義和団の乱における名誉勲章受章者の一覧

義和団の乱は、清の末期、1899年11月から1901年9月7日にかけて勃発した中国の蜂起であり、貿易、政治、宗教、技術といった分野で外国からの影響に対抗した。

中国の「Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists」のメンバーは、彼らが実践した武道と美容体操のために、西洋人からは単純に義和団（boxers）と呼ばれていた。反外国、反帝国を掲げ、農民を基礎とした運動を始め、鉄道を敷き、風水を侵害する外国人を攻撃した。外国による中国支配に責任があると見なされたキリスト教徒も標的にされた。1900年6月、義和団は北京に攻め入り、230人の非中国人を殺害したので、清の司令官栄禄は、北京から義和団を追放した。清は外国の外交官や外交に関わる人員に対して天津に向かうように命じたが、彼らは拒否して北京のにある公使館に滞在し続けた。

における外国の攻撃とによる侵攻の後で、西太后政府はに、東交民巷にいた外交官、市民、兵士、一部のカトリック教徒の中国人を包囲するように命じた。この包囲は、で、彼らを救出するために2万の多国籍連合軍が殺到するまで55日間も続いた。清政府は犠牲者に対して補償させられ、更なる譲歩を余儀なくされた。1900年の危機の後に実施された後続の改革により、清王朝が終焉し、近代の中華民国確立の基礎が築かれることになった。

名誉勲章は、南北戦争の最中に創設され、アメリカ合衆国政府から軍人に授与される勲章で最上位である。この勲章を受章するにはアメリカの敵の前で義務で要求される以上の働きをして図抜けた功績を立てねばならない。この性質により、死後追贈となることも珍しくない。

義和団の乱では、59人の兵士が戦時中の行動で名誉勲章を受章した。受章者のうち、4人がアメリカ陸軍の兵士、22人がアメリカ合衆国海軍の兵士、そして残りの33人がアメリカ海兵隊の隊員である。Harry Fisherが、アメリカ海兵隊で初めて死後追贈となり、この戦いでは唯一である。
受章者

画像 名 軍 階級 行動した場所 行動した日付備考アメリカ海兵隊"[For] distinguishing himself by meritorious conduct"アメリカ海兵隊"[For] distinguishing himself by meritorious conduct"アメリカ海軍清 and  – "[For] distinguishing himself by meritorious conduct"アメリカ海兵隊清・天津"[A]ssisted in destroying buildings occupied by the enemy"アメリカ海兵隊清・北京 – "[A]ssisted in the erection of barricades"75pxアメリカ陸軍清・天津"While under fire rescued two of his men from drowning"アメリカ海兵隊清・天津"[A]ssisted in destroying buildings occupied by hostile forces"アメリカ海兵隊清・天津For distinguishing himself by his conduct during the advance on Tientsinアメリカ海兵隊清・北京 – For distinguishing himself by his conduct in the presence of the enemyアメリカ海軍清 and  – For distinguishing himself by his conduct in the presence of the enemy.アメリカ海軍清 and  – For distinguishing himself by his conduct in the presence of the enemy.アメリカ海兵隊"[For] distinguishing himself by meritorious conduct"アメリカ海兵隊清・北京 – "[For] distinguishing himself by meritorious conduct"75px|alt=Head and shoulders of a white man wearing a cap and a jacket with stripes on the upper sleeves, one medal pinned to the left breast, and two identical star–shaped medals hanging from ribbons around his neck.アメリカ海兵隊清・北京For distinguishing himself by meritorious conduct. Later awarded a second Medal of Honor for action in Haiti in 1915.*アメリカ海兵隊清・北京 – True name: Franklin J. Phillips (enlisted under alias); previously served in the U.S. Army. First US Marine to receive Medal of Honor posthumously.75px|alt=Head of a white man with brown hair and a drooping mustache wearing a blue military jacket. The man is looking off to the side.アメリカ海兵隊"[For] distinguishing himself by meritorious conduct"75px|alt=Head and shoulders of a white man wearing a peaked cap and a dark military jacket with ribbon bars on the left breast and bright buttons down the center.アメリカ海兵隊"[For] distinguishing himself by meritorious conduct"アメリカ海兵隊清・北京 – "[For] distinguishing himself by meritorious conduct"アメリカ海軍清 and  – "[For] distinguishing himself by meritorious conduct"アメリカ海軍清 and  – "[D]istinguished himself by meritorious conduct"アメリカ海軍清 and  – "[D]istinguished himself by meritorious conductアメリカ海兵隊清・天津He crossed the river in a small boat while under heavy enemy fire and assisted in destroying buildings occupied by the enemyアメリカ海軍清 and  – "[D]istinguished himself by meritorious conduct"75px|alt=Head and shoulders of a young white man wearing a cap pushed high up on his forehead and a plain military jacket with a star–shaped medal hanging from a ribbon pinned to his left breast.アメリカ海兵隊清・北京 – "[A]assisted in the erection of barricades"アメリカ海兵隊清・北京 – "[For] distinguishing himself by meritorious conduct"アメリカ海兵隊清・天津"[For] distinguishing himself by meritorious conduct"アメリカ海軍清 and  – "[D]istinguished himself by meritorious conduct"75px|alt=Head of a young white man with neatly combed hair wearing a jacket with lines of decorative piping running horizontally across the chest.アメリカ陸軍清・天津Carried a message and guided reinforcements across a wide and fireswept space, during which he was wounded three timesアメリカ海兵隊清・天津"[For] distinguishing himself by meritorious conduct"アメリカ海軍清・天津Crossed the river in a small boat and assisted in destroying buildings occupied by the enemyアメリカ海軍清 and  – Later awarded a second Medal of Honor for action in Mexico in 1915.アメリカ海軍清・北京"[For] distinguishing himself by meritorious conduct"アメリカ海兵隊清・北京 – Assisted in the erection of barricades under a heavy fire from the enemyアメリカ海兵隊清・北京 – "[For] distinguishing himself by meritorious conduct"アメリカ海兵隊清・北京 – "[D]istinguished himself by meritorious conduct" Served under the name of Henry W. Davis.アメリカ海兵隊清 and  – "[D]istinguished himself by meritorious conduct"アメリカ海軍清・北京 – "[D]istinguished himself by meritorious conduct"アメリカ海兵隊清 and  – For distinguishing himself by meritorious conduct in the presence of the enemyアメリカ海兵隊清・北京 – "[For] distinguishing himself by meritorious conduct"75px|alt=A white man sitting relaxed in a wicker chair. He is wearing a white cap, light–colored pants, and a dark jacket with four round medals on the left breast and a star–shaped medal around the neck.アメリカ海軍清・北京 and  – For his actions during the China Relief Expeditionアメリカ海軍清 and  – "[D]istinguished himself by meritorious conduct"アメリカ海兵隊清・北京 – "[For] distinguishing himself by meritorious conduct"75px|alt=Gunner William Seach c. 1909 standing with a sword in his hands, wearing white gloves, a cap, and a long military coat with a row of medals on the left breast.アメリカ海軍清 and  – Along with six others repulsed an attack by 300 Chinese Imperialist soldiers and Boxer militants with a bayonet chargeアメリカ海兵隊清・北京 – "[For] distinguishing himself by meritorious conduct"アメリカ海軍清 and  – In the presence of the enemy he distinguished himself by meritorlous conductアメリカ海軍清 and  – In the presence of the enemy he distinguished himself by meritorious conduct75px|alt=Head and shoulders of a white man with a thin, upturned mustache wearing a white peaked cap with black visor and a white jacket with dark shoulder boards, a row of medals on the left breast, and a star–shaped medal hanging from the neck.アメリカ海軍清・北京Volunteered to carry messages under fireアメリカ海兵隊清 and  – In the presence of the enemy he distinguished himself by meritorious conductアメリカ海兵隊清・天津Although under heavy fire from the enemy he assisted in carrying a wounded officer from the field of battleアメリカ海軍清 and  – "[D]distinguished himself by meritorious conduct"75pxアメリカ陸軍清・北京Gallant and daring conduct in the presence of the men of his regiment and was the first to scale the wall of the city.アメリカ海軍清 and  – "[D]istinguished himself by meritorious conduct"75pxアメリカ海兵隊清・北京 – "[A]ssisted in the erection of barricades"アメリカ陸軍清・天津"Although previously wounded while carrying a wounded comrade to a place of safety, rejoined his command, which partly occupied an exposed position upon a dike, remaining there after his command had been withdrawn, singly keeping up the fire, and obliviously presenting himself as a conspicuous target until he was literally shot off his position by the enemy."アメリカ海兵隊清・北京 – "[For] distinguishing himself by meritorious conduct"アメリカ海軍清・北京 – "[For] distinguishing himself by meritorious conduct"アメリカ海軍清 and  – Distinguished himself by meritorious conduct while serving with the relief expeditionアメリカ海兵隊清・北京 – "[For] distinguishing himself by meritorious conduct"アメリカ海兵隊清・北京 – "[For] distinguishing himself by meritorious conduct"
注釈
一般

特別

参考文献

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Category:19世紀の戦争
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Category:名誉勲章受章者の一覧
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