シェットランド語

シェットランド語（ーご、ゼットランド語、英:Shetlandic、シェットランド語:Shaetlan）はシェトランド諸島で話される、スコットランド語とノルン語の混合言語である。

概要
シェットランド語は15世紀初頭のスコットランドによるシェトランド諸島併合に於けるスコットランド語流入によった、ローランド・スコットランド語と現地語のノルン語の長期言語接触に際して形成された、スコットランド語の文法（G）を基盤とし、ノルン語の語彙（L）を基調とするGL混合言語である。中期オランダ語、との接触も見られ、非常に独特な言語融合をしている。

シェットランド語は現在に至るまでスコットランド語の諸方言、英語の方言等、様々に分類されてきたが、その言語体系は異質なもので、一様に一言語の一方言と定められていなかった。2025年10月15日にシェットランド語は国際SILによって正式に言語認定され、ISO 639-3が与えられた。しかし、2025年現在、シェットランド語はシェトランド諸島の公用語としては認められていない。

音韻
母音
+単母音 前舌後舌 非円唇円唇非円唇 円唇 狭 [y]―[u] 半狭[e][ø]―[o]中央[e̞]―――半広[ɛ]――[ɔ] 広[a]―[ɑ][ɒ]

+二重母音 [oɐ] [ɛɪ]  [ɔɪ]  [eɐ]      

子音
  唇音 歯茎音 後部歯茎音 歯茎硬口蓋音軟口蓋音 声門音 平音 平音 側面 平音 平音 平音 唇音 鼻音  ――[ɲ][ŋ]― ― 破裂音 無声音  ―[t̪]―― [k] ―― 有声音  ―[d̪]―― [ɡ] ―― 破擦音 無声音― [t͡s]―  ―――― 摩擦音 無声音   [θ]  ― ―  有声音 [v] ―  ― ―――接近音無声音――――――[ʍ]―有声音―― ― [ɫ] ― ふるえ音― ――――――
文法
シェットランド語の文法構造は現在スコットランド語に類似している。
名詞
普通名詞
抽象名詞は普通名詞化する。単数と複数の2つの数、男性・女性・中性の3つの性の区分が存在する。一般に、具体性のある可算名詞は男性または女性名詞のいずれかであり、抽象名詞や集合名詞は中性名詞である。性によって対応する代名詞が異なり、天気及び時間のは三人称単数男性代名詞で表される。また、連合複数を表す"an dem"が多用される。
代名詞
+人称代名詞 一人称 二人称三人称 単数 複数 単数複数単数 複数親称敬称男性中性女性 主格 I we  du  youyou he (h)it shø  dey 所有格 my, mi wir dy, di yir his hits her dir 目的格 me wis  dee  youyou him it her dem所有代名詞SG.Nminewirsdineyirshis(h)itshersdirsPL.Nminesdines 再帰代名詞強勢 mesel wirsels deesel  yirselyirsels  himsel (h)itsel hersel  demsels弱勢mewirdeeyouyouhim(h)itherdem
人称代名詞は普通名詞と同様に単数・複数の2つの数の区分がある。二人称単数代名詞には親称があり、三人称単数代名詞には男性・女性・中性の3つの区分がある。また、所有代名詞は単数中性及び複数中性で、再帰代名詞は強勢の程度で区分される。
+指示代名詞近称中称遠称 dis yun dat
指示代名詞は対応する名詞の数によっては変化せず、3項の遠近体系で変化する。
動詞
活用
現代スコットランド語等、他のゲルマン語派の言語と同様に・が存在し、再帰代名詞弱勢形を目的語に取る再帰動詞が多く存在する。過去時制は、弱変化動詞については接尾辞-(e)dまたは-(i)tで表され、強変化動詞では非線形的に示される。一方で、完了時制は過去分詞の前にbe動詞を補って表現する。

標識
シェットランド語には多くの標識が存在する。
+標識一例 存在標識現在時制 de ir過去時制de wir 不変節標識 at 目的節標識fir tae
存在標識は現在時制と過去時制に活用し"de ir", "de wir"はそれぞれ英語の"there is", "there was"を意味する。不変節標識は関係代名詞のないシェットランド語に於いて文節を関係節化させる働きを担う。また目的節標識は目的語を示す。否定標識には使い分けがあり、には否定詞noを次に補い、助動詞には否定接尾辞-naが補われる。

その他
命令形に於いて、動詞の後に人称代名詞の主格が保持される。特に再帰動詞については主格に加えて目的格が保持される。

脚注

参考文献
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関連項目
古英語
中英語
スコットランド語
 現代スコットランド語
スコットランド語版ウィキペディア
ヨーラ語
英語
イギリス英語
スコットランド英語
アイルランド英語
ゲール語
アイルランド語
スコットランド・ゲール語
マン島語
ノルン語
ピクト語
カンブリア語

Category:西ゲルマン語群
Category:イギリスの言語
Category:スコットランドの文化