Baruch Spinoza

Baruch Spinoza, yettwassen daɣen s yisem n Bento de Espinosa neɣ Benedictus de Spinoza, ilul ass n 24 Wamber 1632 di Amsterdam, yemmut ass n 21 Fuṛaṛ 1677 di Den Haag. Yella d amesnagay n Tmurt n Wadda uɣur tasnezgimt tesɛa tazrirt s wazal-is ɣef waziten n tillit dgi yedder d waṭas n wid it-id-iḍefṛen.

Spinoza yeɣra aṭas deg temẓi-s, ladɣa deg tgemmi n uselmed n Iyehuden (yeshiva). Yessin taɛebrit, talatinit akked tutlayt tahulandit. Yeɣra daɣen timucuha n Iyehuden akked tfelsuft.

Maca mi meqqer, yebda yettemseḥsab deg wayen yeqqar deg ddin. Yura tiktiwin ur nettqebbel ara tmetti tahudit n lweqt-nni. Deg useggas 1656, ṭṭerḍen-t seg tmetti n Iyehuden (herem).

Syin, yuɣal d afelyasuf ilelli, yettaru ɣef tfelsuft, tusna akked ddin. Ger wayen yura:

 "Timlilɣi"(Ethics) - adlis-is amenzu
 "Theological-Political Treatise"
 "Political Treatise"

Tiktiwin-is timenziyin:

 Yenna-d belli Rebbi d ddunit d yiwen (monisme)
 Yeqqar belli aqerru akked tfekka d yiwen
 Yebɣa ad yefhem tidet s ubrid n tfelsuft, mačči s ubrid n ddin

Yemmut deg La Haye deg 1677. Ɣas akken ur t-qbilen ara deg tallit-is, yuɣal d yiwen seg ifelyasufen imeqqranen n umezruy.

 Tudert n Spinoza (1632-1677) 
Baruch Spinoza ilul deg useggas n 1632 di temdint n Amsterdam (Tamurt n Wadda), deg yiwet n twacult tudayt i d-yerwelen seg Portugal imi llan ttwaqehṛen ɣef ddemma n ddin-nsen. Yeɣra taɣuri n ddin n udayen, maca seg temẓi-s, yebda yettxemmim yerna yettcikki deg wayen i s-sselmaden.

Deg useggas n 1656, asmi yesɛa 23 iseggasen kan, aɣerman n udayen n Amsterdam yessufeɣ-it, yerra-t "berra n wansayen n tudayt", acku tiktiwin-is ɣef Yakuc(illu), ameɣraḍ d wayen yura di Tora (adlis uɣris  n udayen) ur mṣadant ara d wayen ttaɣen tanumi imdanen s umata deg tallit-nni. Seg wass-nni, Spinoza yuɣal la yettidir iman-is, yettḥeccim, yerna yettmahil d asnexdaḍ n llentiyyat n unẓar iwakken ad yaweḍ ad yečč. Tira-s yettarut-ten s tuffra, yerna yugi ad iqbel imukan s-yiman-nsen deg tseddawiyin timeqqranin iwakken ad yeḥrez tilelli n tidmi-s. Yemmut deg useggas n 1677, s waṭṭan n turin.

 Tafelsafit-is 
Tafelsafit n Spinoza d yiwet n tfelsafit tameẓdut maca tesɛa yiwen wannaḍ  ameqqran. Adlis-is ameqqran, "Timlilɣi", yura-t s wudem n tnezeggit, am wakken yettberhin di tusnakt.

 Yakuc d Agama (Deus sive Natura) 
Tazwart tameqqrant akk deg tfelsafit n Spinoza d tamiḍrant  n "Deus sive Natura", anamek-is 'Yakuc neɣ Agama'. ɣur Spinoza:

 Yakuc(neɣ illu) mačči d yiwen ufettan yellan beṛṛa n umeɣraḍ, i t-id-ixelqen am umexlaq. Maca, Yakuc d agama s timmad-is; d netta i d kul tanga  yellan.
 Kulci yellan, seg umdan alamma d aẓru, seg yitran alamma d iferṭeṭṭu, d amedya kan neɣ d "talɣa" n Yakuc.
 S wakka, ameɣraḍ ur ixliq ula seg wacemma, d yiwen amagdez  yellan seg zik.

 Tanga, Iraten, d Tilɣa (Substance, Attributs, Modes) 
Iwakken ad issefhem ameɣraḍ , yessemres tlata n tmiḍranin  tigejdanin:

 Tanga  (La Substance): Tanga ɣur Spinoza d aẓar n kulci, d lsas n tudert d wayen yellan merṛa. Iwakken ad tt-nefhem mliḥ, llant snat n tiwtilin tigejdanen i s-yefka:
 "D ayen yellan s yiman-is": Anamek-is, Tanga ur teḥwaǧ ara ayen nniḍen iwakken ad tili. Ur teṛṛiǧ ara ad tt-id-yexleq yiwen, neɣ ad tili s ssebba n tɣawsa nniḍen. D nettat i d tazwara d tagara. Amedya: Aseklu yeḥwaǧ akal d waman iwakken ad yili, amdan yeḥwaǧ imawlan-is. Maca Tanga, ulac ayen i teḥwaǧ. D nettat i d imi, i d aɣbalu.
 "Yettwafham s yiman-is": Iwakken ad tesneḍ neɣ ad tefhmeḍ d acu i d Tanga, ur teḥwaǧeḍ ara ad tessemrseḍ tamiḍrant nniḍen. Tessefham iman-s s yiman-s. Amedya: Iwakken ad tefhmeḍ "lmuja", ilaq ad tefhmeḍ d acu i d "agaraw". Maca iwakken ad tefhmeḍ Agaraw (ma yella nettwali-t d netta i d Tanga), ur teḥwaǧeḍ acemma nniḍen.
 Tagrayt tameqqrant n Spinoza: S unamek-agi, Spinoza yewweḍ ɣer yiwet n tikti yeswehmen: Yiwet kan n Tanga i yellan deg umeɣraḍ merṛa. Acuɣer? Acku lemmer llant snat, ad mgaradent, yerna yiwet ad teḥbes tayeḍ. Ma yella yiwet teḥbes tayeḍ, anamek-is ḥekment deg yiman-nsent, dɣa ur llint ara s yiman-nsent. S wakka, i Spinoza, Tanga yiwet-is kan, d tamagdezt, ur tesɛi tlisa. D acu i d Tanga-yagi? D Yakuc neɣ Agama (Dieu ou la Nature).
 Iraten (Les Attributs): D wagi i d-yeskanayen agagg n umdan ɣef ddemma n wayen i d-yeskanen tanga. Tanga tesɛa aṭas n yiraten, maca nekni s wemdan nezmer ad nwali sin kan: Tidmi  (La Pensée) d Tiddi (l'Étendue), anamek-is tuzzya deg tallunt  d tnefsit tagennawt.
Ma yella Tanga d yiwet, amek ihi i nezmer ad nwali amgarad meqqren deg umaḍal (tidmi, tafekka, atg.)? Dagi i d-kkan Iraten.

D acu i d Urat (un Attribut)? D ayen i t-iṣebbren agagg n umdan ɣef ddemma n wayen i d-yeskanen Tanga. Llan aṭas n wudmawen neɣ n leṣnaf s wayes i d-teskan Tanga iman-is; yal udem seg-sen d Urat. Iraten mačči d ayen yernan ɣer Tanga, maca d aẓar-is, d ayen i tt-yesbedden.

 Iraten ur nesɛi tlisa: Spinoza yeqqar-d belli imi Tanga d tamagdezt, tesɛa lqidar ur nesɛi tlisa n yiraten. D acu kan, nekni s wemdan, s ugagg-nneɣ, sin kan i nezmer ad nwali neɣ ad nefhem:
 Tidmi (La Pensée): D urat n kulci ur nelli d agennaw (matériel). Anamek-is, yal tidmi, yal tafrit, yal aramsu, yal lefhama yellan deg umeɣraḍ, seg tidmi n yiferṭeṭṭu (ma yesɛa) alamma d tin n ufelsaf, merṛa d amedya kan n urat ameqqran n Tidmi.
 Tiddi (L'Étendue): D urat n kulci agennaw. Anamek-is, yal taɣawsa yesɛan tiddi deg tallunt — am tfekka, am weẓru, am yitran, am waman — d amedya kan n urat ameqqran n Tiddi.

Ayen ilaqen ad t-neṭṭef: Tidmi d Tiddi mačči d snat n tngiwin (substances) yemgaraden. D sin wudmawen yemgaraden n yiwet n Tanga kan. Am wakken ad twaliḍ yiwen wezṛu s snat n llentiyyat yemgaraden: yiwet tesskan-ak-id ini-s, tayeḍ amek yettceɛceɛ. Maca d yiwen weẓru i ttwaliḍ.

3. Tilɣa  (Les Modes): D ayen yellan deg wayen nniḍen. D amedya, yal taɣawsa yellan (amdan, aẓru, yiwet n tidmi ) d talɣa kan, ur tezmir ad tili s yiman-is mebla tanga  tagejdant (Yakuc).

 D acu i d Talɣa? Talɣa d ayen yellan deg wayen nniḍen, yerna yettwafham s wayen nniḍen-nni. Anamek-is, d amedya aḥeqqani, anesɣan, n Tanga am wakken i d-tettban seg yiraten-is. Yal taɣawsa i nessen, i nettidir, i nettwali, d talɣa.
 Amedya ad issefhem kulci:
 Aziɣer-iw neɣ yiwet n tidmi i yi-d-yusan tura (am "Aqli ad afeɣ") d talɣa n urat n Tidmi. Ur tezmirent ad tilint s yiman-nsent mebla Urat agejdan n Tidmi.
 Tafekka-w, agdil-agi n uselkin, neɣ useklu-nni yellan di tebḥirt, d tilɣa n urat n Tiddi. Ur zmirent ad ilint mebla Urat agejdan n Tiddi.

S wakka, Tilɣa d ayen i d-yettban s lḥedd d wazal, maca d abdar kan n Tanga tamagdezt.

Amedya aneggaru iwakken ad nejmeɛ kulci: Xayel agaraw ameqqran (l'océan).

 Agarew s timmad-is, d Tanga. Yella s yiman-is.
 Lmaɛna-s d aman (sa nature liquide) d lmaɛna-s n umussu (sa nature d'être en mouvement) d Iraten-is. D ayen i t-yerran d agarew.
 Yiwet n tayerza (une vague) i d-yulin tura, i yesɛan talɣa-s, tiddi-s, d wakud-is, d Talɣa. Tayerza-nni ur tezmir ad tili mebla agarew, yerna d netta i tt-id-yefkan.

 Aziɣer d Tafekka 
Spinoza yettwali aziɣer (neɣ allaɣ ) d tfekka mačči d sin leṣnaf yemgaraden i yettemyilin, maca d sin iraten yemgaraden (Tidmi d Tiddi) n yiwet n tanga kan: Yakuc/Agama. Anamek-is, ayen iḍerrun di tfekka-nneɣ, iḍerru daɣen deg uziɣer-nneɣ s wudem amsadaɣ, mačči d yiwen i d ssebba n wayeḍ.

 Aguccel d Tilelli 
ɣur Spinoza, ulac ayen i d-yeḍrun s wudem agacuran. Kulci di tɣerma d wagama  yettḍafar ilugan izaruranen. Yal taɣawsa tesɛa ssebba-s. S wakka, tilelli n lebɣi am wakken i tt-nettwali d leɣlaḍ kan, d ayen i d-yekkan seg leqdic-nneɣ n ssebbat i ɣ-yeddelin. Maca, Spinoza yeqqar belli amdan yezmer ad yaweḍ ɣer yiwet n talɣa  n tlelli. Tilelli n ṣṣeḥ, mačči d tukkes n ssebbat, maca d lefhama-nsent. Asmi ara yefhem umdan s wudem ameɣẓan belli netta d amur seg wagama yerna kulci yettḍafar yiwen wannaḍ , ad yekkes fell-as lxiq d uɣedlilef, yerna ad yaweḍ ɣer tnefsit n talwit i wumi isemma "tayri tagaggant n Yakuc".

 Timlilɣi d Tsertit 
Axxam agejdan n tfelsafit-is d adabu ɣef iremsan (les passions). Yettwali belli iremsan am lferḥ, lḥezen, neɣ tadfi, d isalli kan i d-yettak aziɣer  ɣef lḥala n tfekka. Ma yella nefhem-iten s wagagg, nezmer ad ten-nsenneɣ, ad nuɣal seg wid i ten-yeṭṭafaṛen ɣer wid i ten-yettḥekkmen, d ayen i d-yettaken talwit d tssaɛda. Deg tsertit, Spinoza yedda d tugdut , yerna yefka azal ameqqran i tlelli n tidmi  d umsawal.
Category:AfelsufCategory:Tameddurt