Kemangga

Kemangga, (jeneng liya mangga utawa kalamangga, sok-sokan angga-angga), iku sajinis kéwan kanthi awak ros-rosan (Arthropoda) mawa rong sègmèn badan, patang pasang sikil, ora duwé sewiwi lan ora duwé cangkem pamamah. Kabèh jinis angga-angga digolongaké ing ordho Araneae; lan padha karo kalajengking, tumo, caplak lan kerabaté—kabèh sing sikilé wolu—dilebokaké ing kelas Arachnida. Elmu sing nyinaoni ngenani angga-angga yaiku arachnologi.

Angga-angga wujud kéwan pamangsa (karnivora), malah kadhang uga kanibal. Mangsa mligi yaiku gegremet. Mèh kabèh jinis angga-angga, kajaba watara 150 spésies saka suku Uloboridae lan Holarchaeidae, lan subordo Mesothelae, bisa nyuntikaké wisa liwat sapasang taringé marang mungsuh utawa mangsané. Sanadyan mangkono, saka puluhan éwu spésies sing ana, mung watara 200 spésies kang wisane bisa mbebayani kanggo manungsa.

Ora kabèh angga-angga gawé sawang kanggo nyekel mangsa, nanging kabèh bisa ngasilaké bolah sutra utawa lamat—yaiku leran serat protéin sing tipis nanging kuwat—saka klanjer (ingaran spinneret) sing ana ing pérangan mburi badané. Serat sutra iki banget migunani kanggo mbiyantu obahé angga-angga, ngayun saka papan siji menyang papan liyané, njiret mangsa, nggawé kanthong endhog, nglindhungi bolongan susuh, lan liya-liyané.

 Morfologi 
(1) patang pasang sikil(2) cephalothorax(3) opisthosoma

Ora kaya gegremet sing duwé telung pérangan badan, angga-angga mung duwé loro. Sègmèn pérangan ngarep diarani cephalothorax utawa prosoma, sing sabeneré wujud gabungan saka endhas lan dhadha (thorax). Éwadéné sègmèn pérangan mburi diarani abdomen (weteng) utawa opisthosoma. Antara cephalothorax lan abdomen ana panyambung tipis sing dijenengi pedicle utawa pedicellus.

Ing cephalothorax ana patang pasang sikil, lan siji tekan patang pasang mata. Saliyané sapasang rahang kanthi suing gedhé (diarani chelicera), ana uga sapasang utawa sapérangan piranti pambiyantu cangkem sarupa tangan sing diarani pedipalpus. Ing sapérangan jinis angga-angga, pedipalpus ing kéwan lanang diwasa saya gedhé lan malih fungsiné minangka piranti pambiyantu nalika kawin.

Angga-angga ora duwé cangkem utawa untu kanggo mamah. Minangka gantiné, cangkem angga-angga wujud piranti panyedhot kanggo nyedhot cuwèran badan mangsané.

 Piranti ngrasa 
Mata angga-angga lumrahé wujud mata tunggal (mata mawa lensa tunggal), lan dudu mata majemuk kaya ing gegremet. Akèh-akèhé angga-angga duwé pandelengan sing ora patiya apik, ora bisa mbédakaké warna, utawa mung sing sensitive marang padhang lan peteng. Angga-angga sing manggon ing guwa malah ana sing wuta. Kejaba ing sapérangan angga-angga pamburu sing duwé pandelengan tajem lan apik, kalebu nalika ngenali warna.

Kanggo nengeri tekané mangsané, lumrahé angga-angga ngandhelaké  geteran, ing jaring-jaring sutrané utawa ing lemah, banyu, utawa papan sing diéncoki. Ana uga angga-angga sing bisa ngrasakaké bédané tekanan udara. Piranti panggrayang angga-angga ana ing rambut-rambut sikilé.

Taksonomi
Familia kang kacithak  kandel duwé siji utawa pira-pira spésies kang duwé wisa.

 1  <10  >=10  >=100  >=1000

+Spider families+(Oct 23, 2009) Sub ordho                                        Superfamilia                                          Familia                                                Genus                              Spesies                                                                     Jeneng umum                                                      Conto  Mesothelae                                                          Liphistiidae           5  85                                      segmented spiders               Kimura-gumo Mygalomorphae  Mecicobothrioidea   Mecicobothriidae       4  9       dwarf tarantulas                                                                                         Microstigmatidae       7  15                                                                      Envia garciai                    Hexatheloidea       Hexathelidae   11  85         venomous funnel-web tarantulas   Sydney funnel-web spider                    Dipluroidea                                      Dipluridae           24  177                                          funnel-web tarantulas           Spruce-fir moss spider                    Nemesioidea         Nemesiidae           41  342                                                  Black wishbone spider                    Theraphosoidea                                   Theraphosidae          116  909                                       tarantulas                      Goliath birdeater                                            Paratropididae         4  8         baldlegged spiders                                   Barycheloidea                                    Barychelidae         44  300                                         trapdoor baboon spiders        Sason sundaicum                    Atypoidea           Atypidae               3  43             purse web spiders               Red legged purseweb spider                                                                          Antrodiaetidae         2  32                                    folding trapdoor spiders        Atypoides riversi                    Cyrtauchenioidea    Cyrtaucheniidae      18  134        wafer trapdoor spiders          Aptostichus simus                    Idiopoidea                                       Idiopidae            22  297                                                                               Black rugose trapdoor spider                    Ctenizoidea         Ctenizidae             9  117             cork-lid trapdoor spiders       Cteniza sauvagesi                     Migoidea                                         Migidae              10  91                                           tree trapdoor spiders                                                       Actinopodidae    3 41                                             Mouse spider Araneomorphae  Hypochiloidea                                    Hypochilidae           2  11                                      lampshade spiders               Hypochilus thorelli                    Austrochiloidea     Austrochilidae         7  16                                              Tasmanian cave spider                                                                         Gradungulidae          7  16                                     large-clawed spiders            Carrai Cave Spider                     Filistatoidea       Filistatidae         17  110           crevice weavers                  Southern house spider                     Scytodoidea                                      Drymusidae                  1  15                                        false violin spiders                                                        Periegopidae                1  2                                                                                                                         Scytodidae             5  220                                          spitting spiders                                               Scytodes thoracica                                            Sicariidae       2  121             recluse spiders                   Brown recluse                    Leptonetoidea                                    Leptonetidae         15  199                                        leptonetid spiders              Tooth cave spider                                             Ochyroceratidae      14  156        midget ground weavers            Theotima minutissima                                                                         Telemidae              7  31                                         long-legged cave spiders                            Pholcoidea          Diguetidae             2  15           coneweb spiders                                                                                           Pholcidae            80  1036                                           daddy long-legs spiders                                         Daddy long-leg spider                                            Plectreuridae          2  29        plectreurid spiders                                  Caponioidea                                      Caponiidae           13  71                                                                                                         Two-eyed orange spider                                            Tetrablemmidae       30  130         armored spiders                                      Dysderoidea                                      Dysderidae           24  487                                          woodlouse hunter spiders        Woodlouse spider                                             Oonopidae            73  503              dwarf hunting spiders           Oonops domesticus                                                                         Orsolobidae          28  181                                                                                                                         Segestriidae           3  110           tubeweb spiders                  Segestria florentina                    Eresoidea                                        Eresidae             10  94                                            velvet spiders                  Ladybird spider                                             Hersiliidae          12  159            tree trunk spiders                Two-tailed spider                                                                         Oecobiidae             6  103                                          disc web spiders                Oecobius navus                    Archaeoidea         Archaeidae             3  37           pelican spiders                  Assassin spider                                                                         Holarchaeidae               1  2                                                                                                                       Mecysmaucheniidae      7  25                                                                                                                  Micropholcommatidae    8  34                                                                                                               Pararchaeidae          7  34                                                                 Palpimanoidea                                    Huttoniidae                 1  1                                                                                 Huttonia palpimanoides                                            Palpimanidae         15  131           palp-footed spiders                                                                                       Stenochilidae          2  12                                                                                             Mimetoidea          Malkaridae             4  10           shield spiders                                                                                            Mimetidae            13  152                                           pirate spiders                  Oarces reticulatus                    Uloboroidea         Deinopidae             4  57           net-casting spiders              Rufous net-casting spider                                                                         Uloboridae           18  254                                          hackled orb-weaver              Uloborus walckenaerius                    Araneoidea          Anapidae             37  147                                                                                                                             Araneidae              167  2841                                             orb-weaver spiders              Zygiella x-notata                                            Cyatholipidae        23  58                                                                                                                      Linyphiidae            583  4297                                           dwarf / money spiders           Blacktailed red sheetweaver                                             Mysmenidae           24  123           spurred orb-weavers             Mysmenopsis furtiva                                                                          Nesticidae             9  195                                          cave cobweb spiders             Nesticella marapu                                            Pimoidae               4  33                                                 Pimoa altioculata                                                                         Symphytognathidae      7  56                                 dwarf orb-weavers               Patu digua                                            Synaphridae            3  12                                                                                                                         Synotaxidae          14  70                                                                                                                       Tetragnathidae       47  912         long jawed orb-weavers           Orchard orb weaver                                                                          Nephilidae             4  44                                        large-jawed spiders             Golden orb-web spider                                             Theridiidae    109  2262              cobweb spiders                   Black widow spider                                                                          Theridiosomatidae    12  84                                 ray spiders                     Theridiosoma gemmosum                    Lycosoidea          Ctenidae       40  468               tropical wolf spiders            Brazilian wandering spider                                                                         Lycosidae              112  2293                                             wolf spiders                    Lycosa tarentula                                                                         Oxyopidae              9  417                                           lynx spiders                    Green lynx spider                                            Pisauridae           53  334             nursery web spiders              Fishing spiders                                                                          Psechridae             2  26                                                                                                                        Senoculidae                 1  31                                                                                                                        Stiphidiidae         22  136                                                                          Tartarus mullamullangensis                                            Trechaleidae         18  97                                                                                                                       Zoridae              14  76                                                                                                                           Zorocratidae           5  42         zorocratid spiders                                                                                        Zoropsidae           12  75                                        zoropsid spiders                Zoropsis spinimana                    Agelenoidea         Agelenidae     42  508             araneomorph funnel-web spiders   Hobo spider                                                                         Amphinectidae        32  159                                                                           Metaltella simoni                    Amaurobioidea       Amaurobiidae         74  731           tangled nest spiders             Callobius claustrarius                    Dictynoidea                                      Anyphaenidae         56  508                                        anyphaenid sac spiders          Yellow ghost spider                                            Cybaeidae            12  162                                                   Water spider                                                                          Desidae              38  181                                             intertidal spiders              Foliage webbing spider                                            Dictynidae           48  555             dictynid spiders                 Nigma walckenaeri                                                                         Hahniidae            26  236                                           dwarf sheet spiders                                                         Nicodamidae            9  29                                                                   Sparassoidea                                     Sparassidae          83  1061                                           huntsman spiders                Avondale spider                     Selenopoidea        Selenopidae            5  193            wall spiders                    Selenops radiatus                    Zodaroidea                                       Zodariidae           75  892                                          zodariid ground spiders         Zodarion germanicum                    Tengelloidea        Tengellidae            8  50          tengellid spiders                                    incertae sedis                               Chummidae                   1  2                                                                                                                           Clubionidae          14  547            sac spiders                     Clubiona trivialis                                            Cycloctenidae          5  36                                                                                         Homalonychidae              1  3                                                                                                                      Miturgidae     28  346                                          long-legged sac spiders         Yellow sac spider                     Titanoecoidea       Phyxelididae         12  54                                                                                                                       Titanoecidae           5  43                                      titanoecid spiders              Goeldia obscura                    Gnaphosoidea        Ammoxenidae            4  18                                                                                                                        Cithaeronidae          2  6                                                                                                                       Gallieniellidae      10  48                                                                                                                    Gnaphosidae            112  2047                                           flat-bellied ground spiders     Drassodes lapidosus                                            Lamponidae           23  192             white-tailed spiders             White-tailed spider                                                                         Prodidomidae         30  302                                        long-spinneret ground spiders   Lygromma anops                                            Trochanteriidae      19  152                                                                 Thomisoidea                                      Philodromidae        27  520                                       philodromid crab spiders        Philodromus dispar                                            Thomisidae             173  2040               crab spiders                    Goldenrod spider                     Salticoidea                                      Salticidae             567  5192                                            jumping spiders                 Zebra spider                    Corinnoidea         Corinnidae           80  940             dark sac spiders                Castianeira sp.                                                                         Liocranidae          30  166                                         liocranid sac spiders            3                                               ca. 38                                               109                                                                                 3747                                                                       40288                                                                   Total 

Sources: 
The World Spider Catalog, Version 8.0 (families, species count)
Synopsis of the described Araneae of the World (suborders)
 Pranala njaba