アマルナ文書

アマルナ文書（アマルナぶんしょ、Amarna letters）は、エジプト中部のナイル川東岸アマルナで発見された楔形文字の書かれた粘土板文書である。

 概要 
アマルナ文書の多くは、エジプト第18王朝のファラオであったアメンヘテプ4世時代（在位：紀元前1353年?頃～紀元前1336年?頃）の外交政策と国際関係を示した史料で、紀元前14世紀の古代オリエントを知るための重要な情報源のひとつとされており、ベルリン博物館、大英博物館、カイロ博物館などに収蔵されている。

アマルナ文書は1885年、アマルナで肥料として使用する日乾煉瓦の材料を探していた地元女性によって偶然発見され、1891年、エジプト考古学者のフリンダーズ・ピートリーによってアテン大神殿の南、ファラオ通信文書館跡から出土したものであることが確認された。出土した総数は382枚にのぼり、紀元前14世紀の前半から中盤にかけてのオリエント列強やエジプト支配国の高官たちがファラオに宛てた外交書簡で、多くが当時の近東の国際公用語であるアッカド語で記されている一部ミタンニ語、ヒッタイト語のものが存在する。。

エジプトと敵対していた勢力の攻撃にさらされていた弱小首長から届いたものが多く、黄金や補給物資の救援を訴えている。ピーター・クレイトン（）が「当時のアクエンアテン（アメンヘテプ4世）は新宗教の研鑽に没頭しており、こうした訴えの殆どは無視された」と指摘しているクレイトン2006、p.163ようにそのほとんどが来信の記録であった。

 アマルナ文書の一覧 
アマルナ文書は350の書簡と書記養成学校で用いられたと考えられる32の辞書や文学テキストで構成される地中海学会。EA1からEA382の番号で管理されており、差出人にはバビロニア、アッシリア、ミタンニ、、キプロス、ヒッタイト、シリア、パレスティナなどの諸国の支配者の名が記されている。以下に一覧を記す。

 番号 差出人と宛名 EA# 1 Amenhotep 3 to Babylon king Kadashman-Enlil EA# 2 Babylon king Kadashman-Enlil to Amenhotep 3 EA# 3 Babylon king Kadashman-Enlil to Amenhotep 3 EA# 4 Babylon king Kadashman-Enlil to Amenhotep 3 EA# 5 Amenhotep 3 to Babylon king KadashmanEnlil EA# 6 Babylon king Burna-Buriash 2 to Amenhotep 3 EA# 7 Babylon king Burna-Buriash 2 to Amenhotep 4 EA# 8 Babylon king Burna-Buriash 2 to Amenhotep 4 EA# 9 Babylon king Burna-Buriash 2 to Amenhotep 4 EA# 10 Babylon king Burna-Buriash 2 to Amenhotep 4 EA# 11 Babylon king Burna-Buriash 2 to Amenhotep 4 EA# 12 princess to her lord EA# 13 Babylon EA# 14 Amenhotep 4 to Babylon king Burna-Buriash 2 EA# 15 Assyria king Ashur-Uballit 1 to Amenhotep 4 EA# 16 Assyria king Ashur-Uballit 1 to Amenhotep 4 EA# 17 Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 3 EA# 18 Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 3 EA# 19 Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 3 EA# 20 Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 3 EA# 21 Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 3 EA# 22 Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 3 EA# 23 Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 3 EA# 24 Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 3 EA# 25 Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 4 EA# 26 Mitanni king Tushratta to widow Tiy EA# 27 Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 4 EA# 28 Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 4 EA# 29 Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 4 EA# 30 Mitanni king to Palestine kings EA# 31 Amenhotep 3 to Arzawa king Tarhundaraba EA# 32 Arzawa king Tarhundaraba to Amenhotep 3(?) EA# 33 Alashiya king to pharaoh #1 EA# 34 Alashiya king to pharaoh #2 EA# 35 Alashiya king to pharaoh #3 EA# 36 Alashiya king to pharaoh #4 EA# 37 Alashiya king to pharaoh #5 EA# 38 Alashiya king to pharaoh #6 EA# 39 Alashiya king to pharaoh #7 EA# 40 Alashiya minister to Egypt minister EA# 41 Hittite king Suppiluliuma to Huria EA# 42 Hittite king to pharaoh EA# 43 Hittite king to pharaoh EA# 44 Hittite prince Zi[k]ar to pharaoh EA# 45 Ugarit king Mistu ... to pharaoh EA# 46 Ugarit king ... to king EA# 47 Ugarit king ... to king EA# 48 Ugarit queen ..[h]epa to pharaohs queen EA# 49 Ugarit king Niqm-Adda 2 to pharaoh EA# 50 woman to her mistress Bi... EA#051 Nuhasse king Addunirari to pharaoh EA#052 Qatna king Akizzi to Amenhotep 3 #1 EA#053 Qatna king Akizzi to Amenhotep 3 #2 EA#054 Qatna king Akizzi to Amenhotep 3 #3 EA#055 Qatna king Akizzi to Amenhotep 3 #4 EA#056 ... to king EA#057 ...	 EA#058 		 EA#058 Qatihutisupa to king(?) obverse EA#059 Tunip peoples to pharaoh EA#060 Amurru king Abdi-Asirta to pharaoh #1 EA#061 Amurru king Abdi-Asirta to pharaoh #2 EA#062 Amurru king Abdi-Asirta to Pahanate EA#063 Amurru king Abdi-Asirta to pharaoh #3 EA#064 Amurru king Abdi-Asirta to pharaoh #4 EA#065 Amurru king Abdi-Asirta to pharaoh #5 EA#066 --- to king EA#067 --- to king EA#068 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #1 EA#069 Gubal king Rib-Addi to Egypt official EA#070 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #1 EA#071 Gubal king Rib-Addi to Haia(?) EA#072 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #3 EA#073 Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa #1 EA#074 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #4 EA#075 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #5 EA#076 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #6 EA#077 Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa #2 EA#078 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #7 EA#079 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #8 EA#080 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #9 EA#081 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #10 EA#082 Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa #3 EA#083 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #11 EA#084 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #12 EA#085 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #13 EA#086 Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa #4 EA#087 Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa #5 EA#088 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #14 EA#089 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #15 EA#090 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #16 EA#091 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #17 EA#092 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #18 EA#093 Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa #6 EA#094 Gubla man to pharaoh EA#095 Gubal king Rib-Addi to chief EA#096 chief to Rib-Addi EA#097 Iapah-Addi to Sumu-Hadi EA#098 Iapah-Addi to Ianhamu EA#099 pharaoh to Ammia prince(?) EA#100 Irqata peoples EA#1001 Tagi to Lab-Aya EA#101 Gubla man to Egypt official EA#102 Gubal king Rib-Addi to Ianhamu EA#103 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #19 EA#104 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #20 EA#105 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #21 EA#106 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #22 EA#107 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #23 EA#108 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #24 EA#109 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #25 EA#110 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #26 EA#111 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #27 EA#112 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #28 EA#113 Gubal king Rib-Addi to Egypt official EA#114 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #29 EA#115 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #30 EA#116 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #31 EA#117 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #32 EA#118 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #33 EA#119 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #34 EA#120 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #35 EA#121 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #36 EA#122 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #37 EA#123 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #38 EA#124 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #39 EA#125 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #40 EA#126 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #41 EA#127 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #42 EA#128 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #43 EA#129 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #44 EA#129 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #45 EA#130 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #46 EA#131 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #47 EA#132 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #48 EA#133 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #49 EA#134 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #50 EA#135 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #51 EA#136 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #52 EA#137 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #53 EA#138 Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #54 EA#139 Ilirabih & Gubla to pharaoh #1 EA#140 Ilirabih & Gubla to pharaoh #2 EA#141 Beruta king Ammunira to pharaoh #1 EA#142 Beruta king Ammunira to pharaoh #2 EA#143 Beruta king Ammunira to pharaoh #3 EA#144 Zidon king Zimriddi to pharaoh EA#145 Zimrida to an official EA#146 Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #1 EA#147 Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #2 EA#148 Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #3 EA#149 Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #4 EA#150 Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #5 EA#151 Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #6 EA#152 Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #7 EA#153 Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #8 EA#154 Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #9 EA#155 Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #10 EA#156 Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #1 EA#157 Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #2 EA#158 Amurru king Aziri to Dudu #1 EA#159 Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #3 EA#160 Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #4 EA#161 Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #5 EA#162 pharaoh to Amurra prince EA#163 pharaoh to ... EA#164 Amurru king Aziri to Dudu #2 EA#165 Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #6 EA#166 Amurru king Aziri to Hai EA#167 Amurru king Aziri to (Hai #2?) EA#168 Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #7 EA#169 Amurru son of Aziri to a Egypt official EA#170 Ba-Aluia & Battiilu EA#171 Amurru son of Aziri to pharaoh EA#172 ---	 EA#173 ... to king EA#174 Bieri of Hasabu EA#175 Ildaja of Hazi to king EA#176 Abdi-Risa EA#177 Guddasuna king Jamiuta EA#178 Hibija to a chief EA#179 ... to king EA#180 ... to king EA#181 ... to king EA#182 Mittani king Shuttarna to pharaoh #1 EA#183 Mittani king Shuttarna to pharaoh #2 EA#184 Mittani king Shuttarna to pharaoh #3 EA#185 Hazi king Majarzana to king EA#186 Majarzana of Hazi to king #2 EA#187 Satija of ... to king EA#188 ... to king EA#189 Qadesh mayor Etakkama EA#190 pharaoh to Qadesh mayor Etakkama(?) EA#191 Ruhiza king Arzawaija to king EA#192 Ruhiza king Arzawaija to king #2 EA#193 Dijate to king EA#194 Damascus mayor Biryawaza to king #1 EA#195 Damascus mayor Biryawaza to king #2 EA#196 Damascus mayor Biryawaza to king #3 EA#197 Damascus mayor Biryawaza to king #4 EA#198 Arahattu of Kumidi to king EA#199 ... the king EA#200 servant to king EA#2001 	Sealants EA#2002 	Sealants EA#201 Artemanja of Ziribasani to king EA#202 Amajase to king EA#203 Abdi-Milki of Sashimi EA#204 prince of Qanu to king EA#205 Gubbu prince to king EA#206 prince of Naziba to king EA#207 Ipteh ... to king EA#208 ... to Egypt official or king EA#209 Zisamimi to king EA#210 Zisamimi to Amenhotep 4 EA#2100 Carchemish king to Ugarit king Asukwari EA#211 Zitrijara to king #1 EA#2110 Ewiri-Shar to Plsy EA#212 Zitrijara to king #2 EA#213 Zitrijara to king #3 EA#214 ... to king EA#215 Baiawa to king #1 EA#216 Baiawa to king #2 EA#217 Ah... to king EA#218 ... to king EA#219 ... to king EA#220 Nukurtuwa of (?) Zunu to king EA#221 Wiktazu to king #1 EA#222 pharaoh to Intaruda EA#222 Wiktazu to king #2 EA#223 Enguta to king EA#224 Sum-Adda to king EA#225 Sum-Adda of Samhuna to king EA#226 Sipturi_ to king EA#227 Hazor king EA#228 Hazor king Abdi-Tirsi EA#229 Abdi-na-... to king EA#230 Iama to king EA#231 ... to king EA#232 Acco king Zurata to pharaoh EA#233 Acco king Zatatna to pharaoh #1 EA#234 Acco king Zatatna to pharaoh #2 EA#235 Zitatna to king EA#236 ... to king EA#237 Bajadi to king EA#238 Bajadi EA#239 Baduzana EA#240 ... to king EA#241 Rusmania to king EA#242 Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #1 EA#243 Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #2 EA#244 Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #3 EA#245 Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #4 EA#246 Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #5 EA#247 Megiddo king Biridija or Jasdata EA#248 Jasdata to king EA#248 Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh EA#249 		 EA#249 Addu-Ur-sag to king EA#250 Addu-Ur-sag to king EA#2500 Shechem EA#251 ... to Egypt official EA#252 Labaja to king EA#253 Labaja to king EA#254 Labaja to king EA#255 Mut-Balu or Mut-Bahlum to king								 EA#256 Mut-Balu to Ianhamu EA#257 Balu-Mihir to king #1 EA#258 Balu-Mihir to king #2 EA#259 Balu-Mihir to king #3 EA#260 Balu-Mihir to king #4 EA#261 Dasru to king #1 EA#262 Dasru to king #2 EA#263 ... to lord EA#264 Gezer leader Tagi to pharaoh #1 EA#265 Gezer leader Tagi to pharaoh #2 EA#266 Gezer leader Tagi to pharaoh #3 EA#267 Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #1 EA#268 Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #2 EA#269 Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #3 EA#270 Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #4 EA#271 Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #5 EA#272 Sum. .. to king EA#273 Ba-Lat-Nese to king EA#274 Ba-Lat-Nese to king #2 EA#275 Iahazibada to king #1 EA#276 Iahazibada to king #2 EA#277 Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #1 EA#278 Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #2 EA#279 Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #3 EA#280 Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #3 EA#281 Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #4 EA#282 Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #5 EA#283 Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #6 EA#284 Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #7 EA#285 Jerusalem king Abdi-Hiba to pharaoh EA#286 Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh EA#287 Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh EA#288 Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh EA#289 Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh EA#290 Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh EA#290 Qiltu king Suwardata to king EA#291 ... to ... EA#292 Gezer mayor Addudani to pharaoh #1 EA#293 Gezer mayor Addudani to pharaoh #2 EA#294 Gezer mayor Addudani to pharaoh #3 EA#295 		 EA#295 Gezer mayor Addudani to pharaoh #4 EA#296 Gaza king Iahtiri EA#297 Gezer mayor Iapahi to pharaoh #1 EA#298 Gezer mayor Iapahi to pharaoh #2 EA#299 Gezer mayor Iapahi to pharaoh #3 EA#300 Gezer mayor Iapahi to pharaoh #4 EA#301 Subandu to king #1 EA#302 Subandu to king #2 EA#303 Subandu to king #3 EA#304 Subandu to king #4 EA#305 Subandu to king #5 EA#306 Subandu to king #6 EA#307 ... to king EA#308 ... to king EA#309 ... to king EA#310 ... to king EA#311 ... to king EA#312 ... to king EA#313 ... to king EA#314 Jursa king PuBaLu to pharaoh #1 EA#315 Jursa king PuBaLu to pharaoh #2 EA#316 Jursa king PuBaLu to pharaoh EA#317 Dagantakala to king #1 EA#318 Dagantakala to king #2 EA#319 Ahtirumna king Zurasar to king EA#320 Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #1 EA#321 Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #2 EA#322 Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #3 EA#323 Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #4 EA#324 Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #5 EA#325 Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #6 EA#326 Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #7 EA#327 ... the king EA#328 Lakis mayor Iabniilu to pharaoh EA#329 Lakis king Zimridi to pharaoh EA#330 Lakis mayor SiptiBaLu to pharaoh #1 EA#331 Lakis mayor SiptiBaLu to pharaoh #2 EA#332 Lakis mayor SiptiBaLu to pharaoh #3 EA#333 Ebi to a prince EA#334 ---dih of Zuhra [-?] to king EA#335 --- [of Z]uhr[u] to king EA#336 Hiziri to king #1 EA#337 Hiziri to king #2 EA#338 Zi. .. to king EA#339 ... to king EA#340 ...	 EA#341 ...	 EA#342 ...	 EA#356 myth of Adapa and the South Wind EA#357 myth the Ereskigal and Nergal EA#358 myth fragments EA#359 myth Epic of king of Battle EA#360 ...	 EA#361 ... EA#364 Aiab to king EA#365 Megiddo king Biridiya to pharaoh EA#367 pharaoh to Endaruta of Akshapa EA#xxx Amenhotep 3 to Milkili H#3100 Tell el-Hesi P#3200 Pella prince Mut-Balu to Yanhamu P#3210 Lion Woman to king T#3002 Amenhotep to Taanach king Rewassa T#3005 Amenhotep to Taanach king Rewassa T#3006 Amenhotep to Taanach king Rewassa U#4001 Ugarit king Niqmaddu

 脚注 

 注釈 

 出典 

 参考文献 






 外部リンク 
 Encyclopedia of el-Amarna

Category:紀元前14世紀の文学
Category:古代エジプト
Category:古文書
Category:大英博物館の収蔵品
Category:楔形文字
Category:アマルナ時代
Category:粘土板
Category:エジプトの考古遺跡
Category:ミニヤー県
Category:アクエンアテン