/148.1.51. Matsuzaki، Y؛ Sugawara K؛ Mizuta K؛ Tsuchiya E؛ Muraki Y؛ Hongo S؛ Suzuki H؛ Nakamura K (2002). "Antigenic and genetic characterization of influenza C viruses which caused two outbreaks in Yamagata City, Japan, in 1996 and 1998". J Clin Microbiol. 40 (2): 422–9. PMC 1533799px|link=|alt=Freely accessible|Tuwwṭa ɣures tettili-d s tlelli. PMID 11825952. doi:10.1128/JCM.40.2.422-429.2002. 

 Tuddit d unfufed n unfafad 
Mi ara ad yenzi (yeɛḍes) neɣ yusu wemdan yudnen s tussit, ugar n wezgen n umelyun n tfekkiwin n infafaden nettgen ar wezwu. Anṭaṭ n unfafad ɣer yimdanen irennu s waṭas deg wezgen n wass ar yiwen n was seld n yigem (akud deg acu yettili deg-s wemdan yessenṭaṭ-it i wayeṭ) ma d isig n wenṭaṭ yeflalin (ɛlayen) i wemdan niden deg taggara n wass wis sin akken i yettaṭṭaf azal n 5 wussan maca yezmer ad yeṭṭef alammi d 9 n wussan.

 Tasensakrart 
Isniflen isemhayen

Tussit tettawaṭ ar waggi-ynes deg tegrest, llant snat n tsemhuyin n tessut yal aseggas acku tagrest tettas-d deg sin n wakuden yemgaraden gar n wezgen agafan n tegnit d wezgen anaẓul, ɣef waya tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsa tettaked isemtar (ttewṣiyat) i snat n tsuddsin yemgaraden n wecraṭ yal aseggas (yiwet deg wezgen agafan tis snat deg wezgen anaẓul).

 amezruy n tussit  

 Tigmayin (inadiyen) 

 Ẓeṛ daɣen 

 Imniren 

Taggayt:Aṭṭanen
Taggayt:Aṭṭanen invirusen iɣersawen