Tafukt (itri)

Tafukt d yiwet seg yitran n umazellaw n wasif n igenwan igebren seg wugar 200 n imelyaṛen n yitran Gerber, R. A.; Lamb, S. A.; Balsara, D. S. (1994). "Ring Galaxy Evolution as a Function of "Intruder" Mass". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 26: 911. Bibcode:1994AAS...184.3204G.
Dɣa amazellaw-a s iman-is yeṭṭafar tagrawt n imazellawen niḍen yettusemman s tagrawt tadigant, anda tajumma tanamdalt i teṭṭef tegrawt-a d tawinest azgen n ukdu-ines yettawaṭ ar 10 n imelyan n ifawatayen (iseggasen inafaten). Grocholski, Aaron J.؛ Aloisi, Alessandra؛ van der Marel, Roeland P.؛ Mack, Jennifer؛ d wid niden. (October 20, 2008). "A New Hubble Space Telescope Distance to NGC 1569: Starburst Properties and IC 342 Group Membership". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 686 (2): L79–L82. Bibcode:2008ApJ...686L..79G. arXiv:0808.0153Freely accessible. doi:10.1086/592949.
Ma deg wayen yezzin ɣef tekrura, ad naf ahidṛujin d win i d-issiliɣen kṛad n imkuẓen (¾) n isegra n tkura tanafukt. Ma d ayen i d-yegran, amur ameqqran deg-s d ahilium yakk d wazal n 1,69% n iferdisen iẓayanen am weksujin d usinuksid n ukaṛbun d neyon d wuzzal d iferdisen niḍen.Anglada-Escudé, Guillem; Amado, Pedro J.; Barnes, John; Berdiñas, Zaira M.; Butler, R. Paul; Coleman, Gavin A. L.; de la Cueva, Ignacio; Dreizler, Stefan; Endl, Michael; Giesers, Benjamin; Jeffers, Sandra V.; Jenkins, James S.; Jones, Hugh R. A.; Kiraga, Marcin; Kürster, Martin; López-González, Marίa J.; Marvin, Christopher J.; Morales, Nicolás; Morin, Julien; Nelson, Richard P.; Ortiz, José L.; Ofir, Aviv; Paardekooper, Sijme-Jan; Reiners, Ansgar; Rodríguez, Eloy; Rodrίguez-López, Cristina; Sarmiento, Luis F.; Strachan, John P.; Tsapras, Yiannis; Tuomi, Mikko; Zechmeister, Mathias (25 August 2016). "A terrestrial planet candidate in a temperate orbit around Proxima Centauri". Nature. 536 (7617): 437–440. arXiv:1609.03449. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..437A. doi:10.1038/nature19106. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 27558064.Tafukt teṭṭafar taggayt n igezlanen iwraɣen s unect n usesmel atraw isennden ɣef tissiwin tiggwanin. S udday, s unect n usesmel atraw, azmul G2 yemmal-d taẓɣelt n tiggi yettawṭen ɣer 5778° C, ma d azamul V d akken tafukt d itri n welkem agejdan Dvorak R,Pilat-Lohinger E,Bois E,Schwarz R,Funk B,Beichman C,Danchi W,Eiroa C,Fridlund M,Henning T,Herbst T,Kaltenegger L,Lammer H,Léger A,Liseau R,Lunine J,Paresce F,Penny A,Quirrenbach A,Röttgering H,Selsis F,Schneider J,Stam D,Tinetti G,White G. "Dynamical habitability of planetary systems" Institute for Astronomy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. January 2010. Dɣa imesnallunen ttmeggizent d akken tafuwt d itri meẓẓiyen s wassaɣ, akken i ttɣilen d akken (tafukt) d tin yettfeǧǧijen ugar n 85% n yitran n wasif n igenwan igan deg tuget n tegnatin d igezlanen izeggaɣen. Azal amagdez n tfukt d win issawaṭen ɣer 4.83, dɣa d tafukt i d tafekka tagnnant yettfeǧǧijen yakk s waṭas deg tegnawt n tegnit s wazal amaskad issawṭen ɣer −26.74.Tamrest n tfukt tetteẓẓel s teɣlel deg tallunt, ayen i d-issiliɣen aṭu anafuk igan d tizelɣiwin tuzdimin yeẓẓlen seg yiri n  uhiliusfir ɣer wazal n 100 tiggtin tisnullanin, ahilyusfur-a yessiliɣ-d tamuski tamanṭaṭ i meqqren yakk deg unagraw anafuk.Fajans, J.; L. Frièdland (October 2001). "Autoresonant (nonstationary) excitation of pendulums, Plutinos, plasmas, and other nonlinear oscillators" (PDF). American Journal of Physics. 69 (10): 1096–1102. Bibcode:2001AmJPh..69.1096F. doi:10.1119/1.1389278. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2006.dɣa ammas agratraw yeččaray s waṭu anafuk.

Tafukt tettnwiwil (tettḥerrik) deg usigna agratraw adigan i d-izgan deg tama n tlilect tadigant ɣef yiri agensuy n yiɣil n umanar igan d yiwen seg yiɣallen atliwen n umazellaw n wasif n igenwan. Opher، M.؛ Alouani Bibi، F.؛ Toth، G.؛ Richardson، J. D.؛ Izmodenov، V. V.؛ Gombosi، T. I. (December 24–31, 2009). "A strong, highly-tilted interstellar magnetic field near the Solar System" (PDF). Nature. 462: 1036–1038. Bibcode:2009Natur.462.1036O. PMID 20033043. doi:10.1038/nature08567.

Tafukt tezga-d deg wedras wis 4 deg wayen yezzin ɣef tkura n 50 n yitran yudsen ɣer tegnit (itran i d-izgan deg usutem n 17 n  ifawatayen ɣef tegnit), anda itri yudsen yakk ɣer tegnit seld n tfukt iga d procima Centauri yaggugin (ibeɛden) s 4,2 n ifawatayen.
Timezzit tamazallawt n tfukt taggug (tebɛed) ɣef wammas amazallaw s kra n 24,000 ar 26.000 n yifawatayen yerna tsemmed (tettkemmil) yiwen n useggas amazallaw (akken i d-ittbin deg yimsidag n umazallaw) azal n 225 ɣer 250 n imelyan n iseggasen.
Amussu d unwiwel n tfukt s tazzla n 370 km/t ɣer tnila n tezdemt n weyrad neɣ ɣer tezdemt n tenhawt d win i d-yettilin mya amazallaw yettnwiwel s talɣa tamazgayt yakk d wammar n tudfirt amikṛuwan s tazzla n 550 kmt.Isig n westum gar n tfukt d tegnit d win igan azal n 149.6 n imelyan km. Imusnawen ttɣilen d akken astum-a yettbeddil s unwiwel n tegnit seg uceffalu ɣer ufafuk, Tafat d tin i d-ittfakkan tikli n usutem-a deg 8 n tesdatin d 9 n tsinin, Tafasa n uzenzar anafat n tfukt d tin i d-ittaken tudert s temhalt n tugnaddast,, akken daɣen i d-tgellu s unezwu d tignewt, Tigelsin n tfukt d tid yettwassnen deg tegnit seg tallit n uzarmezruy anda aṭas n iɣerfan d wadlisen meggzen tafukt d yellu. "Near-Earth Supernovas". NASA Science. NASA. January 6, 2003.

 Tiskanin timuta 

Tafukt d itri yeṭṭafaren talmest n welkam agejdan G, Takura-ines tessiliɣ-d azal n 99.8632% seg tkura n wudus anafuk ma d talɣa-ines cki-tt d tuzza (meḥsub d tamduṛant) anda akdu deg tizgelt d win yemgaraden ɣef ukdu deg usebges s 10 km kan. Mya tafukt tga deg waddad n plasma anecta yennumk d akken-it tetezzi s urured deg usebges ugar n wayen i d-ttezzi deg tzeglin, dɣa tikeli ayi tettwassen s tuzzya tamgirdant, anecta igellu-d s tseddimt d unwiwel n tkura s usrag n wuẓeẓ meqqren deg teẓɣelt seg weɣyay ɣer beṛṛa. Takura ayi tettaddam kra seg yimir amussay. Michael Zellik (2002). Astronomy: The Evolving Universe (9th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-521-80090-7. OCLC 223304585.

Tallit tufrint n tuzzya n tfukt tettaṭṭaf 25,6 n wussan deg usebges-is d 33,5 n wussan deg tzeglin-is. Ma d tallit n tuzzya tamaskadt deg usebges teṭṭafaf 28 n wussa.Phillips, 1995, pp. 78–79Asemdu n tdusi tuẓẓlammast n tuzzya ayi talwayant tga 18 n imelyan n tikkal ddaw n tdusi n teldayt tajummant deg usebges. Yerna tadusi n tndeffert n yimtiwgen d tis ur nli ara (ur nesɛi ar) asemdu meqqren, ɣef wanect-a ur ssemduyen ara ɣef tfukt.

 Tafat n tfukt 

Tafat n tfukt d aɣbalu agejdan n tfasa deg tegnit ma d iɣbula niden gan d tinegwa tisinsinin deg wuln tegnit, dɣa tinegwa ayi tisinsinin gant d aɣbalu tarakaẓɣalt n tegnit i d-ittilin s tsedmirin tiɣisanin.
Timezgit tanafukt d tasmekta n tfasa i d-ttak tfukt i wfimidi n tigget n tjumma yettwafsaren srid i tafat n tfukt. Bargagli1، R.؛ Catenil، D.؛ Nellil، L.؛ Olmastronil، S.؛ Zagarese، B. (August 1997)، "Environmental Impact of Trace Element Emissions from Geothermal Power Plants"، Environmental Contamination Toxicology، New York: Springer، 33 (2): 172–181، ISSN 0090-4341، doi:10.1007/s002449900239, Timezgit tanafukt n tjumma ɣef wuggug n tigget tasnullant yegda uggug n tegnit ɣef tfukt (azal n 1368 wat/m)2
Tignut n tegnit d tin yettekkayen deg usifes n tafat n tfukt s wakka ad tili tfasa i d-ittawaṭen seg tfukt tudes ɣer 1000 wat/m2 deg tegnatin tigamanin neɣ mi ara ad tili tfukt deg tdeɣra n umeddu.
Asemres n tfasa tanafukt d ayen izemren ad yili s waṭas n tarrayin timguranin d tgamanin. Amedya, tamhalt n tugnaddast d tin i d-igerrun tafasa seg tfult w ad tt-iterr d tafasa takrurant. Ihi tamhelt-a d yiwet seg temhalin i d-ittilin s tarrayt tagamant deg tegnit. Akken i yezmer ad yili usemres n tafat n tfukt i wfares n tfasa tazrurant s useẓɣel usrid neɣ s turrit n tafat ɣer tzarurt (trisiti) s usemres n tekwafukin. Lashkaryov, V. E. (1941) Investigation of a barrier layer by the thermoprobe method, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Fiz. 5, 442–446, English translation: Ukr. J. Phys. 53, 53–56 (2008).

 Isegran 

Tafukt tegber seg uhidṛjin d uhilium. Deg tallit-a seg tudert-is sgensisen-d 74,9% d 23,8% seg tkura n tfukt deg tegnignut. "isalan ɣef tegnignut deg tansa jstor.org". jstor.org. ma d iferdisen iẓayanen yakk ittwasemman imɣuzen sgensisen-d ddaw n 2% seg takura-ines yakk d weksujin s wazal n 1% d ukaṛbun 0,3% d Neon 0,2% d wuzzal 0,2%. Roussel، E. G.؛ Cambon Bonavita، M.؛ Querellou، J.؛ Cragg، B. A.؛ Prieur، D.؛ Parkes، R. J.؛ Parkes، R. J. (2008). "Extending the Sub-Sea-Floor Biosphere". Science. 320 (5879): 1046. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1046R. PMID 18497290. doi:10.1126/science.1154545.

Tasuddest takrurant taẓaṛant n tfukt d tin i d-immugen deg wammas agratraw, anda deg tazwara tella tegber seg 71.1% n uhidṛujin, 27.4% n uhilium d 1.5% seg yimɣuzen niden. Dɣa ahidṛujin d wamur ameqran seg uhilium yellan di tfukt ttwafarsen-d s temhalt n tseddɣisant deg 20 n tesdatin timenza n usedday, iferdisen iẓayanen llan ttwafarsen-d sɣur tisutiwin yezrin n yitran send n tlallit n tfukt sin akin nfufden deg wammas agratraw deg talliyin tineggura n tudert tatrawt yakk d inelfuyen (ineḍruyen) am supernuva. taferkit tussnant Alsaru yettwaggẓen 24 ctember 2015 deg tansa n Wayback Machine.

Seg wass mi i d-tennulfa tfukt, tamhelt n wezday tagejdant tegber ɣef urway n uhidṛujin yakked uhilium ɣef teɣzi n 4,6 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen yezrin, takur-a d tansa n uhilium s agensu n tfukt d tid yenbeddalen kra kra. S agensu n weɣyay, yuli ufimidi n uhilium seg 24% ɣer 60% s usrag n wefsay. Ma d kra niden n uhilium d iferdisen iẓayanen rekdrn deg tegnignut ɣer tnila n wul n tfukt s usrag n teldayt. Ma yella d ifimidiyen n yimɣuzen ur nbeddalen ara. Amaṭṭaf Analman, Forschung aktuell http://www.dradio.de/dlf/meldungen/forschak/2173035/ Astronomen haben die Entstehung eines riesigen Monster-Protosterns in der Milchstraße entdeckt] Alsaru yettwaggẓen 04 wamber 2013 deg tansa n Wayback Machine. 

Yettili-d usembiwel n teẓɣelt ɣer uzɣar (beṛṛa) n wul n tfukt s uzenzar deg wadeg n usseẓɣel, s wakka ur d-ittili ara usali n wefsay ɣer wezɣar s weẓɣal maca ad yeqqim deg weɣyay, Aɣyay agensaw n uhilium yebda yettmag-d kra kra yerna azday-is mači d ayen izemren ad yili acku ul n tfukt imir-a ur yeẓɣil ur yelli d aneẓẓaw s tesmekta ara ad yezdin ahilium. Ma deg tugnignut n tura yettili-d usedres deg uhilium (d yiferdisen iẓayanen) anda i d-issiliɣ 84% seg wayen yella deg tallit tamezwarut send ma ad tebdu temhelt n wezday aɣisan deg wul.Larson, R.B. (2003), The physics of star formation, Reports on Progress in Physics, vol. 66, issue 10, pp. 1651–1697
Deg yimal, ahilium ad ismed (ad ikemmel) asemnenni deg wul n tfukt, asemnenni ayi d tmerniwt-a ad teglu s tuffɣa n tfukt seg welkam agejdan i wakken ad tuɣal d acafcal azeggaɣ, anecta seld n 5 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen. Science: Youngest star | New Scientist Alsaru yettwaggẓen 06 yebrir 2015 deg tansa Wayback Machine.

Tasuddest takrurant n tugnignut deg tuget n tegnatin d tin yemmerwasen i wsileɣ n wudus anafuk amenzu. Akat n tyawant n iferdisen iẓayanen n tfasa tanafukt s usemres n tesledt taylalant i tugnignut n tfukt yakk d wakat n tyawant deg iseffuden ur yettwaseẓɣlen ara ula deg teẓɣelt n usefsi. Imusnawen ttɣilem d akken iseffuden ttagẓen s usileɣ n yitrazwar ɣef wanect-a ur tettwasemdu ara s usbeddi n iferdisen iẓayanen. Akken illant snat n tarrayin mtawan fell-asent deg wayen yezzin ɣef usileɣ anafukSternentstehung auf uni-goettingen.de:

 Tagrawt tasemdant n iferdisen n wuzzal ittwa-ion-in:
Deg useggas n 1970, kkrent-d waṭas n tegmayin yessezdyen ɣef tegmi ɣef isezdiyen n tegrawin n wuzzal deg tfukt.Ross and Aller 1976, Withbroe 1976, Hauge and Engvold 1977, cited in Biemont 1978. ɣas akken tigmayin-a wwint-d igemmuden igerrzen maca aguccel n isezdiyen n kra n iferdisen n tegrawt n wuzzal (Akubalt d umegnisyum) qqimen mrayen (weɛṛen) s usrag n tmuski-nsen tanegt n tseddi, alammi d aseggas n 1978.
Deg useggas n 1962 tennulfa-d tegmi tummidt tamezwarut i tezrawt n tdisiwin n umcalay ɣef yiferdisen n tegrawt tasemdant n wuzzal ittwa-ion-in,Corliss and Bozman (1962 cited in Biemont 1978) and Warner (1967 cited in Biemont 1978) ttwasidnen-t deg useggas n 1976.Smith (1976 cited in Biemont 1978) ma deg useggas n 1978 ttwasuddmen-d isezdiyen n yiferdisen n tegrawt n wuzzal ittwa-ion-in.

 Assaɣ ger n tfukt d yimtiwgen deg wayen yezzin ɣef ucellex n tkura:
Aṭas n imusnawen qellden ɣef tilin n wassaɣ deg userẓu akuran gar tsuddisin n yinyaten inafuken d yigazen inagrazen,Signer and Suess 1963; Manuel 1967; Marti 1969; Kuroda and Manuel 1970;
Srinivasan and Manuel 1971, all cited in Manuel and Hwaung 1983 amedya amyaqqan ver n yinyaten imtiwganen d Neon d usinun deg tfukt d yimtiwgen.Kuroda and Manuel 1970 cited in Manuel and Hwaung 1983:7 

Aɣili d akken tafukt tla (tesɛa) yiwet n tsuddest i d-tla tugnignut tanafukt d win yersan alammi d aseggas n 1983
Deg useggas n 1983 yettwadma d akken yella userẓu deg tfukt s usrag n wassaɣ aseẓran gar n tsuddisin n yinyaten n yimtiwgen d wezwu anafuk i cekkṭen igazen inagrazen., ma yella send n useggasa, yella yettuɣil d akken tafukt s timmad-is tla yiwet n tsuddest n tzugnut tanafukt.Brandt، Pontus (February 27–March 2, 2007). "Imaging of the Heliospheric Boundary" (PDF). NASA Advisory Council Workshop on Science Associated with the Lunar Exploration Architecture: White Papers. Tempe, Arizona: Lunar and Planetary Institute. 25 mayu 2007.

 Tamuski d tɣessa 

 Iger adekran 

 Timezziyin tinafukin 

 Allus n tudert n tfukt 
 Asileɣ 
Tafukt tettwasileɣ-d send n 4,57 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen s usrag n uɣelluy n wamur n yiwen n usignew axeclawan acafcal yellan yegber - deg tuget-is - seg uhidṛujin d uhilyum, yerna yezmer ad yili usignew-a ittwasileɣ-d seg yitran niḍen. Dɣa addar-a yettwasteg s usenned ɣer usmudem s usemres n  uselkim i westag n takkayt tatrawt. Tizrawin ɣef yiseffuden imziken snarment-d idrizen n yiɣwawen irekden seg yinyaten meẓẓiyen deg waddar am wuzzal-60 i d-yettmagen deg yiderḍqen meẓẓiyen n yitran. Anecta yemmal-d d akken yessefk ad yeṭṭerḍeq yiwen n Supernova neɣ sin zdat n wadeg anda i d-tettwasileɣ tfukt. D amedwal d akken tamdeswelt n tneggest i d-yemmugen seg uṭerḍeq n Supernova d nettat i yeǧǧan tafukt ad tettwasileɣ s wadad n igazen yellan deg usignew axeclawan, s akin tegla-d s yiwen n uɣelluy s agensu n usignew deg kra n tama s ddaw n usemdu-ines. 
Amur yennebran seg usignew yeɣlin  yebda itezzi s usrag n taggaẓt n yimir uɣmir, sin akin terna teẓɣelt-is tettali yakked d walluy n wadad-is, anecta yakk yegla-d s umsegrew n tuget n tkura deg wammas-is, deg wakud anda i yufeg wayen i d-yezgan s azɣar (ɣer beṛṛa) n wagra, ayen i d-issalɣen imtiwgen d tfekkiwin yemgaraden n unagraw anafuk. Addad d teẓɣelt deg weɣyay n usignew yennebran urwen-d takrura meqqren seg teẓɣelt, akken i d-yuffes wugar n igazen deg waẓi n wegra. Di taggara, anecta yegla-d s beddu n tsedmirin tiɣisanin i d-iglan s tlalit n tfukt.Hill et al., "First Stars. I. The extreme r-element rich, iron-poor halo giant CS 31082-001" Astronomy & Astrophysics, 387, (2002) 560-579. (Accessed 3/8/06)

 Anwiwel n tfukt d tmersiwt-ines deg umazellaw 

 Imniren 

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