Aselway n tegduda tatunsit

Aselway n tegduda tatunsit d aɣella n Uwanak n Tagduda tatunsit seg assebded n tawuri ass n 25 yulyu 1957. Deg uzwel agi, yeḍebber adabu aselkam s unabaḍ yetsselwayen sɣur aɣella n unabaḍ. Ɣef leḥsab n umagrad 77 n Tamenḍawt tagdudant n wass n 10 fuṛaṛ 2014, yeḍebber daɣen anzaḍ aɛlayan n tidusiyin yettwassemregen.

Ɣef leḥsab n Tamenḍawt, yetwafren s afran ameɣradi srid i anna n semmus iseggasen, ayzmaynu yiwet tikkelt kan. Seg assebded n tawuri, aten-id wid yeṭṭfen amkan nni :
 Ḥabib Burgiba, armi i tid stixeren ass n 7 wamber 1987 sakkin kraḍt n tmerwin n udabu (ɣef ljal n uddad ines n tadawsa, aseqqamu n imsujjiyen yenna-d, ur yezmer ara ad yekemmel deg tiwura ines) ;
 Zin Lɛabidin Ben Ɛli, Aneɣlaf amezwaru aneggaru n Uselway Burgiba yeṭṭfen amahil agi am amekki alma d tifernin tinsiadin n 1989 dɣa yettwafren s umgerrad ameqran ;
 Fuɛad Mebazɛa, aselway n taxxamt n imazanen, yetwasseɣret aselway deg imedzi sɣur Aseqqamu amenḍawan ass n 15 yennayer 2011 sakkin tagrawla ;
 Munsef Marzuqi, yettwafren aselway sɣur Agraw ismatteran, i tallit n tukkit yettaweyn ar asaselgam n Tamenḍawt tamaynut.
 Bejji Lqayed Ssebṣi, aselway amezwaru yettwafrenen s umagdayar afran ameɣradi deg umezruy n Tunes, sakkin tafrent n 2014.

Burgiba dɣa Ben Ɛli sselwayen daɣen akabar deg udabu, yettwasemman Amay-Dustuṛ, Akabar anemlay adustuṛi dɣa Amsegraw amenḍawan amagday, seg azarug deg useggas 1956 ar tagrawla n 2011.

 Taneṣlit 
Akabar amezwaru aɣelnaẓri, Dustuṛ, yettwassebdeden deg useggas 1920 Michel Camau d Vincent Geisser, Ḥabib Burgiba : adriz n tukkest, éd. Karthala, Paris, 2004, p. 228 yebɣa yakan asaselgam n yiwet tamenḍawt id tḍwelen ar tanaya timeẓwit dɣa imenzayen n udabu amagday war ad ḍḍesen ar umenzay n tagelda. Akkw am Amay-Dustuṛ yexeddmen agzam deg useggas 1934 ddaw tamehla n Ḥabib Burgiba, yettkemmel ad yessenfali tabbanit ines i unhil yellan deg tawuriḤatem Ben Ɛaziza, « Seg tagelda tamenḍawant ar Tagduda », Réalités, n°762, 27 yulyu 2000. Aswir n Umay-Dustuṛ yellan di Sfax seg 15 ar 18 wamber 1955Jacques Simon, Lezzayer. Izri, Lezzayer taṛumit, tagrawla (1954-1958), éd. L’Harmattan, Paris, p. 286  yesnezgem : 

Ɣef afermes n unhil sɣur amezdaɣ, Muḥsen Tumi yura : 

Ihi, imi id yettwakmer kan id yezmel Lamine Bey ass n 29 dujamber 1955 tanaḍt id yesawelen ar tafrent n Ugraw ismatteranFayçal Cherif, « Ussan ineggura n tagelda », Réalités, n°1126, 26 yulyu 2007. Mɣar sakkin azarug d tafrent n Ugraw, tanarit tasertayt n Amay-Dustuṛ yessegrew ass n 10 yebrir 1956 yeḥettem agellid ad as yinni i Burgiba ad yessileɣ anabaḍ amezwaru n Tunes tazarugt. Ihi Burgiba yeddem amazrar n isuḍaf am taggara n iglamen n tawacult taḥusinit (tanaḍt n 31 mayyu 1956)Victor Silvera, « Anhil amenḍawan n Tunes : Tamenḍawt n 1 yunyu 1959 », Revue française de science tasertit, 1960, vol. 10, n°2, p. 378 neɣ tadbelt n taɣult tusligt n umuɣ aɣarim n bey (amarud amseggas id ttwafken i akkw imaslaḍen n tawacult tabeylikalt (taɛetmanit)) daɣen taɣult n uqacuc sɣur yiwen anedbal yetxeddmen deg aɣlif n teẓraf. Charles Debbasch yura ɣef waya: 


I lmend n umulli wis sin n tuqqla ines ar Tunes, ass n 1 yunyu 1957, Ḥabib Burgiba yebɣa ad yesseɣret Tagduda, maca tazɣint n assaɣen iṛumiyen-itunsiyen id yussan seg uḥbas n tallalt n teẓraf n Fransa, yetwexxer tadyant. Ass n {22 yulyu]], tanarit tasertayt n Amay-Dustuṛ tesseɣret taseɣra n imazanen n Agraw ismatteran ar tiɣimit tafeɣnamit yettwassuddsen ass n 25 yulyuPierre-Albin Martel, Ḥabib Burgiba. Argaz, timiḍi, éd. du Jaguar, Paris, 1999, p. 69. Tiɣimit tebedda af 9 h 23 deg tazeɣɣa n usgeld n leqṣer n Bardo ddaw taselwit n Ǧelluli Fares d tihawt n tafekka tadiplumatit« 25 yulyu 1957. Dɣa Burgiba yessebded Tagduda », Réalités, n°917, 24 yulyu 2003. Aneɣlaf amezwaru Ḥabib Burgiba d imaslaḍen n unabaḍ ines, slid Becir Ben Yahmed ur llan ara d awamni, qqimen ɣef uɣalad n imaslaḍen. Imi-d yeldi tiɣimit, Fares yederrer belli imaslaḍen ilaq ad innin anta talɣa is ilaqen i unhil. Ahmed Ben Salah, anmazul n uselway n Ugraw, yenna-d tidmi ines akagi :  Awalen agi ttwasergegen sɣur tigermanin tidfirin. Af 15 h 30, Burgiba yebeḍḍa aẓmaẓ anarray n umnakel n beys, yerduten af ddell d taxendallast. Yeffuk deg tagara s taseɣrut n Tagduda:  Deg taggara, afran s unemzel yeser anhil ageldan aqdim 252 iseggasen dɣa yessebded anhil agdudan « Proclamation de la République en Tunes », Les Actualités françaises, 31 yulyu 1957 yersan ɣef Amay-Dustuṛ kanMarguerite Rollinde, Le mouvement marocain des droits de l’homme : entre consensus national et engagement citoyen, éd. Karthala, Paris, 2002, p. 108 . Aylaten n bey ttwakksen-as dɣa ṣleḥen i urẓam n umerwas n Uwanak Article sur la Tunes (Encarta). Burgiba yekcem srid deg tiwura-s n uselway deg timeṛjiwt n tirawt n Tamenḍawt id effken sin iseggasen sakkin tumast taselwayant n unhil amaynu.

 Amezruy Afranan 

+ Igmaḍ n tifernin tiselwayin seg 1959 Tafrent Amazwar Agmuḍ Akabar asertay 8 wamber 1959 Ḥabib Burgiba 91 %  Amay-Dustuṛ 8 wamber 1964 Ḥabib Burgiba ɣef Grand Larousse Encyclopédique Ḥabib Burgiba 96 % Akabar anemlay adustuṛi (PSD) 2 wamber 1969Alemmas n tizrawin ifriqiyin n ugafa, Annuaire n l’Afrique du Nord, éd. Université du Michigan/Centre national n la recherche scientifique, 1969, vol. 8, p. 389 Ḥabib Burgiba 99,76 % PSD 3 wamber 1974Yettwasseɣret aselway ar tudert sɣur Taxxamt n imazanen ass n 18 meɣres 1975, asaḍuf agi yettusemmet ass n 25 yulyu 1988 (sakkin tuẓẓɛa ines). Ḥabib Burgiba 99,85 % PSD 2 yebrir 1989 Zin Lɛabidin Ben Ɛli 99,27 % Amsegraw amenḍawan amagday (RCD) 20 meɣres 1994 Zin Lɛabidin Ben Ɛli 99,91 % Encarta  yessuffɣred azwil n 99,80 %. RCD 24 tuber 1999 Anthony H. Cordesman, A Tragedy of Arms. Military and Security Developments in the Maghreb, éd. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, p. 250  Zin Lɛabidin Ben Ɛli 99,45 % Encarta yessuffɣred azwil n 99,44 % dɣa Le Canard enchaîné n°4581 (« Carthage n ses artères », 13 ɣuct 2008, p. 8) win n 99,40 %. RCD Muḥemmed Belḥaǧ Aɛmur 0,31 % Akabar n tadukli taɣerfant (PUP) Ɛebderreḥman Tlili 0,23 % Tadukli tamagdayt tasduklit (UDU) 24 tuber 2004 Igmaḍ n tafrent taselwayant n 2004 (Taselwit n Tagduda tatunsit)  Zin Lɛabidin Ben Ɛli 94,49 % RCD Muḥemmed Buciha 3,78 % PUP Muḥemmed Ɛli Halwani 0,95 % Amussu Ettajdid Munir Bejji 0,79 % Akabar imetti-alellam (PSL) 25 tuber 2009 Aselway Ben Ɛli yerbeḥ tafrent taselwayant 2009 s 89,62 % (Tifernin 2009)  Zin Lɛabidin Ben Ɛli 89,62 % RCD Muḥemmed Buciha 5,01 % PUP Ḥmed Inubli 3,80 % UDU Ḥmed Brahim 1,57 % Amussu Ettajdid 12 dujamber 2011 Munsef Marzuqi 75,74 %  Aswir i Tagduda 21 dujamber 2014 « Tunes : amazwar alayki Bejji Lqayed Ssebṣi yerrbeḥ taselwayant s 55,68 % n tuɣac », Francetv info, 25 wamber 2014 « Bejji Lqayed Ssebṣi yeṛeggemed ad yili  « aselway n akkw itunsiyen » », Le Monde, 22 dujamber 2014 Bejji Lqayed Ssebṣi 55,68 %  Nidaɛ Tunes Munsef Marzuqi 44,32 % Aswir i Tagduda

Ass n 8 wamber 1959 llant tifernin timezwura tiselwayin d timsuḍaf Samir Gharbi, « Radiographie d’une élection », Jeune Afrique, 2 wamber 1999. Sakkin, sin isniɣesen agi ttwadrun deg unsay deg yiwen wass kan, ass n acer (lḥedd).

Seg isniɣes amezwaru, Burgiba yesɛa-d abeḥri n umalway amszarug, netta kan i d-amazwar anwarmirm. Ad yeqqim akken armi d 1974, agmuḍ ines ur yeḥbes ara ad yerni seg 91 % deg 1959 ar 99,85 % deg 1974. Armi kan ass n 10 ctamber 1974 yella wayeḍ amazwar nniḍen i ɛerden ad yesssissen mgal aselway. Cadli Zwiten, aselway n Taxxamt tilemẓit tudmist n Tunes, yesseɣret aɣtas ines deg asseɣret ar taɣemsa yili yettwaḍfer sɣur alɣu n yiwen umaslaḍ n tiddukla nni yetssumelen aɣtas n uselway ines. Am yettwarǧu, tirtit ur tettwaḍḍef ara sɣur tasmilt ad hoc. Isniɣes agi ad yilli d aneggaru acku yettwaḍfer aseggas aḍfar sɣur taseɣrut n Burgiba am « aselway ar tudert ».

Ilaq an arǧu snat n tmerwin iwakken an ẓer aneɛruḍ wis sin n Munsef Marzuqi, aselway anaffaɣ n Tamɣunt tatunsit n izerfan n wemdan, yebɣan ad yessissen mgal Ben Ɛli deg useggas 1994. Yili, ur yezmer ara ad yessegrew amḍan n izmalen yelaqen iwakken ad yettekki ar tafrent dɣa sakkin yettwaḥbesMichel Camau d Vincent Geisser, Ḥabib Burgiba. Adriz d tukkest, éd. Karthala, Paris, 2004, p. 241  daɣen yettwagdel n upaspuṛ Dominique Lagarde, « Tagtaẓri am tatunsit », L’Express, 21 tuber 1999. Zdat isedrigen agi, ilaq ad rǧun isuḍaf imenḍawanen yetwadɣeren « s uzwel asɣasan », dɣa yeksalugen ar umagrad 40 n Tamenḍawt, i tifernin n 1999, 2004 d 2009, iwakken imazwaren nniḍen ad zemren ad ssissnen iman-nsen ar tinneflest tanafellat.

Sakkin tagrawla id gweyn ar tagellawt n Ben Ɛli, Agraw ismatteran yefren aselway n Tagduda s taqiḍuft tuffirt, ass n 12 dujamber 2011, s tigti tamagdezt n imaslaḍen ines. Mraw imazwaren ssissnen-d maca, tam ur d ssegrewen ara mraw semmus izmalen yelaqen dɣa yiwen umazwar ur yesɛa ara leɛmeṛ yelaqen, yiwen kan yesɛan tiwtilin yelaqen i tirtit « Ɣef mraw imazwaren ar taselwayant, tẓa ur sɛan ara tiwtilin », Business News, 12 dujamber 2011 . Munsef Marzuqi yettwafren s 153 tuɣac, kraḍt mgal, snat taggalin d 44 idɣaren imellalen, yesmezri aken i Fuɛad Mebazɛa yellan deg tawuri am imedzi Hamida Ben Salah d Kaouther Larbi, « Tunes : Munsef Marzuqi yesmezri ar Ben Ɛli am aselway « n tagduda tamezwarut taɛrabt tilellit » », Agence France-Presse, 12 dujamber 2011.

Sakkin tuddma n Tamenḍawt tamaynut, adɣar yettwahel ass n 23 wamber 2014 i tafrent n uselway amaynu n Tagduda « Tunes : timsuḍaf ttwahelent ar 26 tuber dɣa taselwayant ar 23 wamber », Jeune Afrique, 25 yunyu 2014. Ass n 21 dujamber, sakkin tuzzya tis snat, Bejji Lqayed Ssebṣi, aneɣlaf aqdim ddaw Burgiba dɣa aselway n Taxxamt n imazanen ddaw Ben Ɛli, yettwafren deg tuzzya tis snat s 55,68 % n tuɣac, aselway Marzuqi yegweyd 44,32 %. D aselway amezwaru yettwafrenen s umagday deg tamurt Charlotte Bozonnet, « Bejji Lqayed Ssebṣi, aẓɣuɣ yuɣalen d aselway », Le Monde, 23 dujamber 2014.

 Uḍḍun  Tarudemt Isem Tamezwart n anna Tagara n anna Tikkin tasertayt Tira 1  80px  Ḥabib Burgiba(3 ɣuct 1903 - 6 yebrir 2000)  25 yulyu1957  7 wamber1987  Amay-Dustuṛ (1957-1964)PSD (1964-1987)  Aneɣlaf amezwaru ddaw Lamine, bey n Tunes, Ḥabib Burgiba yeherḍ agellid s taseɣrut ass n 25 yulyu 1957 anhil ayɣef yettwafren aselway. Yettwafren s uzwil ameqran Aselway n Tagduda tatunsit ass n 8 wamber 1959, dɣa d netta kan id amazwar ar tafrent agi, Ḥabib Burgiba yettwafren aselway ar tudert ass n 18 meɣres 1975. Yettwakkes ass n 7 wamber 1987 sɣur Aneɣlaf ines amezwaru Zin Lɛabidin Ben Ɛli. 2 80px Zin Lɛabidin Ben Ɛli(yellul ass n 3 ctamber 1936–2019) 7 wamber1987 14 yennayer2011 PSD (1987-1988)RCD (1988-2011) Aneɣlaf amezwaru d aneɣlaf n Tɣawsiwin n daxel n uselway Burgiba, Zin Lɛabidin Ben Ɛli yekkes aɣella n Uwanak, yennad acku d awessar aṭas iwakkend ad yekemmel ad yesselwi tamurt. Deg dujamber 2010, yuffad iman-is zdat tayyugt tameqrant n tikliwin timeẓwiyin ; yeserreḥ deg tagara taselwit ass n 14 yennayer 2011, ddaw aḥṛas n imesbaniyen, dɣa yezrizeɣ di Tagelda Tasaɛudit, s tameṭṭut-is Leila Ben Ɛli. 2  3 80px Fuɛad Mebazɛa(yellul ass n 15 yunyu 1933)  15 yennayer2011  13 dujamber2011 RCD (2011)Indépendant (2011) Am aselway n Taxxamt n imazanen, Fuɛad Mebazɛa yuɣal aselway n Tagduda s imedzi ass n 15 yennayer 2011, sakkin tagellawt n uselway Ben Ɛli ar Tagelda Tasaɛudit. D tikkelt tamezwarut deg umezruy n taselwit i tettwexdem s imedziAneɣlaf amezwaru Muḥemmed Ɣennuci yennegmi iman-is d aselway n Tagduda s imedzi seg 14 ar 15 yennayer 2011 ɣef leḥsab n « Ben Ɛli yeffeɣ si Tunes, Aneɣlaf amezwaru yebeddel-it », Le Figaro, 14 yennayer 2011. 3 4  80px  Munsef Marzuqi(yellul ass n 7 yulyu 1945)  13 décembre2011  31 décembre2014  CPR  Aselway amezwaru n Tagduda yettwafrenen sakkin tagrawla yegweyn ar tadṛawt n uselway Ben Ɛli, Munsef Marzuqi d aselway amezwaru ur d yeffɣen ara seg ukabar yellan deg udabu seg wasmi yella uzarug.  5  80px  Bejji Lqayed Ssebṣi(yellul ass n 29 wamber 1926 - 2019)  31 dujamber2014  2019  Nidaɛ Tunes  Imi-d yerbeḥ tafrent taselwayant deg tuzzya tis snat mgal aselway anaffaɣ, Munsef Marzuqi, Bejji Lqayed Ssebṣi yuɣal aselway amezwaru yettwafrenen s umagday ar afran ameɣradi srid sakkin tagrawla.

 Tira d timselɣa 

 Adriraw 

 Michel Camau d Vincent Geisser, Aṭṭan amdabu. Tasertit di Tunes seg Burgiba ar Ben Ɛli, éd. Presses de Science Po, Paris, 2003 

 Izdayen uffiɣen  

 Asmel unṣib n taselwit n Tagduda tatunsit

*