Perang Yom Kippur

Perang Yom Kippur utawi Perang Ramelan utawi Perang Oktober (Ibrani מלחמת יום הכיפורים Milkhemet Yom HaKipurim utawi מלחמת יום כיפור, Milkhemet Yom Kipur; basa Arab حرب أكتوبر; ħarb Oktober utawi حرب تشرين, ħarb Tishrin), ugi misuwur minangka Perang Arab-Israèl 1973  lan Perang Arab-Israèl Kaping Sekawan, wiwit tanggal 6 Oktober ngantos 26 Oktober 1973, antawis Israèl lan koalisi nagari-nagari Arab ingkang dipunpandhégani déning Mesir lan Suriah. Perang punika dipunwiwiti kanthi serangan ndadak déning Mesir lan Suriah wekdal dinten libur Yahudi Yom Kippur. Mesir lan Suriah nyebrangi garis gencatan senjata ing Ujung Sinai,Dhataran Inggil Golan, inggih punika ingkang dipunrebat déning Israèl nalika Perang Enem Dinten, ing taun 1967.name="ybookcoil2004">During the Autumn of 2003, following the declassification  of key Aman documents, the newspaper Yedioth Ahronoth released a series of controversial articles  which revealed that key Israèli figures were aware of considerable danger that an attack was likely, including Golda Meir and Moshe Dayan, but had decided not to act. The two journalists leading the investigation, Ronen Bergman and Gil Meltzer, later went on to publish Yom Kippur War, Real Time: The Updated Edition, Yediot Ahronoth/Hemed Books , 2004. ISBN 965-511-597-6

Pasukan Mesir lan Suriah majeng mliginipun salami 24–48 jam ingkang sapisanan, sasampunipun punika momèntum lajeng éwah. Wonten minggu kaping kalih, prajurit Suriah sampun kasurung medal saking dhataran inggil Golan. Ing Sinai, prajurit Israèl mbrobos ing antawisipun prajurit Mesir lan Suriah lajeng nyebrang Terusan Suèz, lan nggunting jalur prajurit katiga Mesir wonten ing panggénan ingkang salajengipun dados papan gencatan senjata PBB (kawentar kanthi istilah Kilometer 101).

 Latar 
 Panyebab perang (Casus belli) 
Perang punika minangka péranganing konflik Arab-Israèl, satunggiling cecongkrahan ingkang sampun nuwuhaken perang ingkang makaping kaping wiwit taun 1948. Salami perang Enem Dinten taun 1967, Israèl sampun ngrebat Ujung Sinai kagunganipun Mesir ngantos dugi Terusan Suez, ingkang lajeng dados garis gencatan senjata, lan kinten-kinten sepalih tlatah Dhataran Inggil Golan kagunganipun Suriah. Taun-taun salajengipun Israèl amangun garis perbèntèngan wonten ing Sinai lan Golan. Taun 1971 Israèl nelasaken biaya $500 yuta kanggé mangun perbèntèngan ageng ing Terusan Suez, kadamel saking siti lan dipunwastani Garis/bètèng Bar Lev, mendhet nama jenderal Israèl Chaim Bar-Lev.

 Kadadosan Pra Perang 
Anwar Sadat ing taun 1972 mratelakaken manawi Mesir sampun niyat perang nglawan Israèl, lan siyap ngorbanaken yutan wadya Mesir.  Wiwit pungkasan taun 1972, Mesir miwiti yasa kakiatan pasukanipun, nampi MiG-21 jet tempur, sistim misil pertahanan dharat-langit wujud SA-2 Guideline, SA-3 Goa, SA-4, SA-6 lan SA-7, RPG-7, T-55 lan tank-tank T-62, lan mliginipun gaman misil anti tank AT-3 Sagger saking Uni Soviet lan ningkataken taktik militèr, dhedhasar dhoktrin tempur Soviet. Jenderal-jenderal pulitik, ingkang sabagéan ageng nanggel waler kakawonan ing perang taun 1967, dipungentos kaliyan ingkang langkung kompetèn.Heikal, 22

 Operasi Tempur 
 Ing Sinai 

Ékan Mesir boten majeng nglangkungi tlatah tipis amargi kuwatos kicalan lindhungan saking bateré misil SAM ingkang dipundèlèh wonten ing sisih kilèn Kanal Suez. Ing Perang Enem Dinten, Angkatan Udara (Bala Langit) Israèl sampun njotos prajurit Mesir. Pramila Mesir lan Siria lajeng mbèntèngi sisih garis gencatan senjata mawi bateré SAM (surface to air missiles) saking Soviet, kamangka Bala Langit Israèl boten gadhah penangkalipun. Israèl, ingkang sampun mbucal arta kathah kanggé yasa Bala Langit ingkang kiyat, ningali manawi kakiatan  wau boten wonten ginanipun ngadhepi bateré SAM Mesir.

 Ing Golan 

Ing Dhataran Inggil Golan, prajurit Suriah nyerang pertahanan Israèl nganggé kalih brigade lan sewelas bateré artileri sarta gangsal divisi lan 188 bateré. Wonten ing pertempuran punika, 180 tank Israèl kedah ngadhepi  kinten-kinten 1,300 tank Suriah.Peter Caddick-Adams "Golan Heights, battles of"  The Oxford Companion to Military History. Ed. Richard Holmes. Oxford University Press, 2001.  Saben tank Israèl ingkang dipungelar wonten Golan langsung kontak wonten ing serangan awal. Pasukan Komando Suriah ingkang dipunterjunaken nganggé hèlikopter ugi gadhah peran wigati wekdal nyerang posisi Israèl ing Jabal al Shaikh (Gunung Hermon), ingkang gadhah warni-warni piranti pelacak. 

 Ing seganten 

 Gaman 
Pasukan Arab dipunlengkapi naganggé gaman damelan Soviet, kosok wangsulipun Israèl nganggé gaman damelan nagari Kilèn. Tank ingkang dipun-ginakaken déning Arab T-62 dipunlengkapi piranti deleng wengi (night vision equipment), sementawis prajurit Israèl boten utawi kirang. Tank IS-3 'Stalin', dipunpasangi gaman mesin 122 mm, sayektos taksih migunani wonten ing pertempuran punika, saged maringi bantuan anti tank jarak tebih kanggé tank T55/T62 prajurit Mesir. 
 Tipe  Pasukan Arab IDF Tank  T-34/85, IS-3, T-10, T-54, T-55, T-62,  and PT-76, uga watara 100 SU-100/122 (WWII vintage) STTB Anti tank. Super Sherman, M48 Patton, M60 Patton, Centurion, AMX 13, uga watara 200  T-54, T-55 kang dirampas sajeroning Perang Enam Hari, lan sabanjuré ditingkataké nganggo kanon British Mriem 105 mm L7. APC/IFV BTR-40, BTR-152, BTR-50, BTR-60 APC & BMP 1 IFV M2M3, M113 Artileri 2A18, M1937 Howitzer, BM-21 M101 howitzer, M114 howitzer, M109, M110 Montor Mabur  MiG-21, MiG-19, MiG-17, Su-7B, Tu-16, Il-28, Il-18, Il-14, An-12 A-4 Skyhawk, F-4 Phantom II, Dassault Mirage III, Dassault Mystère IV, IAI Nesher, Sud Aviation Vautour Helikopter  Mi-6, Mi-8 Super Frelon, CH-53, S-58, AB-205, MD 500 Defender AAW  SA-6 Gainful, SA-3 Goa, SA-2 Guideline, ZSU-23-4 MIM-23 Hawk, MIM-72/M48 Chaparral, M163 VADS Senapan  Carl Gustav M/45, AK-47, RPK, RPD, DShK UZI, FN FAL, M16, FN MAG, M2 Browning

 Gencatan Senjata 
 Tentara Katiga Mesir kajebak 
Déwan Keamanan PBB ngedalaken  Resolusi 338[http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/288/65/IMG/NR028865.pdf?OpenElement  Resolusi DK PBB 22 Oktober 1973  ingkang ngajak gencatan senjata, kanthi negosiasi kaliyan Amérika Sarikat lan Uni Sovyèt, tanggal 22 Oktober. Resolusi punika ngajak "sadaya péhak ingkang cecongkrahan " supados "ngendhegaken sadaya aktivitas militèr." Résolusi punika dados efektif 12 jam sasampunipun medal, jam 18:52 wekdal Israèl

 Pèngetan 
Yom Kippur punika dinten paling minulya kanggé Umat Yahudi. Bènten saking dinten libur lan siyam, ing Israèl Yom Kippur sapunika ugi dipunpèngeti kagandhèng kaliyan Perang taun 1973 punika. Perkawis punika katingal sanget ing média massa Israèl.

Tanggal 6 Oktober punika dinten libur nasional ing Mesir lan dipunwastani "Dinten Angkatan Senjata Mesir". Ing Suriah dinten punika uga dinten libur.Syria Country Commercial Guide FY 2004  (09/05/2003) Strategis.gc.ca. Accessed 2007-06-07.

Kanggé mèngeti perang punika, kathah papan ing Mesir ingkang dipunsukani nama 6 Oktober utawi 10 Ramelan. Contonipun punika Kreteg 6 Oktober (basa Arab: كوبري السادس من اكتوبر ) ingkang kawentar saha Kitha 6 Oktober lan Kitha 10 Ramelan.

 Réferènsi 
 Cathetan 

 Bibliografi 

 Bregman, Ahron (2002). Israèl's Wars: A History Since 1947. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28716-2
 Fundamental Surprise: Intelligence in Crisis by Zvi Lanir. Hakibbutz Hameuchad, Tel-Aviv, 1983. (In Hebrew). , , .
 In Search of Identity: An Autobiography by Anwar Sadat.
 Man of Defiance: A Political Biography of Anwar Sadat by Raphael Israèli.
 Syria and Israèl: From War to Peacemaking by Moshe Maòz.
 The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East by Abraham Rabinovich. ISBN 0-8052-4176-0 
 The Iran-Iraq War, 1980–1988 by Efraim Karsh. ISBN 1-84176-371-3
Israèl Ministry of Foreign Affairs — The Jarring initiative and the response
 The War of Atonement: The Inside Story of the Yom Kippur War by Chaim Herzog 1975, new ed. 2006 ISBN 978-1-85367-569-0
 Jewish Education Dept., JAFI, Israèli Intelligence and the Yom Kippur War of 1973 
 Jerusalem Post's — Yom Kippur War: Shattered Heights 
 Jewish Agency for Israèl's Timeline of Israèli history 
 Why Economic Sanctions Do Not Work by Robert A. Pape
 The Road to Ramadan by Mohamed Heikal. ISBN 0-8129-0567-9
 Inside the Kremlin During the Yom Kippur War by Victor Israèlyan, 1995 ISBN 0-271-01489-X, ISBN 0-271-01737-6
 Put an end to Israèli aggression, an article printed in the Pravda newspaper on October 12, 1973 (translation at CNN)

 Pranala njawi 
 A detailed account of 1973 October War (Yom Kippur War) - From Ariel Sharon's Biography 
The October War national park, Cairo
 Maps: Egypt 
 Maps: Syria 
 The October War, Al Ahram supplement
 The October War and US Policy — Provided by the National Security Archive.
 Lessons of the October War, Ahmad Faruqui 
 A Cry From The Bunkers  — Dramatic and authentic recordings by IDF soldier Avi Yaffe from inside the IDF position, under attack at the outbreak of the war.
 The reasons of the war. — Provided by Major Ebrahim Al-Jowder Bahrain Armed Forces.
 The 1973 October War: The Egyptian Perspective — Provided By Major J.C. Moulton, United States Air Force. 
 The 1973 Arab-Israèli War: Arab Policies, Strategies, and Campaigns— Provided by Major Michael C. Jordan, United States Marine Corps.
 Operation Valiant: Turning of the Tide in the Sinai 1973 Arab-Israèli War-by Major Richard L. Owen,  US Marine Corps Command and Staff College.
Kissinger's Yom Kippur oil shock -Reasons for outbreak of war according to F.William Engdahl.
 Yom Kippur War: Sacrificial Stand in the Golan Heights -by Gary Rashba, Military History Magainze, October 1998 issue.
Fundamental surprise, by Dr. Zvi Lanir, Tel Aviv University
 Radio program -6:36 min from radio program about the Yom Kippur war. The program includes authentic recordings of the first moments of the war.
 "Another Round in the War of Words"  Time'' Monday, Oct. 29, 1973. Separate interviews (same questions) with the Israèli Foreign Minister and Egyptian Foreign Minister.

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