Asesmel atraw

Asesmel atraw deg tasnallunt iga d asesmel n yitran s unect n teskanin-is tiylalanin, anda tafesna n yitri taylalant tga d tafesna n yitri i d-igellmen as-ioni deg tissi tuffiɣt n yitri, anda i d-ittili usurres n ibelkimen i wakken ad brun i tafat ayen i d-ittaken tarrayt tallilt i wakat n teẓɣelt n tjumma n yitri.Tettili-d tesladt n tafat i d-ittaken seg yitri s usefturi n isegra-ines sɣur n yiẓiki n wakkad, i wakken ad yili usefruri n ifutunen i d-ittasen s talɣa n ijerriden n tafat tla (tesɛa) initen n teslit n wenẓar yennebran s ijerriden n weskaf. Yal ajerrid n weskaf yemmal-d a-ion n kra uferdis akruran, dɣa tilin n ijerriden-a deg waggwa (aylal) yesskanay-d taẓɣelt n yitri yessemdayen ɣef wa-ion.Imir-a, tuget n yitran ttwasisemlen s usemres n isekkilen O, B, A, F, G, K, M anda itran O ig ẓeɣlen yakk sin akin ṭṭafarent-id wid i d-izgan deffir-is alamma d asekkil M iga d asemmaṭ yamk gar-asen, s umata itran n O ttilin d izegzawen, B d izegzawen mellulen, A d imellalen, K d ičinayen, M d izeggaɣen maca ini n yitri yezmer ad yemgarad cwiya s unect n teẓɣelt-is d teskanin-isDeg unagraw n usesmel n yitran amiran (igan d asesmel n Morgan–Keenan) tettili-d tmerniwt n wuṭṭunen seg 0 alammad 9 ɣer usekkil i d-immalen aylal (O B A F G K M) i wakken ad immal amraw (1/¹⁰) gar n sin n isekkilen imṭafaren, Amedya A5 uga d smus n imrawen gar n A0 d F0. Yerna yella usesmel niden ittwagber daɣen deg usesmel n Morgan–Keenan, aya iga d tadusi n waffaw s isekkilen yettwasnemlen s isekkilen iṛumaniyen I II III IV V

 Tilmas n yitran 

Llant waṭas n telmas d wanawen n yitran. Dɣa wid yettarran ahidṛujin s talɣa turmidt s uzday aɣisan ɣer uhilium deg tlemmast-is ttwasemman itran n welkam agejdan, Talmest-a tga d tallit tamezwarut seld n tlallit akken ilant (sɛant) tasuddest takrurant yecban tasuddest n tfukt, itri ameqqran yakk deg ubleɣ gar n yitran n welkam agejdan d win ilan akdu meqqren d teẓeɣt yeflalen (ini-ines d azegzaw). Ableɣ n yitran-a yettili gar n 5% n ubleɣ n tfukt (azal n 109 n tegnit) i yitran yettilin s ddaw n welkam agejdan alamma d 10 n tikkal n ukdu n tfukt (itran izegzawen) ma d taẓɣelt tajummant tettili gar n 3.000° C (izeggaɣen) alamma d 50.000° C (izegzawen d imellalen).
Deg tazwara n tsut tis 20 imesnullanen bṭan itran ɣer 7 n tegrawin akken ifkan isekkilen ilatinen d azamul i d-immalen taẓɣelt tajummant.asesmel atraw itran, azemz n unekcum 20/07/2009 

 Tasladt n waggwa 

 Amezruy n usesmel 

 Asesmel n Harvard 

 Asesmel amiran 

 Ẓeṛ daɣen 

 Immiren 

Taggayt:Tilmas n yitran
Taggayt:Asesmel n Hertzsprung–Russell
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Taggayt:itran s unect n tseddart n waffaw