ꦏꦩꦲꦫꦗꦤ꧀

꧋ꦏꦩꦲꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦪꦲꦶꦏꦸꦏꦸꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦭꦤꦺꦎꦂꦒꦤꦶꦱꦱꦶꦥꦸꦭꦶꦠꦶꦏ꧀ꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁꦒꦝꦃꦮꦼꦮꦼꦁꦏꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦒꦺꦪꦺꦴꦒꦿꦥ꦳ꦶꦱ꧀ꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁꦮꦶꦪꦂ꧉ꦢꦺꦮꦺꦏꦺꦩꦤ꧀ꦝꦼꦒꦤꦶꦤꦒꦫ꧈ꦏꦼꦭꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦏ꧀ꦱꦸꦏꦸꦲꦸꦠꦮꦶꦲꦺꦠ꧀ꦤꦶꦏ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦧꦁꦱ꧉ꦥꦸꦤꦶꦏꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦚꦮꦶꦗꦶꦏꦏꦺꦤ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦏꦧꦮꦃꦏꦭꦶꦪꦤ꧀ꦏꦻꦱꦂ(ꦩꦺꦴꦤꦂꦏꦶ)꧈ꦲꦸꦠꦮꦶꦏꦤ꧀ꦛꦶꦱꦠꦸꦁꦒꦭ꧀ꦱꦶꦱ꧀ꦠꦺꦩ꧀ꦥꦥꦿꦺꦤ꧀ꦠꦲꦤ꧀ꦲꦺꦴꦭꦶꦒꦂꦏꦶ꧉

꧋ꦲꦸꦩ꧀ꦥꦩꦶꦢꦶꦠꦶꦭꦶꦏꦶꦱꦏꦶꦁꦧꦧꦒꦤ꧀ꦒꦺꦪꦺꦴꦥꦸꦭꦶꦠꦶꦏ꧀‌꧈ꦠꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦸꦁꦏꦩꦲꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦒꦝꦃꦠꦼꦒꦼꦱ꧀ꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁꦧꦺꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀‌꧈ꦮꦶꦮꦶꦠ꧀ꦱꦏꦤꦒꦫꦠꦺꦫꦶꦠꦺꦴꦫꦶꦪꦭ꧀ꦲꦺꦏ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦠꦿꦶꦩ꧀ꦲꦶꦁꦧꦒꦺꦪꦁꦏꦁꦥꦭꦶꦁꦏꦸꦮꦠ꧀‌꧈ꦔꦤ꧀ꦠꦶꦤꦒꦫꦏꦁꦢꦸꦩꦢꦶꦱꦏꦒꦧꦸꦔꦤ꧀ꦏꦸꦛꦤꦺꦤꦒꦫꦏꦁꦥꦭꦶꦁꦫꦶꦁꦏꦶꦃ꧉

ꦌꦠꦶꦩꦺꦴꦭꦺꦴꦒꦶ
꧋ꦠꦼꦠꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦸꦔꦤ꧀ꦏꦺꦩꦲꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦢꦶꦩꦔꦼꦂꦠꦺꦤꦶꦏꦮꦶꦮꦶꦠꦤ꧀ꦲꦷꦁꦱꦗꦫꦃꦭꦤ꧀ꦧꦱꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦤꦺꦱꦶꦪꦪꦲꦶꦏꦸꦱꦏꦥꦿꦧꦮꦤꦺꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦪꦥꦸꦂꦧ꧈ꦔꦁꦒꦺꦴꦱꦫꦤꦧꦱꦱꦤ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦏꦺꦂꦠ;ꦩꦲꦫꦗ꧈ꦪꦲꦶꦏꦸ"ꦫꦗꦏꦁꦱꦏ꧀ꦝꦸꦮꦸꦫꦺꦫꦗ";ꦥꦿꦩꦶꦭꦠꦼꦠꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦸꦔꦤ꧀ꦏꦺꦩꦲꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦔꦿꦸꦗꦸꦏ꧀ꦩꦫꦁꦏꦼꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦲꦒꦸꦁꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁꦒꦝꦃꦢꦼꦢꦼꦒ꧀ꦏꦁꦭꦸꦮꦶꦃꦢꦸꦮꦸꦂꦱꦏꦏꦼꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦲꦏꦺꦃꦭꦶꦪꦤꦺ꧉ꦏꦼꦩꦲꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦫꦪꦏꦪꦠꦱꦿꦶꦮꦶꦗꦪꦭꦤ꧀ꦩꦗꦥꦲꦶꦠ꧀ꦢꦶꦮꦼꦫꦸꦃꦲꦶꦲꦶꦁꦧꦧꦒꦤ꧀ꦱꦗꦫꦃꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦤꦺꦱꦶꦪ꧉

꧋ꦠꦼꦠꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦸꦔꦤ꧀ꦭꦶꦪꦏꦁꦲꦱꦭꦺꦱꦏꦥꦿꦧꦮꦌꦫꦺꦴꦥꦃ꧈ꦪꦲꦶꦏꦸꦆꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦫꦶꦪꦸꦩ꧀ꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁꦏꦱꦶꦭ꧀ꦱꦏꦧꦱꦭꦠꦶꦤ꧀ꦢꦸꦮꦺꦠꦼꦒꦼꦱ꧀"ꦏꦏꦸꦮꦠꦤ꧀"ꦲꦸꦠꦮ"ꦏꦼꦮꦼꦤꦁꦔꦤ꧀"꧉

꧋ꦱꦼꦕꦫꦌꦠꦶꦩꦺꦴꦭꦺꦴꦒꦶ꧈ꦥꦼꦁꦒꦸꦤꦄꦤ꧀ꦆꦱ꧀ꦠꦶꦭꦃ"ꦆꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦫꦶꦪꦸꦩ꧀"ꦩꦼꦤꦸꦚ꧀ꦗꦸꦏ꧀ꦏꦤ꧀ꦱꦸꦮꦠꦸꦤꦒꦫꦧꦁꦱꦠꦼꦂꦥꦸꦱꦠ꧀ꦪꦁꦏꦸꦮꦠ꧀‌ꦄꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦠꦥꦶꦣꦭꦩ꧀ꦥꦼꦁꦒꦸꦤꦄꦤ꧀ꦪꦁꦊꦧꦶꦃꦭꦺꦴꦁꦒꦂꦗꦸꦒꦩꦼꦫꦸꦗꦸꦏ꧀ꦥꦣꦥꦼꦫꦸꦱꦲꦄꦤ꧀ꦠꦿꦤ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦤꦱꦶꦪꦺꦴꦤꦭ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦏꦭꦧꦼꦱꦂ꧉

꧋ꦱ꧀ꦠꦿꦸꦏ꧀ꦠꦸꦂꦥꦸꦭꦶꦠꦶꦏ꧀ꦏꦼꦩꦲꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦢꦶꦪꦱꦔꦁꦒꦺꦫꦺꦴꦁꦠꦠꦕꦫ꧇(꧇꧑꧇)ꦢꦸꦩꦢꦶꦏꦼꦩꦲꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦫꦶꦠꦺꦴꦫꦶꦪꦭ꧀ꦩꦮꦶꦕꦫꦔꦸꦮꦱꦤꦶꦭꦁꦱꦸꦁꦔꦁꦒꦺꦴꦏꦏꦸꦮꦠꦤ꧀(ꦥꦺꦴꦭꦲꦺꦧꦢꦤ꧀ꦭꦁꦱꦸꦁꦏꦁꦒꦺꦤꦼꦠꦼꦥꦶꦲꦩ꧀ꦧꦶꦱꦶꦤꦺꦏꦻꦱꦂ)꧈ꦭꦤ꧀(꧇꧒꧇)ꦢꦸꦩꦢꦶꦏꦼꦩꦲꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦲꦺꦒꦺꦩꦺꦴꦤꦶꦏ꧀ꦒꦝꦃꦮꦠꦏ꧀ꦏꦺꦴꦮꦺꦂꦱꦶꦥ꦳꧀‌꧈ꦔꦸꦮꦱꦤꦶꦲꦺꦴꦫꦭꦁꦱꦸꦁꦩꦮꦶꦲꦠꦸꦫꦤ꧀ꦏꦼꦏꦸꦮꦱꦄꦤ꧀(ꦥꦚꦺꦫꦸꦲꦤ꧀ꦩꦤꦮꦶꦏꦻꦱꦂꦱꦒꦼꦣ꧀ꦩꦼꦏ꧀ꦱꦏꦺꦪꦺꦲꦺꦔꦶꦤꦤꦺ)꧉ꦏꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦱꦺꦥ꧀ꦏꦥꦶꦱꦤ꧀ꦩꦺꦤꦺꦲꦶꦏꦼꦏꦸꦮꦱꦄꦤ꧀ꦏꦁꦭꦸꦮꦶꦃꦒꦼꦢꦺꦭꦤ꧀ꦏꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦠꦿꦺꦴꦭ꧀ꦥꦸꦭꦶꦠꦶꦏ꧀ꦭꦁꦱꦸꦁ꧈ꦤꦔꦶꦁꦩ꧀ꦧꦠꦺꦱꦶꦥꦼꦔꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦔꦤ꧀ꦱꦧꦚ꧀ꦗꦸꦫꦺꦲꦩꦂꦒꦶꦚꦼꦢꦺꦴꦠ꧀ꦏꦏꦸꦮꦠꦤ꧀ꦩꦶꦭꦶꦠꦺꦂꦲꦶꦁꦱꦭꦃꦱꦮꦶꦗꦶꦤꦶꦁꦒꦂꦤꦶꦱꦸꦤ꧀꧈ꦏꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦱꦺꦥ꧀ꦏꦥꦶꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴ꧈ꦪꦲꦶꦏꦸꦩꦫꦶꦔꦶꦏꦼꦏꦸꦮꦱꦲꦤ꧀ꦏꦁꦭꦸꦮꦶꦃꦕꦶꦭꦶꦏ꧀ꦝꦤ꧀ꦏꦼꦤ꧀ꦝꦭꦶꦲꦺꦴꦫꦭꦁꦱꦸꦁ꧈ꦤꦔꦶꦁꦩꦺꦤꦺꦲꦶꦏꦭꦺꦴꦁꦒꦫꦤ꧀ꦏꦏꦸꦮꦠꦤ꧀ꦩꦶꦭꦶꦠꦺꦂꦱꦸꦥꦪꦔ꧀ꦭꦏꦺꦴꦏꦏꦺꦌꦏ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦥꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦱꦠꦺꦫꦸꦱꦺ꧉ꦏꦼꦩꦲꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦫꦶꦠꦺꦴꦫꦶꦪꦭ꧀(ꦕꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦃ꧇ꦏꦩꦲꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦩꦺꦴꦔꦺꦴꦭ꧀꧈ꦢꦤ꧀ꦏꦩꦲꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦥꦺꦂꦱꦶ)ꦣꦸꦮꦺꦕꦶꦫꦶꦏꦮꦱꦤ꧀ꦏꦁꦱꦪꦔꦩ꧀ꦧ꧉ꦠꦼꦠꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦸꦔꦤ꧀ꦏꦼꦩꦲꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦲꦸꦒꦔꦿꦸꦗꦸꦏ꧀ꦏꦁꦒꦺꦴꦏꦼꦩꦲꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦩꦫꦶꦠꦶꦩ꧀ꦲꦸꦠꦮꦛꦭꦱꦺꦴꦏꦿꦱꦶ꧈(ꦠꦸꦭꦝ꧇ꦭꦶꦒꦣꦺꦭꦺꦴꦱ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦆꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦫꦶꦪꦸꦩ꧀ꦧꦿꦶꦠꦤꦶꦪ)ꦩꦮꦶꦱ꧀ꦠꦿꦸꦏ꧀ꦠꦸꦂꦆꦁꦏꦁꦭꦸꦮꦶꦃꦭꦺꦴꦁꦒꦂꦭꦤ꧀ꦮꦼꦮꦼꦁꦏꦺꦴꦤꦺꦏꦁꦮꦶꦱ꧀ꦏꦱꦺꦧꦂ꧉

ꦏꦥꦸꦱ꧀ꦠꦏꦤ꧀
 Gilpin, Robert War and Change in World Politics pp. 110–116
  Written for the United Nations Research Institute on Development, UNRISD, Geneva.



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